A de facto head of state is an office-holder who fulfils some, many, or all of the functions of a head of state. However, he or she is not considered a full head of state, but simply acts like a head of state in the absence of the state's legal and official, or de jure, head. A common example of this are the Governors-General of Commonwealth realms. Those countries all share a monarch, who spends most of her time in the United Kingdom, so the remaining countries have their governors-general act as head of state in the monarch's absence.
On the diplomatic circuit
While a de facto head of state as a non-head of state cannot be automatically treated as a head of state internationally, they may be treated like a head of state on state visits as a mark of respect, not automatically diplomatic requirement. For example, Buckingham Palace has, in the past, suggested that when Governors-General travel abroad, they are doing so as the direct representative of the monarch, therefore, should be treated as the sovereign would be treated.
Entry in office and its meanings
The lesser status of a de facto head of state is clearly indicated both by the manner of their appointment and method of entry into office. A full head of state could not be appointed by another head of state, nor could they take an oath of allegiance to another head of state, merely an oath of office to the constitution. Someone being appointed by, and taking an oath to, another head of state by definition cannot be a head of state, as a head of state's allegiance is only to the state, its people and constitution, not a constitutionally higher office holder, given that a head of state is generally the highest constitutional office-holder possible. A de facto head of state only exists where a full head of state exists already to fulfill a role that cannot be filled by the chief executive because they do not actually reside in the state, and so cannot take on the day-to-day symbolic and representational role normally performed by a resident heads of state.
Deceased head of state
In the unusual case of North Korea, Kim Il-sung, who died in 1994, has the title Eternal President of the Republic. Subsequent rulers of North Korea, including Kim Jong-il, have technically been de facto heads of state.
On the diplomatic circuit
While a de facto head of state as a non-head of state cannot be automatically treated as a head of state internationally, they may be treated like a head of state on state visits as a mark of respect, not automatically diplomatic requirement. For example, Buckingham Palace has, in the past, suggested that when Governors-General travel abroad, they are doing so as the direct representative of the monarch, therefore, should be treated as the sovereign would be treated.
Entry in office and its meanings
The lesser status of a de facto head of state is clearly indicated both by the manner of their appointment and method of entry into office. A full head of state could not be appointed by another head of state, nor could they take an oath of allegiance to another head of state, merely an oath of office to the constitution. Someone being appointed by, and taking an oath to, another head of state by definition cannot be a head of state, as a head of state's allegiance is only to the state, its people and constitution, not a constitutionally higher office holder, given that a head of state is generally the highest constitutional office-holder possible. A de facto head of state only exists where a full head of state exists already to fulfill a role that cannot be filled by the chief executive because they do not actually reside in the state, and so cannot take on the day-to-day symbolic and representational role normally performed by a resident heads of state.
Deceased head of state
In the unusual case of North Korea, Kim Il-sung, who died in 1994, has the title Eternal President of the Republic. Subsequent rulers of North Korea, including Kim Jong-il, have technically been de facto heads of state.
Arash Farboud is a British entrepreneur of Iranian descent, who is responsible for the development of the Farboud and Arash cars.
Biography
Arash Farboud attended St Faith's School and then The Perse School, Cambridge. He founded a company, Farboud Sports Cars making exotic British automobiles in 1998. The original car design was prompted by the refusal by Porsche GmbH to sell Farboud a GT1 Road Car. The Porsche 911 GT1 had just swept to victory in the 24 hours of Le Mans, but road cars were sold by invitation only. Only five road going GT1s were made and used, ironically, mostly for racing, with one saved for the Porsche Museum. The sale of the Farboud family business, specialising in sterile medical supplies provided the funds, and the snub by Porsche provided the raison d'etre.
Arash Farboud continues to be involved in the family's property, land, investments and other medical businesses. He is now not financially connected with Farboud Sports Cars, rebranded Farbio Sports Cars in 2007, but is currently working on his new range of supercars badged 'Arash Cars' including his AF10 and racing car projects. Arash is renowned for his collection of supercars from Lamborghinis to a Porsche Carrera GT featured in Evo Magazine as part of "The Incredibles" group test.
Arash explained in his blog at Lusso Magazine that he is now looking to place a deposit on a Bugatti Veyron, and is speculated to have done so already
The GT and GTS
The first Farboud, the GT, was similar in appearance to the 1996-99 Porsche 911 GT1 but powered by a twin-turbo V6 derived from the Audi S4. Porsche complained about the styling but only one vehicle was made and never sold on the open market. The Farboud GT turned up at the start of the 2005 Gumball 3000 rally in London as a star vehicle. Arash then turned his mind to a more marketable car and hired a stylist fresh out of school to help him develop a compact supercar formed around the same drivetrain.
The resulting prototype, the GTS, was a compact car with a steel tube frame, carbon fibre body panels, pushrod suspension with Öhlins dampers, and with engine power expected to be up to 580 hp on production models.
Farboud and Farbio Sports Cars
Farboud Sports cars was started in 2004 by Arash.
It was thought that the GTS was too big a project for so small a team; Farboud had hired ex-MTM engine tuners and ex-Lotus chassis engineers. So Chris Marsh was asked by Arash Farboud in 2004 to take the reins of daily running of the company so Arash could concentrate on supercar projects, racing, and his other family business commitments. Marsh had previous experience working on the Marcos and Invicta British Sports cars.
With the aim of maintaining the looks of the GTS and the expected performance, Marsh is rumoured to have addressed some points such as the low windscreen header (raised for production but with the profile maintained), the partially obscured rear window (the original GTS had a decorative vent right in the middle), the expensive pushrod suspension (now replaced by upright coilovers positioned nearly vertically above the control arms), the expensive Öhlins dampers, and most disruptively, replacing the defunct Audi-derived longitudinal mounted turbocharged engine(s) with transversely positioned naturally aspirated or supercharged, Cosworth-tuned Ford V6's based on the current Duratec found in Mondeos, Escapes and Five Hundreds.
The badge of the company is a yellow bow and arrow taken from the character Arash, an archer from Persian mythology. The mark is a lucky charm that Arash hit upon, after learning stories about the mythical character as a child.
Farboud exports to the USA will be handled from Miami, Florida. Farboud plans to have 50 GTS cars for export to the USA when production models are complete by 2007.
Farboud also hope to export 20 GTS cars to Japan once final production model is under way.
On-road production for the GTS is on track to be completed in late Summer of 2007.
The suggested price of the GTS so far listed is £48,175. The vehicle was however never production ready, and after abruptly laying off all staff at its Old Buckenham, Norfolk base, the company hastily moved to its current location. Less than a handful of examples were completed by a third party prototype specialist.
In April 2007 it was announced that the company would be renamed Farbio Sports Cars.
The Farboud GTS is featured in the video games: Project Gotham Racing 3 and Test Drive Unlimited.
Farbio Sports cars were acquired by iconic British car marque Ginetta in March 2010. The top of the line Farbio GTS400 has now been rebadged as the Ginetta F400.
Arash Cars
Arash Farboud, unhappy to see the planned GTS (Öhlins pushrod suspension, longitudinal 2.8L twin-turbo Audi-derived v6) so watered down from his original concept of a road-going racecar, has created a separate brand, Arash Cars. In mid-2006 Arash published sketches for the new car, the Arash AF10. Based on the graphics released, the car looks similar to the Enzo Ferrari, but powered by a Corvette V8 engine. The AF10 is to be priced at £320,000 a piece. Although the original sketches have been compared to the Enzo, a mock up of the proposed shape showed an evolution away from the sketches in order to compensate for door openings and the result of wind tunnel testing for air vents. The wheel base has also been extended after a claimed "secret running prototype" had revealed a better stability at higher speeds.
The AF10 is now being designed and assembled at his Cambridge facilities, with a close knit team able to make the car exactly as he wishes. The car is not likely to be produced in high volumes.
The AF10 is branded under the 'Arash Cars' banner and was gearing for production by November 2007. However to date no operational vehicle has been made available to the motoring press. An body shell model was presented to the world press in conjunction with Carole Nash Motor Insurance as a taster of the car being prepared. A fully running prototype was claimed to have been constructed and final touches to the car's styling were apparently being made, but as of June 2008 only CG images were available on the company website.
Arash AF-10
The AF-10 has a claimed top speed of 205 mph.
Other activities
Arash Farboud is also the CEO of Unisurge, a pharmaceuticals company based on the same industrial estate as his supercar manufacturing workshop. He writes and gives interviews for many magazines, and also commonly writes for Lusso Magazine (including a blog covering the purchase and use of his Porsche Carrera GT).
Biography
Arash Farboud attended St Faith's School and then The Perse School, Cambridge. He founded a company, Farboud Sports Cars making exotic British automobiles in 1998. The original car design was prompted by the refusal by Porsche GmbH to sell Farboud a GT1 Road Car. The Porsche 911 GT1 had just swept to victory in the 24 hours of Le Mans, but road cars were sold by invitation only. Only five road going GT1s were made and used, ironically, mostly for racing, with one saved for the Porsche Museum. The sale of the Farboud family business, specialising in sterile medical supplies provided the funds, and the snub by Porsche provided the raison d'etre.
Arash Farboud continues to be involved in the family's property, land, investments and other medical businesses. He is now not financially connected with Farboud Sports Cars, rebranded Farbio Sports Cars in 2007, but is currently working on his new range of supercars badged 'Arash Cars' including his AF10 and racing car projects. Arash is renowned for his collection of supercars from Lamborghinis to a Porsche Carrera GT featured in Evo Magazine as part of "The Incredibles" group test.
Arash explained in his blog at Lusso Magazine that he is now looking to place a deposit on a Bugatti Veyron, and is speculated to have done so already
The GT and GTS
The first Farboud, the GT, was similar in appearance to the 1996-99 Porsche 911 GT1 but powered by a twin-turbo V6 derived from the Audi S4. Porsche complained about the styling but only one vehicle was made and never sold on the open market. The Farboud GT turned up at the start of the 2005 Gumball 3000 rally in London as a star vehicle. Arash then turned his mind to a more marketable car and hired a stylist fresh out of school to help him develop a compact supercar formed around the same drivetrain.
The resulting prototype, the GTS, was a compact car with a steel tube frame, carbon fibre body panels, pushrod suspension with Öhlins dampers, and with engine power expected to be up to 580 hp on production models.
Farboud and Farbio Sports Cars
Farboud Sports cars was started in 2004 by Arash.
It was thought that the GTS was too big a project for so small a team; Farboud had hired ex-MTM engine tuners and ex-Lotus chassis engineers. So Chris Marsh was asked by Arash Farboud in 2004 to take the reins of daily running of the company so Arash could concentrate on supercar projects, racing, and his other family business commitments. Marsh had previous experience working on the Marcos and Invicta British Sports cars.
With the aim of maintaining the looks of the GTS and the expected performance, Marsh is rumoured to have addressed some points such as the low windscreen header (raised for production but with the profile maintained), the partially obscured rear window (the original GTS had a decorative vent right in the middle), the expensive pushrod suspension (now replaced by upright coilovers positioned nearly vertically above the control arms), the expensive Öhlins dampers, and most disruptively, replacing the defunct Audi-derived longitudinal mounted turbocharged engine(s) with transversely positioned naturally aspirated or supercharged, Cosworth-tuned Ford V6's based on the current Duratec found in Mondeos, Escapes and Five Hundreds.
The badge of the company is a yellow bow and arrow taken from the character Arash, an archer from Persian mythology. The mark is a lucky charm that Arash hit upon, after learning stories about the mythical character as a child.
Farboud exports to the USA will be handled from Miami, Florida. Farboud plans to have 50 GTS cars for export to the USA when production models are complete by 2007.
Farboud also hope to export 20 GTS cars to Japan once final production model is under way.
On-road production for the GTS is on track to be completed in late Summer of 2007.
The suggested price of the GTS so far listed is £48,175. The vehicle was however never production ready, and after abruptly laying off all staff at its Old Buckenham, Norfolk base, the company hastily moved to its current location. Less than a handful of examples were completed by a third party prototype specialist.
In April 2007 it was announced that the company would be renamed Farbio Sports Cars.
The Farboud GTS is featured in the video games: Project Gotham Racing 3 and Test Drive Unlimited.
Farbio Sports cars were acquired by iconic British car marque Ginetta in March 2010. The top of the line Farbio GTS400 has now been rebadged as the Ginetta F400.
Arash Cars
Arash Farboud, unhappy to see the planned GTS (Öhlins pushrod suspension, longitudinal 2.8L twin-turbo Audi-derived v6) so watered down from his original concept of a road-going racecar, has created a separate brand, Arash Cars. In mid-2006 Arash published sketches for the new car, the Arash AF10. Based on the graphics released, the car looks similar to the Enzo Ferrari, but powered by a Corvette V8 engine. The AF10 is to be priced at £320,000 a piece. Although the original sketches have been compared to the Enzo, a mock up of the proposed shape showed an evolution away from the sketches in order to compensate for door openings and the result of wind tunnel testing for air vents. The wheel base has also been extended after a claimed "secret running prototype" had revealed a better stability at higher speeds.
The AF10 is now being designed and assembled at his Cambridge facilities, with a close knit team able to make the car exactly as he wishes. The car is not likely to be produced in high volumes.
The AF10 is branded under the 'Arash Cars' banner and was gearing for production by November 2007. However to date no operational vehicle has been made available to the motoring press. An body shell model was presented to the world press in conjunction with Carole Nash Motor Insurance as a taster of the car being prepared. A fully running prototype was claimed to have been constructed and final touches to the car's styling were apparently being made, but as of June 2008 only CG images were available on the company website.
Arash AF-10
The AF-10 has a claimed top speed of 205 mph.
Other activities
Arash Farboud is also the CEO of Unisurge, a pharmaceuticals company based on the same industrial estate as his supercar manufacturing workshop. He writes and gives interviews for many magazines, and also commonly writes for Lusso Magazine (including a blog covering the purchase and use of his Porsche Carrera GT).
Lucas Abbott(born December 8, 1993) is an American karate, and a tae-kwon-do athlete.
Titles and achievements
Abbott is currently the Estero Martial Arts World Champion. He placed 2nd in Kata in the 2010 Inoue-ha World Championships (16-17 year old division),and won 4th in Kumite at the same competition. Since then he has been traveling around the country competing in Open, TaeKwonDo, and Karate tournaments. He's been called to represent his country in Karate numerous times, though states in a recent (as of January 2011) television interview that his true ambition is in TaeKwonDo, and one day going to the Olympics to achieve his dream of representing his country against the best athletes of the sport.
Personal life
Abbott was born in Cape Coral, Florida. At the age of 15 he moved to Maryville, Tennessee. He now enjoys both states and travels a lot from state to state training TaeKwonDo and Karate. Although his Parents are still married, Abbott goes back an forth living with his Father, who remained in Florida do to his electrical business in which he owns, and his Mother, who resides primarily in Tennessee. He has two married sisters Amanda Roa, and Cortney Abbott-Cipriano who reside in Tampa, Florida, with their husbands. Abbott loves training, and even built a small Dojang in his garage, complete with a TV and Wavemasters, and makiwaras.
Start in martial arts
He was exposed to martial arts as a child when his father, being a black belt himself, taught Abbott at the age of 7. When he was 9, a friend of his recommended that he attend his TaeKwonDo school. Abbott attended the school for 6 years, including 2 years in which he taught. He achieved black belt status and trained with former members of the K-Tigers. After 6 an a half years he was kicked out of his TaeKwonDo school when his Instructor noticed one of his female instructors and Abbott had formed a romantic relationship. His master became enraged and kicked Abbott out of his style and his school leaving him without instruction. Fueled by rage, he left vowing to prove his instructor wrong by becoming the absolute best in his country. Since then he has not spoken to his ex-grandmaster, and has been shunned by the majority of his old training partners, and people he called friends and family.
Karate
With the help of his father, he enlisted from the same man who taught his father Karate,and began training 3 hours every day. He quickly became great, and was asked to represent his country only 7 months into training Karate. His training consisted of running alot, and hitting very hard objects. Abbott prides himself on creating the hardest makiwara ever, by tying a rope around a pine tree and hitting it continuously, sometime up to 1 hour with one fist until he began to bleed. Than he switched hands and began the same process. He practiced backfisting jagged rocks, and shattered his shins with shin hardening. Fueled sometimes, only by his abandonment of his grandmaster, and former friends.
The start of tournaments
Abbott began entering tournaments 4 months into starting Karate as a way to begin to see how he was stacking up against other people in his state. He first started with a qualifier in southern Florida. There, he realized his skills were nowhere near perfect. The first round in sparring, he was punched in the face, and was knocked out with a head kick. He lost the first round, and forgot his Form mid-way through, and was disqualified. Humiliated by defeat, he became enraged by his performance, and bumped his training up to 4 hours a day. His next tournament was the Estero Martial Arts World Championships. There he proceeded to win first place in Kata, however, he was shaken up in sparring, and lost 5-4. Happy with his Kata, but angry again at his sparring, Abbott put everything he had into training.
Then one day, World Championships were announced, and Abbott would be representing not only his dojo, but his country.
When Abbott arrived at the tournament he was assigned to a ring where the rest of his competition was. It was time for the tournament to begin, so Abbott dressed up and went out to perform. After beating several people, he was competing in the final. "He had been in the Final in the previous tournament, but this time he was not going to forget his Kata" he stated in an interview. Abbott performed his Kata to the best of his ability, and was ready to see his colored flags raised. But his opponent won. In shock and disbelief, he suited up and got ready for Kumite. He faced his first opponent, and started to battle. There he got 2 headkicks, and 3 punches. But everytime he scored, the referee said it was "excessive contact" and gave his opponent a point. The final score was 6-0. And Abbott was out the first round. After he was given his trophy, he passed by where he was told by a friend there, that the judges had pre-determined the winner, and the head judge was from the same organization as his opponent. He understood now why he had been given only penalties. And after being yelled at by his team for failing, threw down his medal, and left Sport Karate with that affiliation for good.
Glorious return
After being gone from Karate for several weeks, Abbott decided to invest fully in TaeKwonDo again. With much research he found a TaeKwonDo studio in Gateway, Florida. He is now flying back an forth from Tennessee, and Florida in order to train with his new team, and get closer to his one true goal. Being in the Olympics.
Titles and achievements
Abbott is currently the Estero Martial Arts World Champion. He placed 2nd in Kata in the 2010 Inoue-ha World Championships (16-17 year old division),and won 4th in Kumite at the same competition. Since then he has been traveling around the country competing in Open, TaeKwonDo, and Karate tournaments. He's been called to represent his country in Karate numerous times, though states in a recent (as of January 2011) television interview that his true ambition is in TaeKwonDo, and one day going to the Olympics to achieve his dream of representing his country against the best athletes of the sport.
Personal life
Abbott was born in Cape Coral, Florida. At the age of 15 he moved to Maryville, Tennessee. He now enjoys both states and travels a lot from state to state training TaeKwonDo and Karate. Although his Parents are still married, Abbott goes back an forth living with his Father, who remained in Florida do to his electrical business in which he owns, and his Mother, who resides primarily in Tennessee. He has two married sisters Amanda Roa, and Cortney Abbott-Cipriano who reside in Tampa, Florida, with their husbands. Abbott loves training, and even built a small Dojang in his garage, complete with a TV and Wavemasters, and makiwaras.
Start in martial arts
He was exposed to martial arts as a child when his father, being a black belt himself, taught Abbott at the age of 7. When he was 9, a friend of his recommended that he attend his TaeKwonDo school. Abbott attended the school for 6 years, including 2 years in which he taught. He achieved black belt status and trained with former members of the K-Tigers. After 6 an a half years he was kicked out of his TaeKwonDo school when his Instructor noticed one of his female instructors and Abbott had formed a romantic relationship. His master became enraged and kicked Abbott out of his style and his school leaving him without instruction. Fueled by rage, he left vowing to prove his instructor wrong by becoming the absolute best in his country. Since then he has not spoken to his ex-grandmaster, and has been shunned by the majority of his old training partners, and people he called friends and family.
Karate
With the help of his father, he enlisted from the same man who taught his father Karate,and began training 3 hours every day. He quickly became great, and was asked to represent his country only 7 months into training Karate. His training consisted of running alot, and hitting very hard objects. Abbott prides himself on creating the hardest makiwara ever, by tying a rope around a pine tree and hitting it continuously, sometime up to 1 hour with one fist until he began to bleed. Than he switched hands and began the same process. He practiced backfisting jagged rocks, and shattered his shins with shin hardening. Fueled sometimes, only by his abandonment of his grandmaster, and former friends.
The start of tournaments
Abbott began entering tournaments 4 months into starting Karate as a way to begin to see how he was stacking up against other people in his state. He first started with a qualifier in southern Florida. There, he realized his skills were nowhere near perfect. The first round in sparring, he was punched in the face, and was knocked out with a head kick. He lost the first round, and forgot his Form mid-way through, and was disqualified. Humiliated by defeat, he became enraged by his performance, and bumped his training up to 4 hours a day. His next tournament was the Estero Martial Arts World Championships. There he proceeded to win first place in Kata, however, he was shaken up in sparring, and lost 5-4. Happy with his Kata, but angry again at his sparring, Abbott put everything he had into training.
Then one day, World Championships were announced, and Abbott would be representing not only his dojo, but his country.
When Abbott arrived at the tournament he was assigned to a ring where the rest of his competition was. It was time for the tournament to begin, so Abbott dressed up and went out to perform. After beating several people, he was competing in the final. "He had been in the Final in the previous tournament, but this time he was not going to forget his Kata" he stated in an interview. Abbott performed his Kata to the best of his ability, and was ready to see his colored flags raised. But his opponent won. In shock and disbelief, he suited up and got ready for Kumite. He faced his first opponent, and started to battle. There he got 2 headkicks, and 3 punches. But everytime he scored, the referee said it was "excessive contact" and gave his opponent a point. The final score was 6-0. And Abbott was out the first round. After he was given his trophy, he passed by where he was told by a friend there, that the judges had pre-determined the winner, and the head judge was from the same organization as his opponent. He understood now why he had been given only penalties. And after being yelled at by his team for failing, threw down his medal, and left Sport Karate with that affiliation for good.
Glorious return
After being gone from Karate for several weeks, Abbott decided to invest fully in TaeKwonDo again. With much research he found a TaeKwonDo studio in Gateway, Florida. He is now flying back an forth from Tennessee, and Florida in order to train with his new team, and get closer to his one true goal. Being in the Olympics.
Inger Marianne Ny, born January 3, 1953, is a Swedish lawyer. In 2007 she was appointed the office of Deputy Director at the Prosecution Development Centre in Gothenburg. Ny joined the Swedish Prosecution Authority as a prosecutor in 1985. She lives in Bromölla in north-eastern Skåne County.
Ny grew up in Degeberga specializing in natural sciences at Österäng High School in Kristianstad as she planned to be an engineer. Instead she chose to study law specializing in cases regarding sexual abuse of children and domestic violence. Ny was a prosecutor in Kristianstad from 1985-1989, in Karlshamn from 1989-1994 and in Hässleholm from 1994-1996. From 1996-2007 she was Deputy Chief Prosecutor at the Local Prosecution Office in Malmö and took office on February 1, 2008 as the Deputy Chief Prosecutor in Gothenburg.
On September 1, 2010, she became internationally known when she reopened the criminal investigation against Wikileaks-founder Julian Assange, which had been withdrawn by Eva Finné on August 25.
Ny grew up in Degeberga specializing in natural sciences at Österäng High School in Kristianstad as she planned to be an engineer. Instead she chose to study law specializing in cases regarding sexual abuse of children and domestic violence. Ny was a prosecutor in Kristianstad from 1985-1989, in Karlshamn from 1989-1994 and in Hässleholm from 1994-1996. From 1996-2007 she was Deputy Chief Prosecutor at the Local Prosecution Office in Malmö and took office on February 1, 2008 as the Deputy Chief Prosecutor in Gothenburg.
On September 1, 2010, she became internationally known when she reopened the criminal investigation against Wikileaks-founder Julian Assange, which had been withdrawn by Eva Finné on August 25.