List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: II. Osteology

classes
- Long bones
  - body, or diaphysis
  - medullary canal
  - epiphyses
- Short bones
- Flat bones
  - tables of the skull
  - vitreous table

classes
- Flat bones
  - diploë
- Irregular bones
Surfaces of bones
- articular eminences
- articular depressions
- non-articular eminences
  - tuberosity, protuberance, or process
  - tubercle
  - spine
  - ridge, crest, or line
- non-articular depressions
  - fossæ, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches
- perforation/passage
  - foramen
  - canal

Development of the Skeleton

Skeleton
- axial skeleton
- appendicular skeleton
Vertebral column
- primitive segments
- intersegmental septa
- myocœl
- cutis-plate
- muscle-plate
- sclerotome
- sclerotogenous layer

Vertebral column
- membranous vertebral column

Vertebral column
- cartilaginous vertebral column
- hypochordal bar or brace
- nucleus pulposus
Ribs
- primitive costal arches

Sternum
- sternal plate
Skull

Skull
- membranous cranium
- chondrocranium
- chordal or vertebral portion
- prechordal or prevertebral portion
- trabeculae cranii
- parachordal cartilages

- cartilaginous ear-capsules
- trabeculae cranii
- ethmoidal plate
- dermal or covering bones

bone ()

Structure and Physical Properties
- compact tissue
- cancellous tissue

medullary membrane
Periosteum
- granular corpuscles or osteoblasts
Marrow

Marrow
- myelocytes
- erythroblasts or normoblasts
- Giant cells (myeloplaxes, osteoclasts)
- Howship's foveolæ
Vessels and Nerves of Bone
- blood vessels
- medullary artery or nutrient artery

Vessels and Nerves of Bone
- veins
- Lymphatic vessels
- Nerves
Minute Anatomy
- Haversian systems
- Haversian canal
- lamellæ
- lacunæ
- canaliculi
- interstitial lamellæ
- circumferential lamellæ

Minute Anatomy
- primary or fundamental lamellæ
- secondary or special lamellæ
- Haversian canals
- lamellæ
- perforating fibers
- Lacunæ

Minute Anatomy
- bone-cell
- bone-corpuscle
- Canaliculi
- bone cells
Ossification
- intramembranous ossification

Ossification
- intramembranous ossification
  - osteoblasts
  - Osteogenetic fibers

Ossification
- intercartilaginous ossification
  - epiphysial cartilage
  - center of ossification
  - primary areolæ
  - perichondrium

Ossification
- osteoblasts, or bone-formers
- osteoclasts, or bone-destroyers
- secondary areolæ or medullary spaces

Ossification
- epiphyses
  - pressure epiphyses
  - traction epiphyses
  - atavistic epiphyses

the vertebral column ()

Columna Vertebralis; Spinal column

general characteristics of a vertebra ()

typical vertebra
vertebral foramen
intervertebral foramina
body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)

body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)
vertebral arch or neural arch (posterior part)
- pedicle of vertebral arch (radices arci vertebræ)
  - vertebral notches
- lamina of the vertebral arch
processes of vertebra
- 1 Spinous process (processus spinosus)
- 4 Articular processes
- 2 Transverse processes (processus transversi)

the cervical vertebrae ()

cervical vertebræ
- body
- anterior surface
- posterior surface

upper surface
lower surface
pedicles
laminae
vertebral foramen
spinous process
superior articular process
inferior articular process
transverse processes
foramen transversarium
costal process or costal element
anterior tubercle
posterior tubercle

First cervical vertebra (atlas)
- anterior arch
- anterior tubercle
- posterior arch
- posterior tubercle
- fovea dentis
- dens (anatomy)
- sulcus arteriae vertebralis
- inferior vertebral notches
- lateral masses
- superior facets

First cervical vertebra (atlas)
- inferior articular facets
- transverse processes
second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
- body
- dens or odontoid process
- apex

second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
- pedicles
- laminae
- transverse processes
- superior articular surfaces
- inferior articular surfaces
- superior vertebral notches
- inferior vertebral notches
- spinous process
Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens )
- transverse processes

Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens )
- cervical rib

the thoracic vertebrae ()

thoracic vertebræ

First thoracic vertebra
Ninth thoracic vertebra
Tenth thoracic vertebra
Eleventh thoracic vertebra
Twelfth thoracic vertebra

the lumbar vertebrae ()

lumbar vertebræ

tubercles
- mammillary process
- accessory process
Fifth lumbar vertebra

the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae ()

Sacrum (os sacrum)
- sacrovertebral angle
Pelvic surface of sacrum (facies pelvina)
- transverse ridges
- anterior sacral foramina
- lateral parts of the sacrum

Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
- middle sacral crest
- sacral groove
- sacral articular crests

Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
- sacral cornua
- posterior sacral foramina
- lateral crests
Lateral surface of sacrum
- auricular surface
- sacral tuberosity
- inferior lateral angle
base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)

base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)
- ala of sacrum
Apex of the sacrum (apex oss. sacri)
Vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal)

Differences in the Sacrum of the Male and Female
Coccyx (os coccygis)
- coccygeal cornua
Ossification of the Vertebral column

neurocentral synchondroses

Ossification of the Vertebral column

the vertebral column as a whole ()

Curves of vertebral column

Posterior surface
vertebral groove
Lateral surfaces

the thorax ()

thorax or chest

Thorax: BOUNDARIES of:
Thorax: skeleton of:
upper opening of the thorax

lower opening of the thorax
subcostal angle

the sternum ()

sternum (breast bone)

Manubrium (manubrium sterni)
- jugular notch or presternal notch
Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)

Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)
- sternal foramen
- sternal angle (angulus Ludovici)
Xiphoid process (processus xiphoideus; ensiform or xiphoid appendix)

fissura sterni

the ribs ()

ribs (Costæ)
- true ribs or vertebro-sternal ribs
- false ribs
- vertebro-chondral ribs
- floating ribs or vertebral ribs
- intercostal spaces
Common Characteristics of the Ribs
Posterior Extremity
- crista colli costœ

Posterior Extremity
- head of rib
- neck of rib
- tubercle of rib
  - articular portion
  - non-articular portion
body or shaft
- angle
- costal groove

Anterior extremity or sternal extremity
Peculiar ribs
- First rib
  - scalene tubercle
- Second rib

Peculiar ribs
- Tenth rib
- Eleventh rib and Twelfth rib

the costal cartilages ()

costal cartilages (Cartilagines Costales)

the skull ()

skull
cranium
skeleton of the face

the cranial bones

the occipital bone ()

occipital bone
foramen magnum
squama (squama occipitalis)
- external surface
  - external occipital protuberance
  - highest nuchal line

squama (squama occipitalis)
- external surface
  - superior nuchal line
  - planum occipitale
  - planum nuchale
  - median nuchal line
  - inferior nuchal line
- internal surface
  - cruciate eminence
  - internal occipital protuberance

squama (squama occipitalis)
- internal surface
  - sagittal sulcus
  - internal occipital crest
  - vermian fossa
  - confluence of the sinuses
Lateral parts of occipital bone (pars lateralis)
- under surfaces of the lateral part
  - condyles
  - hypoglossal canal (anterior condyloid foramen)
  - condyloid fossa
  - condyloid canal
  - jugular process
  - jugular notch
  - intrajugular process
  - paramastoid process
- upper surface of the lateral part
  - jugular tubercle

Basilar part of occipital bone (pars basilaris)
- pharyngeal tubercle
Foramen magnum
Angles
- superior angle
- posterior fontanelle
- inferior angle
- lateral angles
Borders
- superior borders
- lambdoidal suture
- inferior borders
Ossification of occipital bone

the parietal bone ()

external surface
- parietal eminence (tuber parietale)

external surface
- superior temporal line and inferior temporal line
- parietal foramen
internal surface
- sagittal sulcus
- arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian bodies)
Borders
- sagittal border
- squamous border

Borders
- coronal suture
- occipital border
- lambdoidal suture
Angles
- frontal angle
- bregma
- anterior fontanelle
- sphenoidal angle
- occipital angle
- lambda
- posterior fontanelle
- mastoid angle
- asterion

the frontal bone ()

Squama (squama frontalis)
- metopic suture
- frontal eminence (tuber frontale)
- superciliary arches
- glabella
- supraorbital margin

Squama (squama frontalis)
- supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen
- zygomatic process
- temporal line
- upper temporal line and lower temporal line
- nasal part
- nasal notch
- nasion
- nasal process
- spine of squama
- sagittal sulcus
- frontal crest

Squama (squama frontalis)
- foramen cecum
Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis)
- orbital plates
- ethmoidal notch
- lacrimal fossa
- fovea trochlearis
- trochlear spine
- ethmoidal notch
- anterior ethmoidal canal

Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis)
- posterior ethmoidal canal
- frontal air sinuses
- frontonasal duct
border of the squama
posterior borders of the orbital plates
Ossification of frontal bone

the temporal bone ()

temporal bone

Squama (squama temporalis)
- temporal line, or supramastoid crest
- zygomatic process
- anterior root and posterior root
- articular tubercle (eminentia articularis)

Squama (squama temporalis)
- suprameatal triangle, or mastoid fossa
- mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa)
- petrotympanic fissure (Glaserian fissure)

parietal notch
antero-inferior border
Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
- mastoid foramen
- mastoid process
- mastoid notch (digastric fossa)
- occipital groove

Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
- sigmoid sulcus
- mastoid cells
- tympanic antrum
- tegmen tympani
- attic or epitympanic recess
Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
- petrosquamous suture
- eminence (eminentia arcuata)
- tegmen tympani
- hiatus of the facial canal

Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
- Trigeminal impression
- posterior surface
  - Internal acoustic meatus
  - Crista falciformis
  - Area cribrosa media
  - Foramen singulare
  - Tractus spiralis foraminosus
  - Canalis centralis cochleœ
  - Area cribrosa superior
  - Area facialis
  - Aquæductus Fallopii
  - Aquæductus vestibuli
  - Subarcuate fossa
- inferior surface
  - Carotid canal

Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
- inferior surface
  - aquæductus cochleæ
  - jugular fossa
  - inferior tympanic canaliculus
  - mastoid canaliculus
  - jugular surface
  - vaginal process
  - styloid process
  - stylomastoid foramen
- angles
  - superior angle
  - posterior angle
  - jugular fossa

Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
- angles
  - jugular foramen
  - anterior angle
  - petrosquamous suture
  - septum canalis musculotubarii (processus cochleariformis)
Tympanic part (pars tympanica)
- tympanic sulcus
- antero-inferior surface
- vaginal process
- foramen of Huschke
- external acoustic meatus
- suprameatal spine
Styloid process (processus styloideus)
Ossification of temporal bone

Ossification of temporal bone
- Proötic center of temporal bone
- Pterotic center of temporal bone
- Epiotic center of temporal bone
- tympanic ring

the sphenoid bone ()

body of sphenoid bone
sphenoidal air sinuses
superior surface of sphenoid
- ethmoidal spine
- chiasmatic groove (optic groove)
- optic foramen
- tuberculum sellæ
- sella turcica
- fossa hypophyseos
- middle clinoid processes
- dorsum sellæ
- posterior clinoid processes
- petrosal process

superior surface of sphenoid
- clivus
lateral surfaces of sphenoid
- carotid groove
- lingula
posterior surface of sphenoid

anterior surface of sphenoid
- sphenoidal crest
- sphenoidal air sinus
- sphenoidal conchæ
inferior surface of sphenoid
sphenoidal rostrum
vaginal process
Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)

Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
- spina angularis (sphenoidal spine)
- foramen rotundum
- foramen ovale
- foramen Vesalii
- foramen spinosum
- infratemporal crest
- sulcus tubæ

Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
- pterion
Small wings (alæ parvæ)
- orbito-sphenoids
Surfaces
- superior orbital fissure
Borders
- anterior clinoid process
- optic foramen
Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
- pterygopalatine groove
- pterygoid fissure
- pterygoid fossa
- scaphoid fossa
- lateral pterygoid plate
- Medial pterygoid plate
- pterygoid hamulus
- vaginal process

Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
- pterygoid tubercle
- processus tubarius
Sphenoidal conchæ (conchæ sphenoidales; sphenoidal turbinated processes)

ethmoid bone ()

Cribiform plate (lamina cribrosa; horizontal lamina)
- crista galli
- alæ

Perpendicular plate (lamina perpendicularis; vertical plate)
Labyrinth or Lateral mass (labyrinthus ethmoidalis)
- ethmoidal cells
Surfaces
- upper surface
  - anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals
- posterior surface

Surfaces
- lateral surface
  - lamina papyracea (os planum)
  - uncinate process

Surfaces
- medial surface
  - middle nasal concha
  - superior meatus
  - superior nasal concha
  - middle meatus of the nose
  - infundibulum
sutural or Wormian bones

the facial bones

the nasal bones ()

nasal bones

the maxillæ (upper jaw) ()

maxillæ

Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
- maxillary sinus (antrum of Highmore)
- Surfaces
  - anterior surface of the body of the maxilla
    - incisive fossa
    - canine fossa
    - canine eminence
    - infraorbital foramen
    - nasal notch
    - anterior nasal spine
  - infratemporal surface of the body of the maxilla
    - alveolar canals
    - maxillary tuberosity

Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
- Surfaces
  - orbital surface of the body of the maxilla
    - lacrimal notch
    - infraorbital groove
    - infraorbital canal

Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
- Surfaces
  - nasal surface of the body of the maxilla
    - pterygopalatine canal
    - lacrimal groove
    - conchal crest

Maxillary sinus or Antrum of Highmore (sinus maxillaris)

Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
- alveolar canals
Zygomatic process (processus zygomaticus; malar process)
Frontal process (processus frontalis; nasal process)
- ethmoidal crest
- agger nasi
- lacrimal fossa
- anterior lacrimal crest
- lacrimal tubercle
Alveolar process (processus alveolaris)
- alveolar arch
- alveolar point

Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
- incisive foramen
- incisive canals
- foramina of Stenson
- foramina of Scarpa
- premaxilla (os incisivum)

Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
- nasal crest
- incisor crest
- anterior nasal spine
Ossification of maxilla

the lacrimal bone ()

lacrimal bone

posterior lacrimal crest
lacrimal sulcus (sulcus lacrimalis)
lacrimal hamulus
lesser lacrimal bone

the zygomatic bone ()

Surfaces
- malar surface
  - zygomaticofacial foramen
- temporal surface
  - zygomaticotemporal foramen

Processes
- frontosphenoidal process

Processes
- orbital process
  - zygomaticoörbital foramina

Processes
- maxillary process
- temporal process

Borders
- antero-superior border or orbital border
- antero-inferior border or maxillary border
- postero-superior border or temporal border
- postero-inferior border or zygomatic border

Ossification of zygomatic bone

Articulations

the palatine bone ()

pterygopalatine fossa and pterygoid fossa
inferior orbital fissure

Horizontal part of palatine bone (pars horizontalis; horizontal plate of palatine bone)
- posterior nasal spine
Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone)
- conchal crest
- ethmoidal crest

Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone)
- pterygopalatine canal
- maxillary process
- sphenopalatine notch
- sphenopalatine foramen
processes
- Pyramidal process of palatine bone or Tuberosity (processus pyramidalis)
- Orbital process of palatine bone (processus orbitalis)

processes
- Sphenoidal process of palatine bone (processus sphenoidalis)
sphenopalatine notch
Ossification of sphenoid

the inferior nasal concha ()

inferior nasal concha
lacrimal process
ethmoidal process
maxillary process

the vomer ()

nasopalatine groove

ethmovomerine cartilage

the mandible (lower jaw) ()

Body of mandible (corpus mandibulae)
- external surface of mandible
  - symphysis menti
  - mental protuberance
  - mental tubercle
  - incisive fossa
  - mental foramen
  - oblique line
- internal surface of mandible
  - mental spines

Body of mandible (corpus mandibulae)
- internal surface of mandible
  - mylohyoid line
Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
- mandibular foramen
- lingula mandibulae
- mylohyoid groove
- mandibular canal

Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
- angle of the mandible
- Coronoid process (processus coronoideus)
- Condyloid process (processus condyloideus)
  - condyle of condyloid process
  - neck of condyloid process
- mandibular notch

articulations of mandible
Changes produced in the mandible by age
Ossification of the mandible

the hyoid bone ()

Basihyal of hyoid bone

Greater Cornua or Thyrohyals (cornua majora)
Lesser Cornua or Ceratohyals (cornua minora)

the exterior of the skull ()

Norma verticalis

Norma verticalis
coronal sutures
sagittal sutures
lambdoidal suture
bregma
lambda
parietal eminence and parietal foramen
obelion
glabella
superciliary arches
frontal eminences
frontal suture
temporal lines

Norma basalis

Norma basalis

incisive foramen
incisive canals (foramina of Stenson)
foramina of Scarpa
greater palatine foramen
pyramidal process of the palatine bone
lesser palatine foramina
posterior nasal spine
choanæ
pharyngeal canals
pterygoid canal
scaphoid fossa
hamulus
pharyngeal tubercle
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
spina angularis (sphenoidal spine)
mandibular fossa
petrotympanic fissure
articular tubercle

styloid process
stylomastoid foramen
tympanomastoid fissure
mastoid notch
occipital groove
foramen lacerum
pterygoid canal
carotid canal
sulcus tubæ auditivæ
petrosphenoidal fissure
carotid canal
aquæductus cochleæ
jugular foramen
inferior tympanic canaliculus
mastoid canaliculus
petroöccipital fissure
foramen magnum
jugular process
basion
opisthion
condyloid fossa

median nuchal line
external occipital protuberance
superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line

Norma lateralis

Norma lateralis
zygomaticotemporal suture
zygomaticofrontal suture
sphenozygomatic suture
sphenofrontal suture
sphenoparietal suture
sphenosquamosal suture
pterion

squamosal suture
parietomastoid suture
coronal suture and lambdoidal suture
occipitomastoid suture
mastoid foramen
asterion
superciliary arch
frontal eminence
parietal eminence
external occipital protuberance
temporal lines
Temporal fossa (fossa temporalis)
stephanion
zygomaticotemporal foramen
infratemporal crest
inferior orbital fissure or sphenomaxillary fissure
zygomatic arch
external acoustic meatus
suprameatal triangle
suprameatal spine
mandibular fossa

Infratemporal fossa (fossa infratemporalis; zygomatic fossa)
zygomatic arch
foramen ovale and foramen spinosum
alveolar canals
inferior orbital fissure (fissura orbitalis inferior; sphenomaxillary fissure)

pterygomaxillary fissure
Pterygopalatine fossa (fossa pterygopalatina; sphenomaxillary fossa)
foramen rotundum
pterygoid canal
pharyngeal canal
sphenopalatine foramen
pterygopalatine canal

Norma occipitalis

Norma occipitalis
sagittal suture
lambdoidal suture
parietomastoid suture
occipitomastoid suture
external occipital protuberance or inion
planum occipitale
planum nuchale
mastoid foramen

Norma frontalis

Norma frontalis
anterior nasal aperture

frontal eminences
superciliary arches
glabella
frontal suture
nasion
supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen

anterior nasal spine
infraorbital foramen
zygomaticofacial foramen

incisive fossa
mental foramen

Orbits

Orbits (orbitæ)
roof of orbit
- trochlear fovea
- lacrimal fossa
floor of orbit
- infraorbital groove

medial wall
- lacrimal groove
- posterior lacrimal crest
- dacryon
- anterior ethmoidal foramen
- posterior ethmoidal foramen
lateral wall
- superior orbital fissure
- inferior orbital fissure
base of the orbit
- supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen
apex of orbit

the interior of the skull ()

Inner Surface of the Skull-cap

Skull: upper surface of base of:
Skull: fossa of:

Anterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii anterior)
- Frontoethmoidal suture
- Sphenoethmoidal suture
- sphenofrontal suture
- frontal crest
- foramen cecum
- crista galli
- olfactory groove
- anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
- ethmoidal spine

Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
- squamosal suture
- sphenoparietal suture
- sphenosquamosal suture
- sphenopetrosal suture

Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
- carotid groove

Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
- lingula
- superior orbital fissure
- foramen rotundum
- foramen ovale
- foramen Vesalii
- foramen spinosum
- foramen lacerum
- hiatus of the facial canal

Posterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii posterior)
- occipitomastoid suture
- parietomastoid suture
- foramen magnum

Posterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii posterior)
- petro-occipital fissure
- jugular foramen
- internal acoustic meatus
- inferior occipital fossæ
- internal occipital crest
- transverse sinuses
- mastoid foramen
- condyloid canal

Nasal cavity (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
- roof of nasal cavity
- floor of nasal cavity
- medial wall (septum nasi)

Nasal cavity (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
- lateral wall
  - superior meatus
  - sphenopalatine foramen
  - posterior ethmoidal cells
  - sphenoethmoidal recess
  - middle meatus
  - hiatus semilunaris
  - bulla ethmoidalis
  - infundibulum
  - frontonasal duct
  - ostium maxillare
  - inferior meatus

Anterior nasal aperture
- choanæ
Fontanelles
- anterior fontanelle (bregmatic fontanelle)
- posterior fontanelle
- lateral fontanelles

Skull: [...] differences in:
Craniology

The Points in the Median plane
The Points on Either Side of the Median plane

Cleft palate
Endognathion
Mesognathion

the extremities ()

the bones of the upper extremity

the clavicle ()

(Ossa Extremitatis Superioris) & (Clavicula; Collar bone)
clavicle
coracoid tuberosity (conoid tubercle)
oblique or trapezoid ridge

costal tuberosity (rhomboid impression)
subclavian groove
Sternal extremity (extremitas sternalis; internal extremity)
Acromial extremity (extremitas acromialis; outer extremity)

the scapula/Shoulder blade ()

Surfaces
- subscapular fossa

Surfaces
- subscapular angle
- supraspinatous fossa
- infraspinatous fossa
Spine of scapula (spina scapulæ)
- crest of the spine
- great scapular notch
Acromion

Borders
- superior border
  - scapular notch

Borders
- axillary border
- infraglenoid tuberosity

Borders
- vertebral border
Angles
- medial angle
- inferior angle

Angles
- lateral angle
  - glenoid cavity
  - glenoidal labrum
  - supraglenoid tuberosity
Coracoid process (processus coracoideus)

Ossification of scapula

the humerus ()

Upper extremity of humerus
- head of humerus (caput humeri)
- surgical neck
- Anatomical neck (collum anatomicum)
- Greater tubercle (tuberculum majus; greater tuberosity)
- Lesser tubercle (tuberculum minus; lesser tuberosity)
- intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
- crests of the greater and lesser tubercles (bicipital ridges)
body of humerus or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)

body of humerus or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)
- radial sulcus (musculospiral groove)
- lateral supracondylar ridge
- crest of the lesser tubercle
- medial supracondylar ridge
- deltoid tuberosity
- radial sulcus

Lower extremity of humerus
- articular surface
- capitulum of the humerus
- radial fossa
- trochlea
- coronoid fossa
- olecranon fossa
- supratrochlear foramen
- lateral epicondyle
- medial epicondyle

Ossification of humerus

the ulna ()

Upper extremity of ulna (proximal extremity of ulna)
- Olecranon (olecranon process)
- Coronoid process (processus coronoideus)
- tuberosity of the ulna
- radial notch

Upper extremity of ulna (proximal extremity of ulna)
- Semilunar notch (incisura semilunaris; greater sigmoid cavity)
- Radial notch (incisura radialis; lesser sigmoid cavity)
Body of ulna or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)

Body of ulna or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)
- perpendicular line
- medial surface (facies medialis; internal surface)
Lower extremity (distal extremity)
- styloid process

ossification of ulna

the radius ()

Upper extremity of radius (proximal extremity)
- radial tuberosity
Body of radius or Shaft of radius (corpus radii)
- oblique line of the radius

Lower extremity of radius
- ulnar notch of the radius (sigmoid cavity)
- styloid process
Ossification of radius

the hand

the carpus ()

Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
- Navicular bone (os naviculare manus; scaphoid bone)

Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
- Lunate bone (os lunatum; semilunar bone)
- Triangular bone (os triquetum; cuneiform bone)

Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
- Pisiform bone (os pisiforme)
Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
- Greater multangular bone (os multangulum majus; trapezium)
- Lesser multangular bone (os multangulum minus; trapezoid bone)

Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
- Capitate bone (os capitatum; os magnum)

Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
- Hamate bone (os hamatum; unciform bone)
  - Hamulus of hamate bone

the metacarpus ()

metacarpus

Metacarpal bones (Ossa metacarpalia I-V )
- First metacarpal bone
- Second metacarpal bone
- Third metacarpal bone
- Fourth metacarpal bone
- Fifth metacarpal bone

the phalanges of the hand ()

phalanges (Phalanges digitorum manus)
body
proximal extremities
distal extremities
ungual phalanges
Articulations

the bones of the lower extremity

the hip bone ()

Ossa Extremitatis Inferioris & Os Coxæ; Innominate bone
hip bone
acetabulum
obturator foramen

Ilium

Ilium (os ilii)
arcuate line
Body of ilium (corpus oss. ilii)

Ala (ala oss. ilii)
- External surface
  - dorsum ilii
  - posterior gluteal line (superior curved line)

Ala (ala oss. ilii)
- External surface
  - anterior gluteal line (middle curved line)
  - inferior gluteal line (inferior curved line)

Ala (ala oss. ilii)
- Internal surface of the ala
  - iliac fossa
  - arcuate line
  - anterior surface (auricular surface)
  - iliac tuberosity
  - preauricular sulcus
- Crest of the ilium
- Anterior border of the ala
  - anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine
  - anterior inferior iliac spine
  - iliopectineal eminence
- Posterior border of the ala
  - posterior superior iliac spine
  - posterior inferior iliac spine
  - greater sciatic notch

Ischium

Ischium (os ischii)
body of ischium (corpus ossis ischii)

body of ischium (corpus ossis ischii)
- posterior obturator tubercle
- ischial spine
- greater sciatic notch
- lesser sciatic notch
Superior ramus (ramus superior ossis ischii; descending ramus)
- tuberosity of the ischium
Inferior ramus (ramus inferior ossis ischii; ascending ramus)

Pubis

Pubis (os pubis)
Body of pubis (corpus oss. pubis)
Superior ramus (ramus superior oss. pubis; ascending ramus)
- Medial portion of superior ramus
  - pubic tubercle (pubic spine)
  - subcutaneous inguinal ring (external abdominal ring)
  - inguinal ligament (Poupart's ligament)
  - inguinal falx (conjoined tendon of Obliquus internus and Transversus)
  - lacunar ligament (Gimbernat's ligament)
  - reflected inguinal ligament (triangular fascia)
  - pubic crest
- Lateral portion of superior ramus
  - iliopectineal eminence
  - obturator crest

Inferior ramus (ramus inferior oss. pubis; descending ramus)
Acetabulum (cotyloid cavity)
- glenoidal labrum (cotyloid ligament)
- acetabular notch
- acetabular fossa
- lunate surface
Obturator foramen (foramen obturatum; thyroid foramen)
- obturator groove
- posterior obturator tubercle
- anterior obturator tubercle

the pelvis ()

bones comprising pelvis
- left and right hip bones
- sacrum
- coccyx
linea terminalis (pelvic brim)
Greater pelvis or False pelvis (pelvis major)

Lesser pelvis or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
- Superior circumference
  - superior aperture or inlet
  - anteroposterior or conjugate diameter
  - transverse diameter
  - oblique diameter

Lesser pelvis or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
- Lower circumference
  - inferior aperture or outlet
  - pubic arch
  - sciatic notches
  - antero-posterior diameter
  - transverse diameter

Pelvis: male and female, differences between:

the femur ()

Femur (Thigh bone)

Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
- Head of femur (caput femoris)
- fovea capitis femoris
- Neck of femur (collum femoris)

Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
- Trochanters
- Greater trochanter (trochanter major; great trochanter)
  - trochanteric fossa (digital fossa)

Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
- Lesser trochanter (trochanter minor; small trochanter)
- tubercle of the femur
- intertrochanteric line (spiral line of the femur)

Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
- intertrochanteric crest
- linea quadrata
Body of femur or Shaft of femur (corpus femoris)
- linea aspera
- gluteal tuberosity
- third trochanter
- pectineal line
- popliteal surface
- adductor tubercle
- medial lip
- lateral lip

Lower extremity of femur (distal extremity)
- condyles
- patellar surface
- intercondyloid fossa
- lateral condyle
- medial condyle
- intercondyloid line
- medial epicondyle
- lateral epicondyle

Lower extremity of femur (distal extremity)
- articular surface
- patellar surface
- tibial surfaces

Ossification of femur

the patella ()

Patella (Knee cap)

the tibia ()

Tibia (Shin bone)
Upper extremity of tibia (proximal extremity)
- medial condyle and lateral condyle
- superior articular surface
- intercondyloid eminence (spine of tibia)
- anterior surfaces
- tuberosity of the tibia
- posterior intercondyloid fossa

Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
- interosseous crest or lateral border

Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
- popliteal line

Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
- nutrient foramen
Lower extremity of tibia
- medial malleolus
- inferior articular surface

Lower extremity of tibia
- malleolar sulcus
Ossification of tibia

the fibula ()

Fibula (Calf bone)
Upper extremity or Head of fibula (capitulum fibulœ; proximal extremity)
- apex (styloid process)
Body of fibula or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
- antero-lateral border
- antero-medial border, or interosseous crest

Body of fibula or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
- postero-lateral border
- postero-medial border (oblique line)

Lower extremity or Lateral malleolus (malleolus lateralis; distal extremity; external malleolus)
- malleolar sulcus

the foot

the tarsus ()

Tarsal bones (Ossa tarsi)
Calcaneus (Os calcis)
- Calcaneal sulcus

Calcaneus (Os calcis)
- Calcaneal tuberosity
- Sustentaculum tali
- Trochlear process of calcaneus
Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)

Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)
- Corpus tali
- sulcus tali
- sinus tarsi

Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)
- Os trigonum
- Collum tali
- Caput tali
Cuboid bone (Os cuboideum)
- Tuberosity of cuboid

Navicular bone of tarsus (Os naviculare pedis)
- Tuberosity of navicular bone
Cuneiform bones
- First cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme primum)

Cuneiform bones
- Second cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme secundum)
- Third cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme tertium)

the metatarsus ()

Metatarsus
Metatarsal bones (Ossa metatarsalia)
First metatarsal bone

Second metatarsal bone

Third metatarsal bone
Fourth metatarsal bone
Fifth metatarsal bone
- Tuberosity: of fifth metatarsal bone

the phalanges of the foot ()

phalanges of the foot (Phalanges Digitorum Pedis)
ungual phalanges

comparison of the bones of the hand and foot ()

Comparison of bones of hand and foot

the sesamoid bones ()

Sesamoid bones (Ossa sesamoidea )