Rosetta Code is a wiki-based programming chrestomathy website with solutions to various programming problems in many different programming languages. It was created in 2007 by Mike Mol. Rosetta Code includes 605 programming tasks, and covers 474 programming languages. The site's content is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2, though some components may be dual-licensed under more permissive terms.
Data and structure
The site is organized as a browseable cross-section of tasks (specific programming problems or considerations) and programming languages. A task's page displays visitor-contributed solutions in various languages, allowing a viewer to compare each language's approach to the task's stated problem. Task pages are included in per-language listings based on the languages of provided solutions; a task with a solution in C will show up in the listing for C. If the same task has a solution in Ruby, the task will appear in Ruby's listing as well.
Selection of languages
The following represents a sample of the languages found on Rosetta Code, ordered by sitewide application:
# Tcl
# Picolisp
# Python
# J
# C
#
#
# Ada
# Ruby
# Go
# PureBasic
# Perl
Selection of tasks
The following represents a sample of the tasks found on Rosetta Code, ordered by sitewide involvement.
# Hello world/Text
# 99 Bottles of Beer
# Comments
# Empty program
# 100 doors
# Fibonacci sequence
# Function definition
# FizzBuzz
# Ackermann function
# Factorial
Data and structure
The site is organized as a browseable cross-section of tasks (specific programming problems or considerations) and programming languages. A task's page displays visitor-contributed solutions in various languages, allowing a viewer to compare each language's approach to the task's stated problem. Task pages are included in per-language listings based on the languages of provided solutions; a task with a solution in C will show up in the listing for C. If the same task has a solution in Ruby, the task will appear in Ruby's listing as well.
Selection of languages
The following represents a sample of the languages found on Rosetta Code, ordered by sitewide application:
# Tcl
# Picolisp
# Python
# J
# C
#
#
# Ada
# Ruby
# Go
# PureBasic
# Perl
Selection of tasks
The following represents a sample of the tasks found on Rosetta Code, ordered by sitewide involvement.
# Hello world/Text
# 99 Bottles of Beer
# Comments
# Empty program
# 100 doors
# Fibonacci sequence
# Function definition
# FizzBuzz
# Ackermann function
# Factorial
Lucas Gregory Belenky (born 1986) is an American born entrepreneur.
From 2009, Lucas established himself as a leading carbon credit specialist in sub-Saharan Africa having worked with Carbon Africa Ltd, and KPMG Kenya, as a Sustainability Advisor.
He has co-authored articles on the Life Cycle of Green house Gases and Achieving Low Carbon Cities
He is a founder and CEO of Top Third Ventures Ltd. Lucas has rapidly established Top Third Ventures as a leading improved cookstove company in Kenya.
Lucas has a Masters in Civil & Environmental Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University and a Bachelors in Civil Engineering from Bucknell University where he was a Division I Men's Water Polo athlete.
From 2009, Lucas established himself as a leading carbon credit specialist in sub-Saharan Africa having worked with Carbon Africa Ltd, and KPMG Kenya, as a Sustainability Advisor.
He has co-authored articles on the Life Cycle of Green house Gases and Achieving Low Carbon Cities
He is a founder and CEO of Top Third Ventures Ltd. Lucas has rapidly established Top Third Ventures as a leading improved cookstove company in Kenya.
Lucas has a Masters in Civil & Environmental Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University and a Bachelors in Civil Engineering from Bucknell University where he was a Division I Men's Water Polo athlete.
In cryptography, the Anti-Statistical Block Encryption (ASBE) algorithm is described as anti-statistical + key-dependent block encryption. The encryption algorithm was released in 2011 by engineer, mathematician, and cryptographer, . The ASBE algorithm uses variable encryption keys that scale in size from 2008 bits up to 2 GB.
In March 2011, software using the ASBE algorithm was reviewed by National Security Agency and approved for export by US Bureau of Industry and Security as ECCN 5D992.c for use in mass market.
ASBE Algorithm Characteristics
* The algorithm is symmetric encryption.
* Each encryption process always results in a different cyphertext with varying length, even when repeating the same input (plaintext to encrypt, key, and password).
* Variable key length scales between 251 bytes and 2 gigabytes
* Passwords scale to 64K bytes in length. The password is encrypted and becomes part of the resulting cyphertext.
* The key and the password are sequences of bytes extracted from randomly generated data or from the contents of a digital file.
::Automated Key and Password Generation: Random data generators create-destroy-recreate parameter-controlled keys as needed by the user
::Manual Key and Password Generation: The user designates settings, parameters, and inputs from the contents of any chosen digital file.
Exponential Mathematics in Cryptography
Mathematical exponential notation is the quantity representing the power to which a number or expression is to be raised. An exponential quantity is a number with a superscripted number. This indicates that one should multiply the number by itself, the number of times of the superscripted number. For example 2 2 x 2 x 2 8.
In cryptography, encryption keys are fixed in length, repeating over and over to produce the cyphertext. Brute force guesses and cryptanalysis deduces to determine the key and extract plaintext from cyphertext. The ASBE algorithm allows for keys of variable length from 2008 bits to 2 gigabyte. A 2008-bit key is a billion times a billion times a billion (times a Billion 58 times) stronger than a 256-bit key length. Every additional bit in a key doubles the number of possibilities and doubles the time to break it by brute force. Thus, each additional byte in the key increases by a multiplier of 2 = 256 times.
The ASBE algorithm further allows passwords, with the same exponential characteristics as the key. Using the largest password of 64KB this multiplies the number of possibilities by 2 , which is 2 which is approximately 10 . The cryptosystem of the ASBE algorithm extracts keys and passwords from any existing file or from randomly generated data. Using a 2-GB data source, there are up to 4,000,000,000,000,000,000 possible keys or 1,200,000,000,000,000 possible passwords.
Cryptographic Contributions
* Key generation, communication, and storage cannot be detected, as keys are generated-destroyed-recreated, on demand. Key transfer between end points is not necessary.
* The use of the key is not cyclic in its length. Standard differential analysis and byte frequency cannot be used against it.
* The encryption engine scrubs memory before exiting so the key, password, and other parameters are not available to be discovered by another program which allocates all available memory to examine it’s contents.
In March 2011, software using the ASBE algorithm was reviewed by National Security Agency and approved for export by US Bureau of Industry and Security as ECCN 5D992.c for use in mass market.
ASBE Algorithm Characteristics
* The algorithm is symmetric encryption.
* Each encryption process always results in a different cyphertext with varying length, even when repeating the same input (plaintext to encrypt, key, and password).
* Variable key length scales between 251 bytes and 2 gigabytes
* Passwords scale to 64K bytes in length. The password is encrypted and becomes part of the resulting cyphertext.
* The key and the password are sequences of bytes extracted from randomly generated data or from the contents of a digital file.
::Automated Key and Password Generation: Random data generators create-destroy-recreate parameter-controlled keys as needed by the user
::Manual Key and Password Generation: The user designates settings, parameters, and inputs from the contents of any chosen digital file.
Exponential Mathematics in Cryptography
Mathematical exponential notation is the quantity representing the power to which a number or expression is to be raised. An exponential quantity is a number with a superscripted number. This indicates that one should multiply the number by itself, the number of times of the superscripted number. For example 2 2 x 2 x 2 8.
In cryptography, encryption keys are fixed in length, repeating over and over to produce the cyphertext. Brute force guesses and cryptanalysis deduces to determine the key and extract plaintext from cyphertext. The ASBE algorithm allows for keys of variable length from 2008 bits to 2 gigabyte. A 2008-bit key is a billion times a billion times a billion (times a Billion 58 times) stronger than a 256-bit key length. Every additional bit in a key doubles the number of possibilities and doubles the time to break it by brute force. Thus, each additional byte in the key increases by a multiplier of 2 = 256 times.
The ASBE algorithm further allows passwords, with the same exponential characteristics as the key. Using the largest password of 64KB this multiplies the number of possibilities by 2 , which is 2 which is approximately 10 . The cryptosystem of the ASBE algorithm extracts keys and passwords from any existing file or from randomly generated data. Using a 2-GB data source, there are up to 4,000,000,000,000,000,000 possible keys or 1,200,000,000,000,000 possible passwords.
Cryptographic Contributions
* Key generation, communication, and storage cannot be detected, as keys are generated-destroyed-recreated, on demand. Key transfer between end points is not necessary.
* The use of the key is not cyclic in its length. Standard differential analysis and byte frequency cannot be used against it.
* The encryption engine scrubs memory before exiting so the key, password, and other parameters are not available to be discovered by another program which allocates all available memory to examine it’s contents.
FrenchPod is a language course podcast and accompanying website that offers free lessons in French. The service was founded in 2008 and is the third such language site from Praxis Language Ltd., following ChinesePod and SpanishPod. Unfortunately, new lessons are not being made, and the site is expected to close in the near future.
Overview
FrenchPod currently offers 247 lesson podcast and over 60 extra shows. The podcasts are accompanied by text expansion exercises and other tutoring aids for paid subscribers. It is based in Shanghai, and hosted by JP Villanueva, Amaury Libeer and Erica Tremonti.
The podcasts range in difficulty from "Newbie" to "Advanced" and have an average length of seven to fourteen minutes lesson time. Since September 2008, only the "Newbie" lesson shows and the extra shows are offered for free. Users are encouraged to interact with the FrenchPod hosts and listeners around the world on the website and in the forums.
**********************************************************************************************************************
Note that no new lessons have been produced since September 2009, and it would be unwise to sign up for a paid account.
Instead, sign up for a free 7 day trial, and download everything you can in this 7 day period.
**********************************************************************************************************************
Shows
FrenchPod's main goal is to teach spoken French to its listeners. For the listener's convenience, there are several levels of difficulty. Between the levels, the dialogue becomes progressively harder, and the hosts transition from English to fluent French. Each show usually contains a French or English conversation, and then proceeds to the dialogue of the day. Afterwards, the hosts discuss the dialogue's interpretation and structure and provide context for the new vocabulary used in the dialogue. Then the dialogue is repeated once more. The majority of the lessons are given descriptive titles to make searching easier.
The shows are currently offered in two series:
* Lesson Shows: These shows follow the standard lesson format of the various difficulty levels listed below. The typical length of an episode varies from 8 to 17 minutes.
* Voulez-vous chanter avec moi?: These shows are listed in the "extras" section of the site and are based on the concept of learning the language through music. In this show, the hosts are talking about a French song, translate some of the lyrics, explain the most idiomatic expressions and cultural points.. The typical length of an episode varies from 10 to 15 minutes, 42 episodes are available).
* Entre Pods : Amaury Libeer hosted these shows 100% in French language. The topic is the French Culture and covers a wide range of subjects, from arts (movies, music ...) to French cuisine, from French places of interest to the different accents. The tone is friendly, we are "Entre Potes" (among mates) !! (22 episodes available).
Levels
* Newbie: Lessons are given in English. When French is spoken, there is plenty of clear repetition. The dialogues are repeated three times, translated, and then analyzed. Basic phrases and expressions used for courtesy and travel are emphasized, along with grammatical support for communication in the immediate present.(69 lessons available)
* Elementary: This level features longer dialogues, more elements of grammar, and a wider range of everyday applications than the Newbie lessons. The listener is taught how to discuss events that happened in the present and past, and how to express opinions and preferences. The hosts give a thorough treatment of lesson content, including grammar structures and pronunciation. (57 lessons available)
* Intermediate: At this level, the hosts narrate events more precisely in the past, present, and future. In these lessons the hosts speak almost entirely in French, with key explanations in English. (54 lessons available)
* Upper Intermediate: Adds conjecture and conditionality, as well as French subjunctive mood. Lessons are taught primarily in French shifting back to English for the occasional vocabulary item. (31 lessons available)
* Advanced: Lessons focus on introducing specialized vocabulary, practicing problematic grammatical features, and lively French language discussion. The lessons are conducted entirely in French, including explanations of grammar and vocabulary. They also feature more use of idioms than the lower levels. (25 lessons available)
* Advanced Media: Provides commentary and analysis on materials and media intended for a French-speaking audience. (11 lessons available)
Hosts
* John Patrick (JP) Villanueva : Holds a Master of Arts in Romance Linguistics from the University of Michigan, specializing in first- and second-language acquisition, as well as foreign language pedagogy; specifically, communicative/task based method. A native of Seattle, Washington, he taught Spanish and French at the high school and university levels for 12 years. In July 2009 JP left FrenchPod.
* Amaury Libeer : Being half French and half Belgian, he lived in both countries before traveling throughout the Anglo-Saxon world. He has a BA in International Trade and worked for 6 years in Scotland. While abroad, he also taught French as a foreign language and is now the lead host of FrenchPod.
* Erica Tremonti : Holds a degree in Linguistics and has 6 years of teaching experience, having taught French and ESL, as well as the piano and violin. After living in Paris for several years, she returned to the U.S. to start a company advancing French language materials in North America and can be heard at the Newbie, Elementary, Intermediate and Upper-Intermediate level lessons as the main host. She also helped host and produce FrenchPod's learning-though-music show, Voulez-vous chanter avec moi?.
Overview
FrenchPod currently offers 247 lesson podcast and over 60 extra shows. The podcasts are accompanied by text expansion exercises and other tutoring aids for paid subscribers. It is based in Shanghai, and hosted by JP Villanueva, Amaury Libeer and Erica Tremonti.
The podcasts range in difficulty from "Newbie" to "Advanced" and have an average length of seven to fourteen minutes lesson time. Since September 2008, only the "Newbie" lesson shows and the extra shows are offered for free. Users are encouraged to interact with the FrenchPod hosts and listeners around the world on the website and in the forums.
**********************************************************************************************************************
Note that no new lessons have been produced since September 2009, and it would be unwise to sign up for a paid account.
Instead, sign up for a free 7 day trial, and download everything you can in this 7 day period.
**********************************************************************************************************************
Shows
FrenchPod's main goal is to teach spoken French to its listeners. For the listener's convenience, there are several levels of difficulty. Between the levels, the dialogue becomes progressively harder, and the hosts transition from English to fluent French. Each show usually contains a French or English conversation, and then proceeds to the dialogue of the day. Afterwards, the hosts discuss the dialogue's interpretation and structure and provide context for the new vocabulary used in the dialogue. Then the dialogue is repeated once more. The majority of the lessons are given descriptive titles to make searching easier.
The shows are currently offered in two series:
* Lesson Shows: These shows follow the standard lesson format of the various difficulty levels listed below. The typical length of an episode varies from 8 to 17 minutes.
* Voulez-vous chanter avec moi?: These shows are listed in the "extras" section of the site and are based on the concept of learning the language through music. In this show, the hosts are talking about a French song, translate some of the lyrics, explain the most idiomatic expressions and cultural points.. The typical length of an episode varies from 10 to 15 minutes, 42 episodes are available).
* Entre Pods : Amaury Libeer hosted these shows 100% in French language. The topic is the French Culture and covers a wide range of subjects, from arts (movies, music ...) to French cuisine, from French places of interest to the different accents. The tone is friendly, we are "Entre Potes" (among mates) !! (22 episodes available).
Levels
* Newbie: Lessons are given in English. When French is spoken, there is plenty of clear repetition. The dialogues are repeated three times, translated, and then analyzed. Basic phrases and expressions used for courtesy and travel are emphasized, along with grammatical support for communication in the immediate present.(69 lessons available)
* Elementary: This level features longer dialogues, more elements of grammar, and a wider range of everyday applications than the Newbie lessons. The listener is taught how to discuss events that happened in the present and past, and how to express opinions and preferences. The hosts give a thorough treatment of lesson content, including grammar structures and pronunciation. (57 lessons available)
* Intermediate: At this level, the hosts narrate events more precisely in the past, present, and future. In these lessons the hosts speak almost entirely in French, with key explanations in English. (54 lessons available)
* Upper Intermediate: Adds conjecture and conditionality, as well as French subjunctive mood. Lessons are taught primarily in French shifting back to English for the occasional vocabulary item. (31 lessons available)
* Advanced: Lessons focus on introducing specialized vocabulary, practicing problematic grammatical features, and lively French language discussion. The lessons are conducted entirely in French, including explanations of grammar and vocabulary. They also feature more use of idioms than the lower levels. (25 lessons available)
* Advanced Media: Provides commentary and analysis on materials and media intended for a French-speaking audience. (11 lessons available)
Hosts
* John Patrick (JP) Villanueva : Holds a Master of Arts in Romance Linguistics from the University of Michigan, specializing in first- and second-language acquisition, as well as foreign language pedagogy; specifically, communicative/task based method. A native of Seattle, Washington, he taught Spanish and French at the high school and university levels for 12 years. In July 2009 JP left FrenchPod.
* Amaury Libeer : Being half French and half Belgian, he lived in both countries before traveling throughout the Anglo-Saxon world. He has a BA in International Trade and worked for 6 years in Scotland. While abroad, he also taught French as a foreign language and is now the lead host of FrenchPod.
* Erica Tremonti : Holds a degree in Linguistics and has 6 years of teaching experience, having taught French and ESL, as well as the piano and violin. After living in Paris for several years, she returned to the U.S. to start a company advancing French language materials in North America and can be heard at the Newbie, Elementary, Intermediate and Upper-Intermediate level lessons as the main host. She also helped host and produce FrenchPod's learning-though-music show, Voulez-vous chanter avec moi?.