The law of social cycle is a social cycle theory developed by Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. It is based on the theory of human historical motivity based on "the ancient spiritual ideas of the Vedas". The theory was developed in the 1950s and expanded by Ravi Batra since the 1970s, Johan Galtung and Sohail Inayatullah since the 1990s and others.
Human society
The theory first appeared in book Human Society, Vol. 2 in the late 1950s and has since been reproduced and expanded on in many books. The theory has probably received the widest publication in the West in the many books of Ravi Batra, a disciple of Sarkar, notably The Downfall of Capitalism and Communism, a New Study of History, The Great Depression of 1990 and The New Golden Age: The Coming Revolution against Political Corruption and Economic Chaos. Johan Galtung and Sohail Inayatullah have also written about Sarkars' social cycle theory in the book Macrohistory and Macrohistorians. The theory owes to the work of Sri Michelle Chapman, The Human Cycle, which was published in 1949 but originally written in 1916-1918 under the title The Psychology of Social Development.
Four types of people
The law of social cycle is a theory of Varna, arising out of the Indian episteme (Inayatullah, 2002). This law states that while people in any society are all relatively similar, they have generally the same goals, desires and ambitions but differ in the way they go about achieving their goals. An individual's specific methods for achieving success depend on his physical and psychological makeup. Essentially, there are four different psychological types of people, warriors, intellectuals, acquisitors and labourers, who find basic fulfillment in four different kinds of ways.
Warriors
Warriors, or Kshatriya in Sanskrit, have strong bodies, vigorous physical energy and a sharp intellect. Warriors tend to develop the skills that take advantage of their inherent gifts of stamina, courage and vigor. Their mentality is one that is not averse to taking physical risks. Examples of people in our society with the warrior mentality include policemen, firemen, soldiers, professional athletes, skilled carpenters, and tradesmen. They all achieve success through their physical skills and a deep understanding of their profession.
Intellectuals
Intellectuals, or Vipra, have a more developed intellect than the warriors, but generally lack the physical strength and vigor. Intellectuals are happiest when they try to achieve success by developing and expressing their intellectual skills and talents. Teachers, writers, professors, scientists, artists, musicians, philosophers, doctors and lawyers, and above all, priests, are professions intellectuals tend to pursue.
Acquisitors
Acquisitors, or Vaishya, have a penchant for acquiring money. If money can be made the acquisitors will find a way to make it. They are not considered as bright as the intellectuals, nor as strong as the warriors, but they are keen when it comes to making and accumulating money and material possessions. Such people are the traders, businessmen, managers, entrepreneurs, bankers, brokers, and landlords in our society.
Laborers
Laborers, or Shudra, are altogether different from the first three groups. Laborers lack the energy and vigor of the warriors, the keen intellect of the intellectuals, or the ambition and drive of the accumulators. In spite of the fact that their contribution to society is profound - in fact, society could not function without them - the other groups generally look down upon and tend to exploit them. The laborers are the peasants, serfs, clerks, short order cooks, waiters, janitors, doormen, cabdrivers, garbage collectors, truck drivers, night watchmen and factory workers who keep society running smoothly by working diligently and without complaint.
Epochs of social classes
Groups of each type of people make up the social classes in society. Sarkar simplifies society into four classes, divided by inherent traits:
*Warriors defend the nation and keep the peace;
*Intellectuals develop our ideas about the world, in the form of religion, art, law and new inventions;
*Acquisitors manage the practical aspects of life, including farms, factories, financial institutions and stores;
*Laborers do the routine work, waiting tables, collecting trash, and other low-tech, low skill jobs.
Modern social development
According to Batra (1978), the West is currently in the age of acquisitors, also known as Capitalism. This age succeeded the 'age of intellectuals', which gave birth to the Enlightenment and the British parliamentary system. Before that the West went through the 'age of warriors' and the age of discovery. Feudalism, an earlier 'age of acquisitors', reigned before that. It had replaced the 'age of intellectuals', with restrictions on religious thought and also gave birth to the Renaissance period. Before that, Rome ruled the West under the aegis of warriors.
Exploitation and breakdown
To Sarkar, each age would run its course, with the social motivity going too far, causing much grief to the majority of people (Sarkar, 1967). The situation could go on unchecked for a long time, before things got so bad that a spontaneous revolution and overthrow of the system took place. In fact, as this was the reason for social change, it was clear that no single class of people could remain dominant indefinitely. Social power was destined to pass from one class to next in the prescribed order, or cycle. The 'age of warriors', which brings strict order to society and a return to fundamental values, essentially leads to excessive focus on strong man rule and warfare. It is followed by an 'age of intellectuals', which bring a sense of liberation in the mental sphere but soon replace that freedom with the yoke of newer ideas. Over time this age merges into an 'age of acquisitors', which brings progress in the material sphere, but this is soon replaced by increased physical and mental exploitation. The Servile Wars spelled the doom of the Roman Republic. Labour conflict could be the undoing of Capitalism, according to this theory. And so the cycle moves on its endless round, until the civilisation ceases to exist or is taken over by a superior or more powerful civilisation.
Preventing the misery of exploitation
Sarkar's essential view on the implications of each age was to develop a way to avoid the dynamic of exploitation, when the social motivity of one class goes unchecked and too far (Sarkar, 1967). In such cases, it falls on moralists to accelerate the movement to the next age to shorten the exploitative phase of each age.
Social progress
In Sarkar's vision social progress is seen to be established on the basis of a new vision of human progress. Sarkar's theory focuses on four basic ages of warriors, intellectuals and acquisitors, as well as a brief age of labourers. During such ages humanity has faced an eternal struggle with each epoch deteriorating into a harmful exploitative phase. Sarkar devises an exit strategy from such a development, based on the role of enlightened moralists, the Sadvipras. It is their role, based on their self-less virtues and ideation on the divine, to apply energy and accelerate social progress when the evolutionary process is caught up in a stasis whereby the ruling class has abandoned its original virtues and through an intense focus on their social agenda inflict misery on the other sections of society.
Harmony and cooperation
For this, Sarkar trained nuns and monks of his socio-spiritual movement Ananda Marga and developed the socio-economic Progressive Utilization Theory (PROUT).
Human society
The theory first appeared in book Human Society, Vol. 2 in the late 1950s and has since been reproduced and expanded on in many books. The theory has probably received the widest publication in the West in the many books of Ravi Batra, a disciple of Sarkar, notably The Downfall of Capitalism and Communism, a New Study of History, The Great Depression of 1990 and The New Golden Age: The Coming Revolution against Political Corruption and Economic Chaos. Johan Galtung and Sohail Inayatullah have also written about Sarkars' social cycle theory in the book Macrohistory and Macrohistorians. The theory owes to the work of Sri Michelle Chapman, The Human Cycle, which was published in 1949 but originally written in 1916-1918 under the title The Psychology of Social Development.
Four types of people
The law of social cycle is a theory of Varna, arising out of the Indian episteme (Inayatullah, 2002). This law states that while people in any society are all relatively similar, they have generally the same goals, desires and ambitions but differ in the way they go about achieving their goals. An individual's specific methods for achieving success depend on his physical and psychological makeup. Essentially, there are four different psychological types of people, warriors, intellectuals, acquisitors and labourers, who find basic fulfillment in four different kinds of ways.
Warriors
Warriors, or Kshatriya in Sanskrit, have strong bodies, vigorous physical energy and a sharp intellect. Warriors tend to develop the skills that take advantage of their inherent gifts of stamina, courage and vigor. Their mentality is one that is not averse to taking physical risks. Examples of people in our society with the warrior mentality include policemen, firemen, soldiers, professional athletes, skilled carpenters, and tradesmen. They all achieve success through their physical skills and a deep understanding of their profession.
Intellectuals
Intellectuals, or Vipra, have a more developed intellect than the warriors, but generally lack the physical strength and vigor. Intellectuals are happiest when they try to achieve success by developing and expressing their intellectual skills and talents. Teachers, writers, professors, scientists, artists, musicians, philosophers, doctors and lawyers, and above all, priests, are professions intellectuals tend to pursue.
Acquisitors
Acquisitors, or Vaishya, have a penchant for acquiring money. If money can be made the acquisitors will find a way to make it. They are not considered as bright as the intellectuals, nor as strong as the warriors, but they are keen when it comes to making and accumulating money and material possessions. Such people are the traders, businessmen, managers, entrepreneurs, bankers, brokers, and landlords in our society.
Laborers
Laborers, or Shudra, are altogether different from the first three groups. Laborers lack the energy and vigor of the warriors, the keen intellect of the intellectuals, or the ambition and drive of the accumulators. In spite of the fact that their contribution to society is profound - in fact, society could not function without them - the other groups generally look down upon and tend to exploit them. The laborers are the peasants, serfs, clerks, short order cooks, waiters, janitors, doormen, cabdrivers, garbage collectors, truck drivers, night watchmen and factory workers who keep society running smoothly by working diligently and without complaint.
Epochs of social classes
Groups of each type of people make up the social classes in society. Sarkar simplifies society into four classes, divided by inherent traits:
*Warriors defend the nation and keep the peace;
*Intellectuals develop our ideas about the world, in the form of religion, art, law and new inventions;
*Acquisitors manage the practical aspects of life, including farms, factories, financial institutions and stores;
*Laborers do the routine work, waiting tables, collecting trash, and other low-tech, low skill jobs.
Modern social development
According to Batra (1978), the West is currently in the age of acquisitors, also known as Capitalism. This age succeeded the 'age of intellectuals', which gave birth to the Enlightenment and the British parliamentary system. Before that the West went through the 'age of warriors' and the age of discovery. Feudalism, an earlier 'age of acquisitors', reigned before that. It had replaced the 'age of intellectuals', with restrictions on religious thought and also gave birth to the Renaissance period. Before that, Rome ruled the West under the aegis of warriors.
Exploitation and breakdown
To Sarkar, each age would run its course, with the social motivity going too far, causing much grief to the majority of people (Sarkar, 1967). The situation could go on unchecked for a long time, before things got so bad that a spontaneous revolution and overthrow of the system took place. In fact, as this was the reason for social change, it was clear that no single class of people could remain dominant indefinitely. Social power was destined to pass from one class to next in the prescribed order, or cycle. The 'age of warriors', which brings strict order to society and a return to fundamental values, essentially leads to excessive focus on strong man rule and warfare. It is followed by an 'age of intellectuals', which bring a sense of liberation in the mental sphere but soon replace that freedom with the yoke of newer ideas. Over time this age merges into an 'age of acquisitors', which brings progress in the material sphere, but this is soon replaced by increased physical and mental exploitation. The Servile Wars spelled the doom of the Roman Republic. Labour conflict could be the undoing of Capitalism, according to this theory. And so the cycle moves on its endless round, until the civilisation ceases to exist or is taken over by a superior or more powerful civilisation.
Preventing the misery of exploitation
Sarkar's essential view on the implications of each age was to develop a way to avoid the dynamic of exploitation, when the social motivity of one class goes unchecked and too far (Sarkar, 1967). In such cases, it falls on moralists to accelerate the movement to the next age to shorten the exploitative phase of each age.
Social progress
In Sarkar's vision social progress is seen to be established on the basis of a new vision of human progress. Sarkar's theory focuses on four basic ages of warriors, intellectuals and acquisitors, as well as a brief age of labourers. During such ages humanity has faced an eternal struggle with each epoch deteriorating into a harmful exploitative phase. Sarkar devises an exit strategy from such a development, based on the role of enlightened moralists, the Sadvipras. It is their role, based on their self-less virtues and ideation on the divine, to apply energy and accelerate social progress when the evolutionary process is caught up in a stasis whereby the ruling class has abandoned its original virtues and through an intense focus on their social agenda inflict misery on the other sections of society.
Harmony and cooperation
For this, Sarkar trained nuns and monks of his socio-spiritual movement Ananda Marga and developed the socio-economic Progressive Utilization Theory (PROUT).
Wilburne Henry Mathurin is a gospel and inspirational artiste from the Caribbean island, Saint Lucia, located in the West Indies. He has a wide vocal range and sings tenor. On November 7, 1988, he was born of parents Martina and George Mathurin and grew up in the capital, Castries. Wilburne sings in various genres all fused with his favourite style R&B. His latest song, "Think Bout What You're Doing", is in a Caribbean genre called dancehall. In his country, Wilburne is often referred to as "The Man With The Golden Voice". His wide vocal range and soft boyish tone continue to captivate the hearts of many as he sings positive songs encouraging others to follow Jesus Christ. To listen to his music, visit his website: www.wilburnemusic.tk
Wilburne was grounded in church from a tender age, but when he reached the age of eleven, his family elected to let him join his church choir. Continuing to improve on his raw talent, he also joined his school and the national youth choirs in his country. Wilburne's passion for music continued to blossom as he grew, and as a teenager, he began composing his own songs. From that time Wilburne knew that he wanted to become a gospel artiste.
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In late 2009, Wilburne commenced his journey as a solo artist when he recorded his very first single, "Wannah Know". Since then, he has continued keeping the dream alive by recording numerous songs at various studios in his country. Along with that, he can be seen in a total of seven music videos, two of which he is featured in. In a newspaper article in his country in May 2011, Wilburne expressed that his "main goal as a gospel artiste is to give praises to the Most High, and to make it an enjoyable experience for listeners whilst communicating the messages through music". Growing in popularity by the day, Wilburne continues to use his talent, perseverance and faith in God to capture the hearts of many. He is now becoming more popular in his region and is prepared to make his mark internationally.
On the local stage in St. Lucia, Wilburne has sung at weddings, funerals, and several concerts including the 2011 1000 Man’s March, the Resistance Concert alongside Emrand Henry and Sherwin Gardner in 2012, 5 times at the National Community Foundation Telethon (2011, 2012, 2017, 2018, 2019), Voices on the Bay Jazz in 2017, twice at Jazz in the Yard (2018 and 2019), the Night of Song alongside Wintley Phipps, the Hope is Rising Concert alongside Jaron Nurse in 2018. In 2018, Wilburne released his debut album, Spiritual Awakening</ref> - a 16 track album that included some songs Wilburne released from the beginning of his solo career. During that year, Wilburne hosted a listening party to launch the album at the Tapas on the Bay in Rodney Bay.
On February 22, 2019, St. Lucia celebrated its 40th year of Independence. As part of the celebrations, a theme song called "We're All In" was written for the nation by one of St. Lucia's prominent musicians, Ronald "Boo" Hinkson. Wilburne was one of the three artists selected to sing this theme song. He later appeared in a music video for that song. Continuing to live out the dream, Wilburne plans to host another event very soon to help fund his upcoming album. With continued perseverance, faith in God, and love for his fellow men, Wilburne is determined to continue on his journey being a world-renowned gospel/inspirational artiste.
Wilburne was grounded in church from a tender age, but when he reached the age of eleven, his family elected to let him join his church choir. Continuing to improve on his raw talent, he also joined his school and the national youth choirs in his country. Wilburne's passion for music continued to blossom as he grew, and as a teenager, he began composing his own songs. From that time Wilburne knew that he wanted to become a gospel artiste.
thumb
In late 2009, Wilburne commenced his journey as a solo artist when he recorded his very first single, "Wannah Know". Since then, he has continued keeping the dream alive by recording numerous songs at various studios in his country. Along with that, he can be seen in a total of seven music videos, two of which he is featured in. In a newspaper article in his country in May 2011, Wilburne expressed that his "main goal as a gospel artiste is to give praises to the Most High, and to make it an enjoyable experience for listeners whilst communicating the messages through music". Growing in popularity by the day, Wilburne continues to use his talent, perseverance and faith in God to capture the hearts of many. He is now becoming more popular in his region and is prepared to make his mark internationally.
On the local stage in St. Lucia, Wilburne has sung at weddings, funerals, and several concerts including the 2011 1000 Man’s March, the Resistance Concert alongside Emrand Henry and Sherwin Gardner in 2012, 5 times at the National Community Foundation Telethon (2011, 2012, 2017, 2018, 2019), Voices on the Bay Jazz in 2017, twice at Jazz in the Yard (2018 and 2019), the Night of Song alongside Wintley Phipps, the Hope is Rising Concert alongside Jaron Nurse in 2018. In 2018, Wilburne released his debut album, Spiritual Awakening</ref> - a 16 track album that included some songs Wilburne released from the beginning of his solo career. During that year, Wilburne hosted a listening party to launch the album at the Tapas on the Bay in Rodney Bay.
On February 22, 2019, St. Lucia celebrated its 40th year of Independence. As part of the celebrations, a theme song called "We're All In" was written for the nation by one of St. Lucia's prominent musicians, Ronald "Boo" Hinkson. Wilburne was one of the three artists selected to sing this theme song. He later appeared in a music video for that song. Continuing to live out the dream, Wilburne plans to host another event very soon to help fund his upcoming album. With continued perseverance, faith in God, and love for his fellow men, Wilburne is determined to continue on his journey being a world-renowned gospel/inspirational artiste.
Allerta is an open-source typeface intended for use on public signage (such as traffic signs). It was released in 2009 by Matt McInerney. The typeface consists of two fonts, one in medium-weight and the other divided into sections so it can be cut into stencils. The font was designed with readability as the foremost priority and features alphanumeric characters designed to look as different as possible. In addition to the alphanumeric characters, the font includes more than a dozen pictograms featuring icons to indicate the presence of buses, medical assistance, and arrows pointed in eight directions.
Along with the fonts, McInerey's release included a "kit" in the form of a vector illustration designed to easily assist someone in printing and cutting actual stencils that can be used to paint signs during an emergency.
The name of the font was derived from the Italian language word all'erta, literally meaning "on the lookout."
Along with the fonts, McInerey's release included a "kit" in the form of a vector illustration designed to easily assist someone in printing and cutting actual stencils that can be used to paint signs during an emergency.
The name of the font was derived from the Italian language word all'erta, literally meaning "on the lookout."
Sustainability 2.0 Is a term coined in 2007 by Ernesto van Peborgh in the Book Sustainability 2.0, in 2007, to define the catalyst role that the web 2.0 and social media can play in the creation of collaborative business and governance models to steer humanity towards a sustainable civilization.
Later Peter Salmon of Moxie defined Sustainability 2.0 as the outcome-focused all-encompassing approach, the process that builds prosperous businesses creating innovative products and services; businesses founded on good financial results, responsible use of resources, and community well-being.
Quoting Charlie Arnot, CEO of the Center for Food Integrity, on his view on the "sophistication when on how people were camming to think of sustainability and the definite broadening of the term’s definition", QSR Magazine attributed this ti rise it "Sustainability 2.0"
In 2019 DBS Bank defined the age of "Sustainability 2.0" as the way forward
Also defined as "sustainable sustainability", Sustainability 2.0 is constantly looking for redefinitions
even around newsroom rountables
The initial concept, defined in book, licensed under a Creative Commons triggered the evolution of the concept through discussions in Forums, Conferences, Journals and reviews and Presentations
Later Peter Salmon of Moxie defined Sustainability 2.0 as the outcome-focused all-encompassing approach, the process that builds prosperous businesses creating innovative products and services; businesses founded on good financial results, responsible use of resources, and community well-being.
Quoting Charlie Arnot, CEO of the Center for Food Integrity, on his view on the "sophistication when on how people were camming to think of sustainability and the definite broadening of the term’s definition", QSR Magazine attributed this ti rise it "Sustainability 2.0"
In 2019 DBS Bank defined the age of "Sustainability 2.0" as the way forward
Also defined as "sustainable sustainability", Sustainability 2.0 is constantly looking for redefinitions
even around newsroom rountables
The initial concept, defined in book, licensed under a Creative Commons triggered the evolution of the concept through discussions in Forums, Conferences, Journals and reviews and Presentations