Black Religious Cults were religious cults which usually abandoned the conventional beliefs about god and about black people.
Denominations
There were two major denominations in the Black Religious Cults: the "Holiness" cults and the "Salvation" cults. These cults consisted of differing views on life and religion.
Holiness Cults
The Holiness Cults were centered around the belief that it was necessary to restore a purer form of Christianity, while still remaining Christians at heart. Its followers planned to achieve this by purifying all members of the church. Meetings were held every night and for the entire day every Sunday. The Holiness cults prohibited members from partaking in such activities as drinking alcohol and gambling.
Salvation Cults
The Salvation Cults differed from the Holiness cults by not wanting to be identified as Christians, as they believed they must avoid this in order to gain salvation. They followed religions which were not common in America. Men and women of the Salvation cults were separated during their services and there was no baptism or communion involved, as well as very little singing.
Denominations
There were two major denominations in the Black Religious Cults: the "Holiness" cults and the "Salvation" cults. These cults consisted of differing views on life and religion.
Holiness Cults
The Holiness Cults were centered around the belief that it was necessary to restore a purer form of Christianity, while still remaining Christians at heart. Its followers planned to achieve this by purifying all members of the church. Meetings were held every night and for the entire day every Sunday. The Holiness cults prohibited members from partaking in such activities as drinking alcohol and gambling.
Salvation Cults
The Salvation Cults differed from the Holiness cults by not wanting to be identified as Christians, as they believed they must avoid this in order to gain salvation. They followed religions which were not common in America. Men and women of the Salvation cults were separated during their services and there was no baptism or communion involved, as well as very little singing.
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* Bookseller's Art: Carl Kroch and Kroch’s and Brentano’s by John Cole ISBN 978-0844406244
* Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis by Harold M. Mayer & Richard C. Wade ISBN 0-226-51274-6
* Chicago: Then and Now by Elizabeth McNulty ISBN 1-57145-278-8
* Chicago Churches and Synagogues by George Lane ISBN 0-226-49560-4
* Chicago Days : 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City by the Chicago Tribune ISBN 1-890093-04-1
* Chicago In and Around the Loop : Walking Tours of Architecture and History by Gerard R. Wolfe ISBN 0-07-142236-6
* Chicago Politics: Ward by Ward by David K. Fremon ISBN 0-253-31344-9
* The Chicago River: A Natural and Unnatural History by Libby Hill ISBN 1-893121-02-X
* City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America by Donald L. Miller ISBN 0-684-80194-9
* Daniel H. Burnham by Kristen Schaffer ISBN 0-8478-2533-7
* The Encyclopedia of Chicago ISBN 0-226-31015-9
* Forty Feet Below, The Story of Chicago's Freight Tunnels by Bruce Moffat ISBN 0-916374-54-8
* Grafters and Goo Goos: Corruption and Reform in Chicago, 1833-2003 by James L. Merriner ISBN 0-8093-2571-3
* The Great Chicago Fire: In Eyewitness Accounts and 70 Contemporary Photographs and Illustrations by David Lowe ISBN 0-486-23771-0
* Graveyards of Chicago by Matt Hucke and Ursula Bielski ISBN 0-9642426-4-8
* Great Chicago Fires: Historic Blazes That Shaped a City by David Cowan ISBN 1-893121-07-0
* Hands On Chicago by Kenan Heise & Mark Frazel ISBN 0-933893-28-0
* Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago by Eric Klinenberg ISBN 0-226-44321-3
* Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration by James R. Grossman ISBN 0-226-30995-9
* Lost Chicago by David Lowe ISBN 0-517-46888-3
* Masterpieces of Chicago Architecture by John Zukowsky & Martha Thorne ISBN 0-8478-2596-5
* Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West William Cronon ISBN 0-393-30873-1
* Sin in the Second City: Madames, Ministers, Playboys, and the Battle for America's Soul by Karen Abbott ISBN 978-1-4000-6530-1
* The Sinking of the Eastland: America's Forgotten Tragedy by Jay Bonansinga ISBN 0-8065-2628-9
* The St. Valentine's Day Massacre: The Untold Story of the Gangland Bloodbath That Brought Down Al Capone by William J. Helmer & Arthur J. Bilek ISBN 1-58182-329-0
* Streetwise Chicago by Don Hayner & Tom McNamee ISBN 0-8294-0596-8
* There Are No Children Here by Alex Kotlowitz ISBN 0-385-26556-5
* Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, The Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman by Carl Smith ISBN 0-226-76416-8
Non-fiction about Chicago
* Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis by Harold M. Mayer & Richard C. Wade ISBN 0-226-51274-6
* Chicago: Then and Now by Elizabeth McNulty ISBN 1-57145-278-8
* Chicago Churches and Synagogues by George Lane ISBN 0-226-49560-4
* Chicago Days : 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City by the Chicago Tribune ISBN 1-890093-04-1
* Chicago In and Around the Loop : Walking Tours of Architecture and History by Gerard R. Wolfe ISBN 0-07-142236-6
* Chicago Politics: Ward by Ward by David K. Fremon ISBN 0-253-31344-9
* The Chicago River: A Natural and Unnatural History by Libby Hill ISBN 1-893121-02-X
* City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America by Donald L. Miller ISBN 0-684-80194-9
* Daniel H. Burnham by Kristen Schaffer ISBN 0-8478-2533-7
* The Encyclopedia of Chicago ISBN 0-226-31015-9
* Forty Feet Below, The Story of Chicago's Freight Tunnels by Bruce Moffat ISBN 0-916374-54-8
* Grafters and Goo Goos: Corruption and Reform in Chicago, 1833-2003 by James L. Merriner ISBN 0-8093-2571-3
* The Great Chicago Fire: In Eyewitness Accounts and 70 Contemporary Photographs and Illustrations by David Lowe ISBN 0-486-23771-0
* Graveyards of Chicago by Matt Hucke and Ursula Bielski ISBN 0-9642426-4-8
* Great Chicago Fires: Historic Blazes That Shaped a City by David Cowan ISBN 1-893121-07-0
* Hands On Chicago by Kenan Heise & Mark Frazel ISBN 0-933893-28-0
* Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago by Eric Klinenberg ISBN 0-226-44321-3
* Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration by James R. Grossman ISBN 0-226-30995-9
* Lost Chicago by David Lowe ISBN 0-517-46888-3
* Masterpieces of Chicago Architecture by John Zukowsky & Martha Thorne ISBN 0-8478-2596-5
* Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West William Cronon ISBN 0-393-30873-1
* Sin in the Second City: Madames, Ministers, Playboys, and the Battle for America's Soul by Karen Abbott ISBN 978-1-4000-6530-1
* The Sinking of the Eastland: America's Forgotten Tragedy by Jay Bonansinga ISBN 0-8065-2628-9
* The St. Valentine's Day Massacre: The Untold Story of the Gangland Bloodbath That Brought Down Al Capone by William J. Helmer & Arthur J. Bilek ISBN 1-58182-329-0
* Streetwise Chicago by Don Hayner & Tom McNamee ISBN 0-8294-0596-8
* There Are No Children Here by Alex Kotlowitz ISBN 0-385-26556-5
* Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, The Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman by Carl Smith ISBN 0-226-76416-8
Non-fiction about Chicago
Pai Sho is a fictional strategy game that appears in the Nickelodeon show, Avatar: The Last Airbender. It is a favored pastime of many, including Iroh, Aang, and Monk Gyatso.
Overview
The game pieces seem to have taken their nomenclature from flowers, along with objects such as ships and wheels and possibly animals. It seems that each piece type has a different use or strength in the game, as Iroh mentioned that the lotus piece is a token usually assumed to be of little value.
Pai Sho is not limited to a single one of the Four Nations, played by a variety of people throughout the world. It has been seen played by Monk Gyatso and Aang of the Air Nomads, Iroh has been seen playing the game with other Fire Nation citizens, and many Earth Kingdom citizens have been shown playing the game throughout the kingdom.
The games rules within the show have yet to be revealed, but on-screen gameplay shows players take turns placing and moving game pieces on the board. Pai Sho is consistently seen with two players, seated opposite one another across the board. Dialogue within the show reveals that there is a gambling aspect of the game as well, as Iroh has referenced "taking the pot" and Zuko explicitly mentioned gambling with the game during "The Desert".
Order of the White Lotus
The Order of the White Lotus is a secret society within the Avatar universe that seems to transcend national boundaries. They communicate membership through Pai Sho by placing Pai Sho tiles on the board in a specific manner that identifies themselves to other members of the society.
Iroh, a lover of Pai Sho, is a Grand Master of the order and has always said, "Pai Sho is more than just a game."
Overview
The game pieces seem to have taken their nomenclature from flowers, along with objects such as ships and wheels and possibly animals. It seems that each piece type has a different use or strength in the game, as Iroh mentioned that the lotus piece is a token usually assumed to be of little value.
Pai Sho is not limited to a single one of the Four Nations, played by a variety of people throughout the world. It has been seen played by Monk Gyatso and Aang of the Air Nomads, Iroh has been seen playing the game with other Fire Nation citizens, and many Earth Kingdom citizens have been shown playing the game throughout the kingdom.
The games rules within the show have yet to be revealed, but on-screen gameplay shows players take turns placing and moving game pieces on the board. Pai Sho is consistently seen with two players, seated opposite one another across the board. Dialogue within the show reveals that there is a gambling aspect of the game as well, as Iroh has referenced "taking the pot" and Zuko explicitly mentioned gambling with the game during "The Desert".
Order of the White Lotus
The Order of the White Lotus is a secret society within the Avatar universe that seems to transcend national boundaries. They communicate membership through Pai Sho by placing Pai Sho tiles on the board in a specific manner that identifies themselves to other members of the society.
Iroh, a lover of Pai Sho, is a Grand Master of the order and has always said, "Pai Sho is more than just a game."