Motorway town is a term describing towns which have either been built because of, or have had their functions changed by a nearby motorway. In the UK, many are found on the M25 in Kent and Surrey. They are normally detached from a nearby urban centre or city, but they can be found further away, such as Crawley.
The term is used in North Kent and Surrey and is derogatory, referring to these towns as stereotypical middle class commuter towns dependant on larger cities.
Motorway towns in the UK
*Sevenoaks, Kent
*Oxted, Surrey
*Westerham, Kent
*Reigate, Surrey
*Redhill, Surrey
*Dartford, Kent
*Ashford, Kent
*Crawley, West Sussex
*Swanley, Kent
*Meopham, Kent
*Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire
*Chertsey, Surrey
*Maidstone, Kent
*Orpington, Greater London
The term is used in North Kent and Surrey and is derogatory, referring to these towns as stereotypical middle class commuter towns dependant on larger cities.
Motorway towns in the UK
*Sevenoaks, Kent
*Oxted, Surrey
*Westerham, Kent
*Reigate, Surrey
*Redhill, Surrey
*Dartford, Kent
*Ashford, Kent
*Crawley, West Sussex
*Swanley, Kent
*Meopham, Kent
*Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire
*Chertsey, Surrey
*Maidstone, Kent
*Orpington, Greater London
Introduction
Pseudo-orders or self-styled orders are private associations which profess to be Orders of Chivalry. Some are either recreations of specific medieval orders, or imitations of medieval or monarchical orders without specific reference to This is problem mainly in Europe and in the Americas, where these entities keep on appearing and recruiting members. Sometimes developing a highly meritory hospitaller or benefactor activity, these organizations generally adopt the name, style, classes, insignia and dignities of historical military orders or of orders of Knighthood claiming often to be their inheritors. Playing with the modern renewed attraction to the historical Orders of Knighthood and its long lost traditions, these bogus orders seem to fill a gap in people's ever growing quest for honours and distinctions, otherwise difficult to obtain in our democratic, egalitarian and levelled western societies. Amongst these self-styled orders, the pretended imitations of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, or of the extinct Knights Templar are quite common.
The self-styled orders present nonetheless some common characteristics:
1. The fact of having been long ago supressed by the Holy See, Protector of all the military religious orders founded in the Medieval Ages, in the Holy Land or in the Iberian Peninsula;
2. None of the Western sovereign states recognises them as Orders of Knighthood;
3. They generally claim to be under the high protection or headed by Patriarchs, who although of Christian creed, are not Catholic Roman, or they claim to be headed by 'forgotten' Prince.
4. Close links to false titles of nobility.
Although bona fide orders have been created out of private initiative for charitable, military or religious purposes ever since the original order of Saint John (now known as Malta), since the 19th century there has been a large number of orders created either to satisfy personal vanity, or to enrich a group of people (or both). Not all recently created orders of chivalry need be condemned by such a blanket statement, but caveat emptor remains the rule.
History
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries several similar organizations emerged, encouraged by the interest in chivalry inspired by writers such as Sir Walter Scott. These included the "Order of Saint Joachim" (which asserted the support of Admiral Lord Nelson), the "Order of Saint Hubert of Bar", a false "Order of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem", the "Order of the Temple of Jerusalem" (one of several "rediscoveries" of the supposed secret Order) and the Order of Saint George of Burgundy" which all had brief lives, generally thanks to the sponsorship of one individual, often using an invented title.
Bibliography
*Gillingham, H. E. Ephemeral Decorations. New York, 1935. American Numismatical Society: Numismatic Notes and Mongraphs 66.
*Chaffanjon, Arnaud and Bertrand Galimard-Flavigny. Ordres & contre-ordres de chevalerie. Paris : Mercure de France, 1982.
* World Orders of Knighthood and Merit, Guy Stair Sainty, Rafal Heydel-Mankoo, London 2006
Pseudo-orders or self-styled orders are private associations which profess to be Orders of Chivalry. Some are either recreations of specific medieval orders, or imitations of medieval or monarchical orders without specific reference to This is problem mainly in Europe and in the Americas, where these entities keep on appearing and recruiting members. Sometimes developing a highly meritory hospitaller or benefactor activity, these organizations generally adopt the name, style, classes, insignia and dignities of historical military orders or of orders of Knighthood claiming often to be their inheritors. Playing with the modern renewed attraction to the historical Orders of Knighthood and its long lost traditions, these bogus orders seem to fill a gap in people's ever growing quest for honours and distinctions, otherwise difficult to obtain in our democratic, egalitarian and levelled western societies. Amongst these self-styled orders, the pretended imitations of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, or of the extinct Knights Templar are quite common.
The self-styled orders present nonetheless some common characteristics:
1. The fact of having been long ago supressed by the Holy See, Protector of all the military religious orders founded in the Medieval Ages, in the Holy Land or in the Iberian Peninsula;
2. None of the Western sovereign states recognises them as Orders of Knighthood;
3. They generally claim to be under the high protection or headed by Patriarchs, who although of Christian creed, are not Catholic Roman, or they claim to be headed by 'forgotten' Prince.
4. Close links to false titles of nobility.
Although bona fide orders have been created out of private initiative for charitable, military or religious purposes ever since the original order of Saint John (now known as Malta), since the 19th century there has been a large number of orders created either to satisfy personal vanity, or to enrich a group of people (or both). Not all recently created orders of chivalry need be condemned by such a blanket statement, but caveat emptor remains the rule.
History
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries several similar organizations emerged, encouraged by the interest in chivalry inspired by writers such as Sir Walter Scott. These included the "Order of Saint Joachim" (which asserted the support of Admiral Lord Nelson), the "Order of Saint Hubert of Bar", a false "Order of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem", the "Order of the Temple of Jerusalem" (one of several "rediscoveries" of the supposed secret Order) and the Order of Saint George of Burgundy" which all had brief lives, generally thanks to the sponsorship of one individual, often using an invented title.
Bibliography
*Gillingham, H. E. Ephemeral Decorations. New York, 1935. American Numismatical Society: Numismatic Notes and Mongraphs 66.
*Chaffanjon, Arnaud and Bertrand Galimard-Flavigny. Ordres & contre-ordres de chevalerie. Paris : Mercure de France, 1982.
* World Orders of Knighthood and Merit, Guy Stair Sainty, Rafal Heydel-Mankoo, London 2006
Ashlene Nand is a marketing professional and music journalist from Sydney, Australia who is currently residing in New York City. She began her career writing for local press and soon moved to New York for her career. Concentrating on the R&B and Hip-Hop music scene, Ashlene was able to capitalize on the growing demand for the music back home and shortly after arriving to New York she became the U.S. Correspondent for Urban Hitz Australia, a leading publication concentrating on urban culture and lifestyle. Ashlene also became a Senior Writer for the leading hip-hop website, allhiphop.com and her recent credits include , Hip-Hop’s leading publication.
Career
In 1996 Ashlene, who was in high school at the time, put aside her holiday earnings to publish her own magazine playfully titled Hot Ashes. With help from owners of a local hip-hop shop, she published two issues before running out of money. Two years later her sister, Anoushka Nand, offered to place the magazine online. Today HotAshes.com.au is the largest portal for South Asian youth in Australia and offers an exclusive look at the Australian Desi scene through event listings and exclusive interviews.
Ashlene continued to chase the urban market, where she found a real passion. In 2002 Ashlene began her own company MUMA: Marketing Urban Music Australia catering to the music industry and expanding the local knowledge of underground Hip-Hop artists. Through MUMA, Ashlene interviewed a range of artists such as freestyler Jin, DJ Green Lantern, and Usher.
Ashlene’s career took off in 2004, when she moved to New York City after graduating from the University of Western Sydney with a Bachelor in Business and major in Marketing. In 2005 Ashlene flew to Jamaica to interview Missy Elliott which included a candid, open conversation about her childhood. Since then she has also interviewed high-caliber artists such as Enrique Iglesias and Mary J Blige.
In that same year, Ashlene decided to expand her career and start her own record label. Ashlene, who has a Fiji-Indian background and incidentally grew up on Bollywood movies, began Bollyhood Records focusing on Indian Hip-Hop & R&B. Her first release was a compilation titled “Bhood: A Collaboration of Indian & Urban artists” and included original, exclusive musical blends such as Bhangra group RDB with Dancehall artist Elephant Man on the underground hit “Ishq Naag (Love Bites)”. The CD has been gaining critical acclaim as the first real album to fuse genres such as Bhangra, Hip-Hop, and Dancehall. Bollyhood Records continues to find its niche in the market.
Ashlene continues to pursue her career as a marketing and communications professional.
External links
*
*
Career
In 1996 Ashlene, who was in high school at the time, put aside her holiday earnings to publish her own magazine playfully titled Hot Ashes. With help from owners of a local hip-hop shop, she published two issues before running out of money. Two years later her sister, Anoushka Nand, offered to place the magazine online. Today HotAshes.com.au is the largest portal for South Asian youth in Australia and offers an exclusive look at the Australian Desi scene through event listings and exclusive interviews.
Ashlene continued to chase the urban market, where she found a real passion. In 2002 Ashlene began her own company MUMA: Marketing Urban Music Australia catering to the music industry and expanding the local knowledge of underground Hip-Hop artists. Through MUMA, Ashlene interviewed a range of artists such as freestyler Jin, DJ Green Lantern, and Usher.
Ashlene’s career took off in 2004, when she moved to New York City after graduating from the University of Western Sydney with a Bachelor in Business and major in Marketing. In 2005 Ashlene flew to Jamaica to interview Missy Elliott which included a candid, open conversation about her childhood. Since then she has also interviewed high-caliber artists such as Enrique Iglesias and Mary J Blige.
In that same year, Ashlene decided to expand her career and start her own record label. Ashlene, who has a Fiji-Indian background and incidentally grew up on Bollywood movies, began Bollyhood Records focusing on Indian Hip-Hop & R&B. Her first release was a compilation titled “Bhood: A Collaboration of Indian & Urban artists” and included original, exclusive musical blends such as Bhangra group RDB with Dancehall artist Elephant Man on the underground hit “Ishq Naag (Love Bites)”. The CD has been gaining critical acclaim as the first real album to fuse genres such as Bhangra, Hip-Hop, and Dancehall. Bollyhood Records continues to find its niche in the market.
Ashlene continues to pursue her career as a marketing and communications professional.
External links
*
*
Bob Shaloob is a politician from the state of Mississippi. He represents the United States Green Party. Bob will be a candidate for Congress in 2008 and has gained significant media attention for his plan to socialize the American Health Care system in line with the Canadian system. He is also the first Green Party candidate to reach a ballot in the State of Mississippi.