Gabon–Mexico relations are the bilateral diplomatic relations between Gabon and Mexico. Both countries are full members of the United Nations.
History
The trade of African slaves in the Americas was connected to the period of the conquest of Mexico and colonialism between 1519 and 1810. Gaspar Yanga, originally from Gabon, was captured and sold into slavery, then brought to Mexico. He became known as the leader of a settlement of escaped slaves (maroons) in the highlands of Veracruz during the early period of Spanish colonial rule. Yanga is noted for successfully resisting a Spanish attack on the settlement in 1609, and the maroons continued raids on Spanish settlements. In 1618, Gaspar Yanga reached an agreement with the colonial government granting self-governance to the maroon settlement.
Gabon and Mexico established diplomatic relations in March 1976, which have developed primarily within the framework of multilateral forums. In March 2002, Gabonese president Omar Bongo visited Monterrey to participate in the International Conference on Financing for Development alongside Mexican president Vicente Fox.
In September 2010, Gabon's National Assembly President Guy Nzouba-Ndama attended celebrations for the bicentennial of Mexico's independence. In November 2010, the Gabonese government sent a 20-member delegation to participate in the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancun. In 2011, the Mexican government, through the National Institute of Anthropology and History, donated 500 books to the Escuela Normal Superior in Libreville to promote knowledge about Mexico in Gabon.
In April 2014, Simolin Onda Meto'o, director of research, statistical coordination, and informatics, visited Mexico for the first high-level meeting of the Global Alliance for Effective Development Cooperation. Additionally, for the session of the Global Environment Facility Assembly in May 2014 in Cancun, Gabon’s director general of environment and nature conservation, Louis Léandre Ebobola Tsibah, attended.
See also
- Foreign relations of Gabon
- Foreign relations of Mexico
References
Mexico Category:Bilateral relations of Mexico
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Uganda relations are the bilateral diplomatic relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. The two countries share a state border that is 877 km long.
History
During the First Congo War (1996–1997), Uganda People's Defence Force fought alongside the AFDL, led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila, against Zairean President Mobutu Sese Seko, achieving victory. During the Second Congo War (1998–2003), Uganda supported rebel groups, including the Congolese Rally for Congolese Democracy Liberation Movement, which fought against the central government in Kinshasa.
In 2004, the leaders of the Great Lakes region and the United Nations committed to ending hostilities between tribes, rebels, and militias, including in northeastern Congo, where the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), established in 1999, supports more than 16,500 peacekeepers. Rebels from the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda continue to seek refuge in Garamba National Park in DR Congo amid ongoing peace negotiations with the Ugandan government. Uganda and DR Congo dispute the ownership of Rukwanzi Island in Lake Albert and other areas along the Semliki River with hydrocarbon potential. In 2020, 415,098 refugees from DR Congo were residing in Uganda.
Trade
In 2018, Uganda's exports to DR Congo amounted to US$533 million. In 2019, the total trade volume between the two countries reached US$532 million, of which US$30 million consisted of goods from DR Congo.
See also
- Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Foreign relations of Uganda
References
Uganda Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Tanzania relations are the bilateral diplomatic relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. The two countries share a state border that is 479 km long.
History
In October 2016, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Joseph Kabila paid an official visit to Dar es Salaam, where he met with Tanzanian president John Magufuli. During the three-day visit, the two sides discussed increasing trade turnover, as more than 50% of goods from eastern DR Congo reach global markets through ports in Tanzania. In addition, a memorandum of understanding on the extraction of natural resources from Lake Tanganyika was signed.
In 2018, 84,088 refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were living in Tanzania.
Trade
Trade volume between the two countries increased from 23.1 billion Tanzanian shillings in 2009 to 393.6 billion Tanzanian shillings in 2015. In February 2017, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, and Tanzania reached an agreement to construct a bridge over the border Luapula River, with the project cost estimated at US$85 million.. The new road across the Luapula will facilitate the transportation of goods between eastern DR Congo, Zambia, and Tanzanian ports.
In September 2018, food containers destined for the DR Congo accumulated at the Port of Dar es Salaam, hindering its operations. The crisis resulted from suspicions by Tanzanian authorities that exporters intended to sell part of the cargo on the domestic Tanzanian market in order to avoid import duties.
See also
- Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Foreign relations of Tanzania
- Democratic Republic of the Congo–Tanzania border
References
Tanzania Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Zambia relations are the bilateral diplomatic relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (known as Zaire until 1997) and Zambia. The two countries share a state border that is 2,332 km long.
History
In the 1980s, following the rise to power of Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire, the country's relations with several neighboring states deteriorated sharply. In particular, the Zairian government began to view Zambia and Tanzania as hostile states. Border clashes between Zaire and Zambia began, often ending in exchanges of gunfire. In August 1984, relations between the two countries worsened further when the Zairian authorities announced the deportation of Zambian immigrants in retaliation for Zambia's expulsion of migrants from Zaire and West Africa in July of that year. However, on 25 August 1984, Mobutu Sese Seko canceled the deportation order, although many Zambians had already left the country by that time. According to reports from radio stations in Lusaka, Zairian officials lured Zambians to stadiums under the pretext of delivering important information from Lusaka, where they were subsequently beaten.
The main cause of hostility between Zaire and Zambia lay in the economic sphere. Smuggled goods from Zambia were entering the rebellious Zairian region of Shaba, which led to significant tensions between the two countries. In 1983, Zambia was forced to deploy additional troops along the border in order to stop the flow of contraband. From that point onward, periodic border incidents began, involving clashes between Zairian and Zambian soldiers. At the end of 1984, Zaire announced the creation of a Civil Guard to patrol the border so that such incidents would not directly lead to war between the two countries. In 1988, both states introduced strict visa regimes in an attempt to halt the flow of smuggled goods. In 1989, Zaire and Zambia signed an agreement on the delimitation of the state border. In November 1991, Zaire and Zambia resumed railway connections between the two countries.
In 1996, a civil war began in Zaire. As a result of the fighting, thousands of Zairians crossed the border into Zambia and settled in refugee camps. Following the war, Mobutu Sese Seko was overthrown, and Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 1998, the Second Congo War broke out on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, involving nine states. In July 1999, a ceasefire agreement concerning the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was signed in Lusaka.
At present, Zambia claims part of the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo located on the right bank of the Lunkinda River. In 2016, 21,338 refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were living in Zambia.
Trade
In 2014, Zambia's exports to the Democratic Republic of the Congo amounted to USD 803 million. In 2017, the two countries agreed on the construction of a bridge across the Luapula River, with the project's cost estimated at US$85 million.
See also
- Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Foreign relations of Zambia
- Democratic Republic of the Congo–Zambia border
References
Zambia Democratic Republic of the Congo