Guinea–Mali relations are the bilateral diplomatic relations between Guinea and Mali. The two countries share a state border measuring 1,062 km in length.
History
Since gaining independence in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Mali and Guinea have maintained generally good relations. Following a series of border incidents, the Guinean ambassador to Mali suggested the presence of third-party provocateurs who may have instigated the conflicts. Overall, diplomatic relations between the two countries were not significantly affected by these incidents; however, recurring cross-border clashes raised concerns due to their negative impact on economic activity in the region. Nevertheless, the authorities of both countries have worked to address growing discontent among local populations in order to prevent further escalation, loss of life, and material damage.
In November 2017, illegal gold miners from both countries were involved in a large-scale clash at gold mining sites, resulting in the deaths of 22 people. In May 2018, a confrontation occurred along the border between law enforcement agencies of the two countries, in which six people were killed and around 60 were injured. A wedding procession from Mali requested permission from Guinean police to cross the state border. After being denied, Malian citizens began throwing stones at the officers, and Guinean police responded by opening fire, killing several Malians.
Guinea and Mali are members of the ECOWAS.
See also
- Foreign relations of Guinea
- Foreign relations of Mali
- Guinea–Mali border
References
Mali Category:Bilateral relations of Mali
Gabon–Republic of the Congo relations are the bilateral diplomatic relations between Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. The length of the international border between the two countries is 2,567 km.
History
The border between the two countries changed several times during the colonial period, as both were part of the French colonial empire for a long time. The last change to the border occurred in 1947, when the Haut-Ogooué Province was incorporated into Gabon. Most of this border corresponds to the watershed between the Ogooué and Congo River basins.
After decolonization and the attainment of independence in 1960, the border between the two sovereign states became internationally recognized. Starting in the 1970s, several territorial disputes arose, including disputes over the maritime boundary.
In December 1999, a peace agreement was signed in the Republic of the Congo between the government and most leaders of an armed rebellion, mediated by Gabonese president Omar Bongo. President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo and a number of senior rebel representatives signed the agreement after the government had achieved significant success on the battlefield. The agreement, mediated by President Omar Bongo of Gabon, called for the cessation of hostilities, amnesty for combatants who voluntarily disarmed, reorganization of the armed forces, and the potential return to democratic governance.
In 2014, the two states signed a protocol to establish a joint commission for resolving border issues.
See also
- Foreign relations of Gabon
- Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo
References
Republic of the Congo Category:Bilateral relations of the Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea–Gabon relations are the bilateral relations between Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. The two countries share a 345 km long state border. Both countries are members of the African Union and Non-Aligned Movement.
History
The eastern border of Equatorial Guinea was established by the Franco-Spanish Convention signed in June 1900. Tensions exist between Gabon and Equatorial Guinea over the ownership of the Mbanié, Congo, and Cocoteros islands located in Corisco Bay. The waters surrounding these islands are rich in hydrocarbons. In September 2008, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed an international mediator to help resolve the dispute.
Currently, the United Nations calls on Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Mbanie Island and the smaller islands occupied by Gabon and to demarcate the maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay.
Trade
In 2009, Gabon exported goods worth USD 15.7 million to Equatorial Guinea. Gabonese exports included refined oil, large construction machinery, and trucks. Over the past 13 years, Gabon’s exports to Equatorial Guinea grew at an annual rate of 22.8%, from USD 1.09 million in 1996 to USD 15.7 million in 2009. In the same year, Equatorial Guinea exported goods worth USD 6.87 million to Gabon, including petroleum gas, tugboats, and earthmoving machinery. Over the past 13 years, Equatorial Guinea’s exports to Gabon increased at an annual rate of 39.2%, from USD 93,200 in 1996 to USD 6.87 million in 2009.
See also
- Foreign relations of Equatorial Guinea
- Foreign relations of Gabon
References
Gabon Category:Bilateral relations of Gabon
Cameroon–France relations are the bilateral relations between France and Cameroon.
History
Cameroon, until then a French trusteeship territory, formally gained independence in January 1960. This independence, however, remained largely theoretical, as French "advisers" were assigned to assist each minister and held real power. The Gaullist government maintained its influence over the country through the signing of "cooperation agreements" covering all sectors of Cameroonian sovereignty. In the monetary sphere, Cameroon retained the CFA franc and entrusted its monetary policy to its former administering power. All strategic resources were exploited by France, and French troops were maintained in the country.
Perception
The magazine Challenges has cited Cameroon as the African country where French nationals are most successful.
See also
- Foreign relations of Cameroon
- Foreign relations of France
References
External links
- Cameroun, Autopsie d’une Indépendance. Gaëlle Le Roy et Valérie Osouf. Documentaire. France 5 et Program33. 2007.
France Category:Bilateral relations of France