Gabon–Republic of the Congo relations are the bilateral diplomatic relations between Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. The length of the international border between the two countries is 2,567 km.
History
The border between the two countries changed several times during the colonial period, as both were part of the French colonial empire for a long time. The last change to the border occurred in 1947, when the Haut-Ogooué Province was incorporated into Gabon. Most of this border corresponds to the watershed between the Ogooué and Congo River basins.
After decolonization and the attainment of independence in 1960, the border between the two sovereign states became internationally recognized. Starting in the 1970s, several territorial disputes arose, including disputes over the maritime boundary.
In December 1999, a peace agreement was signed in the Republic of the Congo between the government and most leaders of an armed rebellion, mediated by Gabonese president Omar Bongo. President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo and a number of senior rebel representatives signed the agreement after the government had achieved significant success on the battlefield. The agreement, mediated by President Omar Bongo of Gabon, called for the cessation of hostilities, amnesty for combatants who voluntarily disarmed, reorganization of the armed forces, and the potential return to democratic governance.
In 2014, the two states signed a protocol to establish a joint commission for resolving border issues.
See also
- Foreign relations of Gabon
- Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo
References
Republic of the Congo Category:Bilateral relations of the Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea–Gabon relations are the bilateral relations between Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. The two countries share a 345 km long state border. Both countries are members of the African Union and Non-Aligned Movement.
History
The eastern border of Equatorial Guinea was established by the Franco-Spanish Convention signed in June 1900. Tensions exist between Gabon and Equatorial Guinea over the ownership of the Mbanié, Congo, and Cocoteros islands located in Corisco Bay. The waters surrounding these islands are rich in hydrocarbons. In September 2008, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed an international mediator to help resolve the dispute.
Currently, the United Nations calls on Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Mbanie Island and the smaller islands occupied by Gabon and to demarcate the maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay.
Trade
In 2009, Gabon exported goods worth USD 15.7 million to Equatorial Guinea. Gabonese exports included refined oil, large construction machinery, and trucks. Over the past 13 years, Gabon’s exports to Equatorial Guinea grew at an annual rate of 22.8%, from USD 1.09 million in 1996 to USD 15.7 million in 2009. In the same year, Equatorial Guinea exported goods worth USD 6.87 million to Gabon, including petroleum gas, tugboats, and earthmoving machinery. Over the past 13 years, Equatorial Guinea’s exports to Gabon increased at an annual rate of 39.2%, from USD 93,200 in 1996 to USD 6.87 million in 2009.
See also
- Foreign relations of Equatorial Guinea
- Foreign relations of Gabon
References
Gabon Category:Bilateral relations of Gabon
Cameroon–France relations are the bilateral relations between France and Cameroon.
History
Cameroon, until then a French trusteeship territory, formally gained independence in January 1960. This independence, however, remained largely theoretical, as French "advisers" were assigned to assist each minister and held real power. The Gaullist government maintained its influence over the country through the signing of "cooperation agreements" covering all sectors of Cameroonian sovereignty. In the monetary sphere, Cameroon retained the CFA franc and entrusted its monetary policy to its former administering power. All strategic resources were exploited by France, and French troops were maintained in the country.
Perception
The magazine Challenges has cited Cameroon as the African country where French nationals are most successful.
See also
- Foreign relations of Cameroon
- Foreign relations of France
References
External links
- Cameroun, Autopsie d’une Indépendance. Gaëlle Le Roy et Valérie Osouf. Documentaire. France 5 et Program33. 2007.
France Category:Bilateral relations of France
Cameroon–Equatorial Guinea relations are the bilateral relations between Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. The length of the state border between the two countries is 183 km.
History
In 2002, the International Court of Justice issued a ruling on the equitable settlement of the maritime boundary between Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Nigeria in the Gulf of Guinea. However, the dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River and the imprecisely defined maritime coordinates was not resolved, and the case concerning the final delimitation of the border between the two countries was postponed.
In 2019, the authorities of Equatorial Guinea announced plans to build a wall along the border with Cameroon to prevent illegal immigration from that country, which drew strong negative reactions from Cameroon. According to Cameroonian officials, the construction of the wall by Equatorial Guinea contradicts the policies of the Economic Community of Central African States, of which both countries are members.
In June 2020, official representatives of Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea began negotiations on the demarcation of the state border. These talks took place amid tensions caused by the construction of the border wall by Equatorial Guinea and clashes between the armed forces of both countries, resulting in injuries. On 21 July 2020, a cooperation, defense, and security agreement was signed between the two states, bringing an end to the border conflict.
See also
- Foreign relations of Cameroon
- Foreign relations of Equatorial Guinea
References
Equatorial Guinea Category:Bilateral relations of Equatorial Guinea