Russian-Syrian hospital bombing campaign

During the Syrian Civil War, Russian and Syrian government forces have allegedly conducted a campaign that has focused on the destruction of hospitals and medical facilities within areas not under the control of the Damascus government. Russian and Syrian officials have denied deliberately targeting medical facilities.
Background
Prior to Russian forces taking an active combat role in the Syrian Civil War, Syrian government forces had previously attacked medical facilities in areas not under their control. Attacks began in early 2012. These attacks include an August 2012 attack, and a November 2012 attack both on the Dar al-Shifa Hospital in Aleppo. United Nations investigators called the attacks systematic. In an effort to refer the Syrian government to the International Criminal Court, People's Republic of China and Russia blocked an attempted referral in 2014.
Medical facilities attacked by Russian or Syrian forces in Syria
After Russia began military operations in Syria aerial bombardment intensified. In April 2016, over two dozen were killed when a Russian airstrike hit a hospital; the hospital served as the areas primary pediatric care facility. In July 2016, M2 Hospital was attacked by aircraft. In October 2016, M10 Hospital was attacked in airstrikes.
Hospital attacks were not limited to Aleppo. In October 2015, Russian aircraft attacked a medical facility operated by the Syrian American Medical Society in the town of Sarmin. In February 2016, a children's hospital was hit in Azaz; Russians claimed they targeted ISIL infrastructure. That same month two hospitals in Maarrat al-Nu'man were attacked by Syrian forces, one being a Doctors Without Borders supported facility; Syria claimed that one of the attacks were done by American forces. In July 2016, a hospital was attacked by Russian forces in Atarib. the attack was done with barrel bombs filled with napalm. In April 2017, a hospital was attacked in Maarat al-Numan. After a chemical attack on Khan Sheikhoun, a clinic treating those who were gassed was attacked by Syrian forces; due to this event U.S. forces attacked Shayrat Air Base.
International reaction
The attacks on hospitals have been described as a "sophisticated strategy" in The Interpreter. In October 2015 United States Department of State Spokesman John Kirby said that hospitals in Syria were attacked by Russian forces. In February 2016, American Lieutenant General Charles Q. Brown Jr. said that Russia was responsible for attacks on hospitals in Syria. In late September 2016, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said attacks on hospitals in Aleppo constituted war crimes. In October 2016, the United States ended direct contact with Russians involved in a campaign against ISIL, to which Russia suspended an agreement regarding plutonium. In November 2016, then-National Security Advisor Susan Rice issued a warning to Syria and Russia regarding repeated bombings of hospitals. In February 2017, the Atlantic Council issued a report documenting Russian bombings of hospitals during the campaign to take Allepo, which Russia has denied. The report also documents use of chemical weapons by forces supporting the Syrian government.
Russia has denied claims that it has targeted hospitals.

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