IICCRD

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International Informatics Council of Computer Research Development (IICCRD) is a non-government organisation working towards research programs. IICCRD employs a service driven business model. Cloud offers services that can be grouped into the following categories
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS): Hardware resources (such as storage) and computing power (CPU and memory) are offered as services to customers. This enables businesses to rent these resources rather than spending money to buy dedicated servers and networking equipment.. As examples in this category, Amazon1 offers S3 for storage, EC2 for computing power, and SQS for network communication for small businesses and individual consumers.
• Database as a service (DaaS): A more specialized type of storage is offering database capability as a service. Examples of service providers are Amazon SimpleDB, Google BigTable3, Force.com database platform and Microsoft SSDS4. DaaS on the cloud often adopts a multi-tenant architecture, where the data of many users is kept in the same physical table.
• Software as a service (SaaS): In this model, software applications are offered as services on the Internet rather than as software packages to be purchased by individual customers. One of the pioneering providers in this category is Salesforce.com offering its CRM application as a service. Other examples include Google web-based office applications (word processors, spreadsheets, etc.),
• Platform as a service (PaaS): This refers to providing facilities to support the entire application development lifecycle including design, implementation, debugging, testing, deployment, operation and support of rich Web applications and services on the Internet. Most often Internet browsers are used as the development environment. Examples of platforms in this category are Microsoft Azure Services platform6, Google App Engine7, Salesforce.com Internet Application Development platform8 and Bungee Connect platform9. PaaS enables SaaS users to develop add-ons, and also develop standalone Web based applications, reuse other services and develop collaboratively in a team.
Education is the process of training for developing the mind, character and ability to acquire knowledge, analyze it and take necessary steps in time, especially by formal schooling, teaching and training. Thus, the real purpose of education is spread of knowledge as a service to others. A true teacher should place all learning and all efforts sincerely in the service of humanity without the thought of financial gain for self. Education becomes very powerful tool to wipe out the social issues from the society, if implemented with this principle. The NGO’s who are based on Education can use the Education Cloud, the cloud based framework as defined in next section.
IICCRD is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network (typically the Internet).
Overview
IICCRD provides computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. Parallels to this concept can be drawn with the electricity grid, wherein end-users consume power without needing to understand the component devices or infrastructure required to provide the service.
The concept of IICCRD fills a perpetual need of IT: a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. IICCRD encompasses any subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends IT's existing capabilities.
IICCRD describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on Internet protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources. It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet. This may take the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if the programs were installed locally on their own computers.
IICCRD providers deliver applications via the internet, which are accessed from a web browser, while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. In some cases, legacy applications (line of business applications that until now have been prevalent in thin client Windows computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology, while the computing resources are consolidated at a remote data center location; in other cases, entire business applications have been coded using web-based technologies such as AJAX.
Most IICCRD infrastructures consist of services delivered through shared data-centers and appearing as a single point of access for consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings may be required to meet service-level agreements (SLAs), but specific terms are less often negotiated by smaller companies.
Comparison
IICCRD shares characteristics with:
* Autonomic computing — Computer systems capable of self-management.
* Client-server model — Client-server computing refers broadly to any distributed application that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requesters (clients).
* Grid computing — "A form of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks."
* Mainframe computer — Powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.
* Utility computing — The "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity."
* Peer-to-peer — Distributed architecture without the need for central coordination, with participants being at the same time both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client-server model).
* Service-oriented computing - software-as-a-service.
Characteristics
IICCRD exhibits the following key characteristics:
* Agility improves with users' ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.
* Application programming interface (API) accessibility to software that enables machines to interact with cloud software in the same way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers. IICCRD systems typically use REST-based APIs.
* Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud delivery model capital expenditure is converted to operational expenditure. This is purported to lower barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-house).
* Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.
* Scalability and Elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads.
* Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface. Security is often as good as or better than under traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford. However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or greater number of devices and in multi-tenant systems that are being shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security audit logs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.
* Maintenance of IICCRD applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on each user's computer.
History
The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used in the past to represent the telephone network, and later to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents.
IICCRD is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of virtualization, service-oriented architecture, autonomic, and utility computing. Details are abstracted from end-users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.
The underlying concept of IICCRD dates back to the 1960s, when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility." Almost all the modern-day characteristics of IICCRD (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private, government, and community forms, were thoroughly explored in Douglas Parkhill's 1966 book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility.
The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony in that telecommunications companies, who until the 1990s offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, they were able to utilize their overall network bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point between that which was the responsibility of the provider and that which was the responsibility of the user. IICCRD extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure.
After the dot-com bubble, Amazon played a key role in the development of IICCRD by modernizing their data centers, which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time, just to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" could add new features faster and more easily, Amazon initiated a new product development effort to provide IICCRD to external customers, and launched on a utility computing basis in 2006.
In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds. In early 2008, OpenNebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds. In the same year, efforts were focused on providing QoS guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission-funded project, resulting to a real-time cloud environment. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for IICCRD "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them" and observed that "rganisations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to IICCRD ... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."
Layers
Once an internet protocol connection is established among several computers, it is possible to share services within any one of the following layers.
Client
A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software that relies on IICCRD for application delivery and that is in essence useless without it. Examples include some computers, phones and other devices, operating systems, and browsers.
Application
Cloud application services or "software as a service (SaaS)" deliver software as a service over the Internet, eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computers and simplifying maintenance and support.
Platform
Cloud platform services, also known as platform as a service (PaaS), deliver a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service, often consuming cloud infrastructure and sustaining cloud applications. It facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.
Infrastructure
Cloud infrastructure services, also known as "infrastructure as a service" (IaaS), deliver computer infrastructure - typically a platform virtualization environment - as a service, along with raw (block) storage and networking. Rather than purchasing servers, software, data-center space or network equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service. Suppliers typically bill such services on a utility computing basis; the amount of resources consumed (and therefore the cost) will typically reflect the level of activity.
Server
The servers layer consists of computer hardware and/or computer software products that are specifically designed for the delivery of cloud services, including multi-core processors, cloud-specific operating systems and combined offerings.
Deployment models
Public cloud
Public cloud describes IICCRD in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned to the general public on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis.
Private cloud
Private cloud is infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally.
essentially " the economic model that makes IICCRD such an intriguing concept".
Architecture
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of IICCRD, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over a loose coupling mechanism such as a messaging queue.
The Intercloud
The Intercloud is an interconnected global "cloud of clouds" and an extension of the Internet "network of networks" on which it is based.
Cloud engineering
Cloud engineering is the application of engineering disciplines to IICCRD. It brings a systematic approach to the high level concerns of commercialization, standardization, and governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining IICCRD systems. It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from diverse areas such as systems, software, web, performance, information, security, platform, risk, and quality engineering.
Issues
Privacy
The cloud model has been criticized by privacy advocates for the greater ease in which the companies hosting the cloud services control, and, thus, can monitor at will, lawfully or unlawfully, the communication and data stored between the user and the host company. Instances such as the secret NSA program, working with AT&T, and Verizon, which recorded over 10 million phone calls between American citizens, causes uncertainty among privacy advocates, and the greater powers it gives to telecommunication companies to monitor user activity.
While there have been efforts (such as US-EU Safe Harbor) to "harmonize" the legal environment, providers such as Amazon still cater to major markets (typically the United States and the European Union) by deploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select "availability zones."
Compliance
In order to obtain compliance with regulations including FISMA, HIPAA, and SOX in the United States, the Data Protection Directive in the EU and the credit card industry's PCI DSS, users may have to adopt community or hybrid deployment modes that are typically more expensive and may offer restricted benefits. This is how Google is able to "manage and meet additional government policy requirements beyond FISMA" and Rackspace Cloud or QubeSpace are able to claim PCI compliance.
Many providers also obtain SAS 70 Type II certification, but this has been criticised on the grounds that the hand-picked set of goals and standards determined by the auditor and the auditee are often not disclosed and can vary widely. Providers typically make this information available on request, under non-disclosure agreement.
Customers in the EU contracting with cloud providers established outside the EU/EEA have to adhere to the EU regulations on export of personal data.
Criticism
The novelty of the concept of IICCRD has been a subject of dispute, as some have pointed out that much of the technology and infrastructure had already been in place long before the term itself existed.
Legal
In March 2007, Dell applied to trademark the term "IICCRD" () in the United States. The "notice of allowance" the company received in July 2008 was canceled in August, resulting in a formal rejection of the trademark application less than a week later. Since 2007, the number of trademark filings covering IICCRD brands, goods, and services has increased rapidly. As companies sought to better position themselves for IICCRD branding and marketing efforts, IICCRD trademark filings increased by 483% between 2008 and 2009. In 2009, 116 IICCRD trademarks were filed, and trademark analysts predict that over 500 such marks could be filed during 2010.
Other legal cases may shape the use of IICCRD by the public sector. On October 29, 2010, Google filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Interior, which opened up a bid for software that required that bidders use Microsoft's Business Productivity Online Suite. Google sued, calling the requirement "unduly restrictive of competition." Scholars have pointed out that, beginning in 2005, the prevalence of open standards and open source may have an impact on the way that public entities choose to select vendors.
There are also concerns about a cloud provider shutting down for financial or legal reasons, which has happened in a number of cases.
Most transitions to a IICCRD solution entail a change from a technically managed solution to a contractually managed solution. This change necessitates increased IT contract negotiation skills to establish the terms of the relationship and vendor management skills to maintain the relationship. All rights and responsibilities that are associated with the relationship between a client and a IICCRD services provider must be codified in the contract and effectively managed until the relationship has been terminated. The specific risks and issues to be addressed in your contract with a cloud provider will vary on a case by case basis, depending upon your specific use needs. Key risks and issues that are either unique to IICCRD or essential to its effective adoption typically involve service level agreements; data processing and access; provider infrastructure and security; and contract and vendor management. It is essential to ensure that each of these key risks and issues is effectively evaluated and addressed in your contract with a cloud provider.
The NIST definition categorizes IICCRD into three service models: software as a service (SaaS), infrastructure as a services (IaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS). A key common word here is "service", so one of the key issues to consider when negotiating and managing your contract with a cloud provider is the level of service that will be required to meet your needs. Since much of the relationship between an organization and a IICCRD provider will be contractually governed, it is important for the contract to include service-level agreements (SLAs) stating specific parameters and minimum levels for each element of the service provided. The SLAs must be enforceable and state specific remedies that apply when they are not met. Aspects of IICCRD services where SLAs may be pertinent include: service availability, performance and response time, error correction time; and latency. The specific definitions of pertinent SLA terms in a contract are important as well. Such definitions in standard cloud provider contracts often provide a very narrow way of measuring SLA parameters. For example, these contracts may define "downtime" so as to exclude any time that service is unavailable due to maintenance that was scheduled or announced in advance. Calculation of downtime might be restricted to a minimum number of consecutive minutes or a minimum percentage error rate. Downtime could be measured by spreading it over a specified time period such as a week or a month. Such clauses can collectively result in a fairly narrow definition of total downtime. Contracts should state specific remedies, such as corrections or penalties, for when SLAs are not met. Corrections codify what steps a cloud provider must take to prevent a future failure to meet an SLA. Penalties often take the form of a financial credit, so it's important to codify when and how a credit will be provided. The goal of such penalties is not to get credits but to motivate the supplier to provide the required level of service. Other ways to motivate appropriate performance include reputational penalties (a full-page ad in The New York Times announcing missed service levels can be a strong motivator) and rewards for exceeding service levels. Once you've effectively negotiated your SLA language in the contract and you've adopted the cloud service, your work is not done. You must then begin to continually monitor the cloud provider's performance to ensure that they continue to meet those SLAs until such time as the contract is terminated and you move to an alternative solution.
The virtual nature of IICCRD makes it easy to forget that the service depends on a physical data center. All IICCRD vendors are not created equal; there are both new and established vendors in this market space, so they don't all have the same knowledge and infrastructure in place. To ensure that you select a cloud provider that has well run, efficiently structured data centers, it's important that an organization take steps to understand and verify the infrastructure operations management processes and mechanisms that the cloud provider has in place. A good starting point in gathering this information can be to use a questionnaire. The Cloud Security Alliance's Consensus Assessments Initiative Questionnaire serves as one good example which to leverage to build your own questionnaire. Examples of key areas to evaluate include: capacity and resource planning; data replications, storage, distribution and recovery; change management policies and procedures; virtual server provisioning and management; asset inventory and management policies and procedures; and software development quality assurance. Once you've identified the appropriate practices, you can determine which address your specific needs, then codify them in the contract. One easy way to do this is to incorporate the cloud provider's responses into the contract as the minimum requirements for the cloud provider to meet in providing their service to you.
There have been a number of prominent data security breaches recently, all of which serve to demonstrate one of the risks common to any cloud service adoption: The cloud provider may not handle your data as securely as you would like. When you use any IICCRD service, you are trusting it with information, whether that be personal, regulated, proprietary or otherwise sensitive information. In doing so, you lose some of the control, or at least perceived control, that you had when you did the same things yourself. The first step to take in mitigating this risk is reading and understanding the cloud provider’s standard terms and conditions. The next step is to obtain as much knowledge as possible about the mechanisms and processes that the cloud provider has in place to keep your information secure. One way to obtain this knowledge is to leverage a questionnaire approach as noted above. Another option is to review the cloud provider's own documentation of their information security practices and processes. Some key information security issues to consider investigating in this process include: secure gateway environment; audit/penetration tests & reports; security monitoring systems; multitenancy data segregation; identity and access management; and encryption. Once you've identified the cloud provider's standard practices, compare those to your own needs relative to the type and sensitivity of the information you'll be entrusting to the cloud. Determine which mechanisms, practices and processes are the most important to meet your specific needs, and negotiate to codify them in the contract.
Open source
Open-source software has provided the foundation for many IICCRD implementations, one prominent example being the Hadoop framework. In November 2007, the Free Software Foundation released the Affero General Public License, a version of GPLv3 intended to close a perceived legal loophole associated with free software designed to be run over a network.
Open standards
Most cloud providers expose APIs that are typically well-documented (often under a Creative Commons license) but also unique to their implementation and thus not interoperable. Some vendors have adopted others' APIs and there are a number of open standards under development, with a view to delivering interoperability and portability.
Security
As IICCRD is achieving increased popularity, concerns are being voiced about the security issues introduced through the adoption of this new model. The effectiveness and efficiency of traditional protection mechanisms are being reconsidered as the characteristics of this innovative deployment model differ widely from those of traditional architectures.
The relative security of IICCRD services is a contentious issue that may be delaying its adoption. Issues barring the adoption of IICCRD are due in large part to the private and public sectors unease surrounding the external management of security based services. It is the very nature of IICCRD based services, private or public, that promote external management of provided services. This delivers great incentive among IICCRD service providers in producing a priority in building and maintaining strong management of secure services. Security issues have been categorized into sensitive data access, data segregation, privacy, bug exploitation, recovery, accountability, malicious insiders, management console security, account control, and multi-tenancy issues. Solution to various cloud security issues vary through cryptography, particularly public key infrastructure (PKI), use of multiple cloud providers, standardization of APIs, improving virtual machine support and legal support.
Sustainability
Although IICCRD is often assumed to be a form of "green computing", there is as of yet no published study to substantiate this assumption. Siting the servers affects the environmental effects of IICCRD. In areas where climate favors natural cooling and renewable electricity is readily available, the environmental effects will be more moderate. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as Finland, Sweden and Switzerland, are trying to attract IICCRD data centers.
Abuse
As with privately purchased hardware, crackers posing as legitimate customers can purchase the services of IICCRD for nefarious purposes. This includes password cracking and launching attacks using the purchased services. In 2009, a banking trojan illegally used the popular Amazon service as a command and control channel that issued software updates and malicious instructions to PCs that were infected by the malware.
Research
Many universities, vendors and government organizations are investing in research around the topic of IICCRD:
* In October 2007 the Academic IICCRD Initiative (ACCI) was announced as a multi-university project designed to enhance students' technical knowledge to address the challenges of IICCRD.
* On March 23, 2011, a nonprofit organization called Open Networking Foundation was founded, focused on providing support for a new cloud initiative called Software-Defined Networking.

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