ibn Durbas or Dirbas, Abd al-Malik ibn Isa Sadr ad-Din ibn Durbas al-Marani (died July 1208) was a Kurdish cleric, of Shafi Ashari sect. he was Appointed by Saladin as the Supreme Judge of the Ayyubid Sultanate.
Ibn Durbas hailed from Hadhbani Kurdish tribe, of Banu Maran branch. He served as the Supreme Judge from 3 March 1171- 13 March 1194, which he was replaced with Zayn ad-Din Ali ibn Yusuf al-Dimashqi.
Alessio Chiaverini (born 20 July 1984) is an Italian former footballer.
AIR-A (also referred to as the AIR-A Network) is a private American media company that develops, produces, and distributes content across news, sports, and entertainment sectors. It operates a membership-based network and a direct-to-consumer streaming platform offering original programming and curated content for connected devices.
Two or three Abbasid expeditions to East Africa are mentioned in the late Arabic Book of the Zanj. The Abbasid caliphs al-Manṣūr (754–775), Hārūn al-Rashīd (786–809) and al-Maʾmūn (813–833) are reputed to have sent punitive expeditions to the Islamized city-states of the Somali coast and set up governors there. The Book of the Zanj does not survive in any copy earlier than the 20th century and its historical reliability is highly questionable for the early Islamic period.
The 9th-century writer al-Jāḥiẓ records an Omani expedition to East Africa in the late 7th century, but it was defeated. According to the Book of the Zanj, Islam came to Mogadishu and Kilwa in 694–695 during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Marwān I. Both the Book of the Zanj and the Pate Chronicle, which places it slightly later in 696–697, attribute the arrival of Syrian Muslims to caliphal initiative. The inhabitants of the coast accepted Islam and agreed to pay the kharāj to the caliphs. The Abbasids, who took over from the Umayyads in 750, sent an emissary, Yahya ibn ʿUmar al-ʿAnazī, to the East African cities in 765–766. The sultans of Mogadishu, Mārka, Barāwa, Faza, Sīwī, Bata, Manda (Munda), Ṭaqa, Lamu (Āmu), Ūzi, Malindi (Malūdi), Uyūmba, Kilifi, Basāsa, Zanzibar, Kilwa and Waybu (possibly a tributary of the Shebelle) are among those who accepted the emissary. Gervase Mathew dates this to 766–767 and considers it a military expedition.
In 804, according to the Book, the Zanj (Zunūj) refused to pay the kharāj and Hārūn sent an emir with soldiers against them. He replaced the Arab wālīs (governors) with Persians from Shīrāz in every village from Mogadishu to Kilwa. The Pate Chronicle also mentions Hārūn sending the Persians. The Persians were loyal for many years, but they stopped sending the kharāj even during the reign of Hārūn and entered open rebellion during the Miḥna of al-Maʾmūn, when he espoused the createdness of the Quran. The Zanj sent a manifesto to Baghdad and the caliph sent an army of 50,000 (raised either in Iraq or Egypt) to Malindi, which caused the leaders of the rebellion to flee into the nyika (brush country). They returned when the army left, but paid the outstanding kharāj and accepted the opinion of al-Maʾmūn. The Book of the Zanj dates these events to 837–838, which is not consistent with the reign of al-Maʾmūn.