The Third Reich and the Arab East
The Third Reich and the Arab East is a 1963 book by Łukasz Hirszowicz. It is a history of the interaction between nations and individuals of the Arab Middle East and the Axis Powers, primarily [...] Germany.
It was first published in Warsaw as III Rzesza i Arabski wschód in 1963. The translation from Polish was published by Routledge and Kegan Paul Limited, in Great Britain, and University of Toronto Press, in Canada, as a 403-page hardcover in 1966.
Contents
Chapter |
Section |
Subjects |
|---|---|---|
The Great Powers and the Arab East |
Expansion of the Great Powers in the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries |
Competition for dominance between Great Britain, France, and Russia. Germany's penetration of the Ottoman Empire and the Baghdad railway project. |
Plans for partition of the Ottoman Empire during World War I |
Britain's alliance with Arab nationalism; establishment of relations with Sherif Husein ibn Ali. The Balfour Declaration. Germany's inability to utilize Arab nationalism due to its alliance with Turkey. |
|
Partition of the Arab lands after World War I |
Dividing of influence over Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, the Sudan, Iraq, the Arabian Peninsula, and Palestine between Britain and France. Beginning of the British mandate period over Palestine. |
|
Italy and Germany in the Arab East |
The rise of Arab nationalist sympathy for the new ways of Fascist Italy and [...] Germany (Pan-Arabists in Iraq, Hajj Amin el-Huseini in Palestine, Ahmed Husein's Misr el-Fatat in Egypt, the Futuwwa in Iraq, and the Syrian National party led by Antun Saadah). |
|
[...] Germany and the Peel Commission |
Outbreak of the Arab rebellion in Palestine |
Resistance to Zionist immigration and desire for a National Government. |
The Royal Commission report |
Proposal for partition into a Jewish state and Arab state. |
|
German interests in Palestine |
[...] Germany's early facilitation of emigration of German Jews to Palestine; setting up of Haavara. German colonies of Reichsdeutsche in Palestine. |
|
Portents of a turn in German policy |
Shifts toward a negative attitude to a Jewish state; decision to strengthen "the Arab world as a counterweight against" the power of "world Jewry." |
|
Arab endeavours to gain German support |
Appeals made by Arab nationalists to German envoys for support on the Palestine question. |
|
Germany's political motives |
[...]'s primary concern for European matters, and reluctance to conflict with Great Britain by venturing too far into Middle Eastern affairs. |
|
The course taken by Germany |
Caution and secrecy in supporting Arab nationalism. |
|
Repercussions of the Czechoslovak Crisis and Understanding with Turkey |
Increased tension in international relations and the situation in the Arab East |
Post Munich change in German attitude toward aiding Arab rebels. |
Germany and Saudi Arabia |
||
Grobba's trip to Jidda |
17 January 1939 flight of German envoy. |
|
Negotiations on the sale of arms to Saudi Arabia |
Khalid al-Hud al-Qarqani's trips to Germany. |
|
Ibn Saud's relation to England |
||
Outbreak of War |
The Allies and the Arab countries |
|
The situation in Syria and Lebanon |
Suspension of the Constitutions. Outlawing of Communist and Pro-Fascist parties. |
|
The situation in Palestine |
Jewish support for Britain. |
|
Egypt's position |
Severing of diplomatic relations with Germany and internment of German citizens. |
|
Iraq's position |
||
King Ibn Saud's position |
||
Germany and the Arab countries |
Retaliatory internment of Egyptians in Germany. |
|
The Fall of France and the Declarations of October 23rd/December 5th, 1940 |
Fall of the Ail Maher-pasha Government |
|
Iraq's new Government |
||
Naji Shawkat's trip to Turkey |
||
Diplomatic activity in Baghdad |
||
Haddad's negotiations with the Germans |
Osman Kemal Haddad's visit with von Papen. |
|
The Italian viewpoint and the October 23rd, 1940 declaration |
||
Arab reservations |
||
Iraq on the Eve of Rebellion |
German plans in the Mediterranean |
[...]'s hope to conquer Gibraltar and capture Marsa Matruh. Italy's invasion of Greece. |
Italy's defeats and Directive 22 |
||
Situation in the Arab countries |
Anti-Government demonstrations. |
|
Political strife in Iraq |
Sir Basil Newton's mission to Iraq. |
|
Rashid Ali's demands; Haddad's second trip |
||
The Germans and the Iraq Revolt |
Von Hentig's mission to Syria |
|
Problem of supplying arms to Iraq |
||
Italy's position on developing action in Iraq |
The Italian Government's refraining from granting guarantees of Arab independence. |
|
Woermann's memorandum of March 7 1941 |
||
The Middle East and Operation 'Barbarossa' |
||
Ribbentrop's decision; Weizsäcker's letter to the ex-Mufti of Jerusalem |
||
Further decisions: propaganda, Abwehr, Syria |
||
Uprising in Iraq |
The coup d'état in Baghdad |
|
International causes of the coup |
||
British policy in Iraq (April 1941) |
||
The Axis and Iraq's demands |
||
Problems of supplying Iraq with arms |
||
Decision to aid Iraq |
[...]'s May 3 agreement with Ribbentrop to assist el-Kilani's Government. |
|
Hostilities in Iraq |
||
Turkish mediation |
||
Grobba's mission |
Ribbentrop's sending of Grobba to Baghdad to rally the entire Arab world to revolt. |
|
The Paris Protocols |
Darlan's meeting and agreement with [...]. |
|
Rahn's mission |
Abetz's sending of Rahn to Syria to the supply of French arms to Iraq. |
|
German aid |
||
War operations |
||
Rashid Ali's defeat |
||
Germany and the Syrian Campaign |
Germany and Vichy after the Paris protocols |
Debate within the Vichy Government over the level of collaboration. |
Again the problem of German aid |
||
Turkey and the war in Syria |
||
German activities among Arabs |
German organization of Arab fighting units. Fawzi el-Qawuqji. |
|
Hostilities and armistice |
Defeat of the Vichy forces in Syria by the British-Gaullist side. |
|
Spread of the War and [...] Arab Policy |
The military and political situation after the attack on the U.S.S.R. |
Arab nationalist hostility toward the Anglo-Soviet alliance. |
Significance of the conflict in the Mediterranean |
||
Strategic plans following 'Barbarossa' |
Plans to invade Afghanistan, Persia, and India |
|
Failure of 'Barbarossa' and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor |
||
1942 |
Freeing of Soviet prisoners of the Muslim faith by the Germans. Establishment of contact with Subhas Chandra Bose. Division of labor in Auswärtiges Amt: Wilhelm Keppler in charge of Indian affairs and the Indian Legion; Dr. Fritz Grobba, assisted by Adam von Falkenstein, to handle Iraqi affairs and steady communications with Sonderstab F and the Arab leaders Hajj Amin el-Huseini, Rashid Ali el-Kilani, and Fawzi el-Qawuqji (who had arrived in Europe); Otto von Hentig with Pan-Turanianism, Iranian nationalists, and the Egyptian ex-Khedive, Abbas Hilmi. Considerations of synchronising war operations with Japan. |
|
From Tehran to Berlin |
Difficulties of getting Pro-Axis Arab leaders (like Hajj Amin el-Huseini and Rashid Ali el-Kilani) to Europe. |
|
New Declarations on Arab Questions |
Summer of 1941 |
Efforts toward getting a declaration from Germany on a 'Free India' and recognition of Arab national demands. |
The Mufti's arrival and the Italian draft declaration |
El-Huseni's meeting with Mussolini and Ciano. Italian draft of a declaration of support for the Arab fight for independence from England and elimination of the Jewish national home in Palestine. |
|
French and Turkish objections |
||
[...]'s standpoint |
[...]'s consideration of the effect of strengthening the support for de Gaulle a declaration on Syria would have. His promise to the Mufti to issue a declaration when German troops reached the Southern Caucasus. |
|
Further attempts at a declaration |
Promise to El-Kilani that he would be the Premier of liberated Iraq. Japanese suggestion for a tri-power declaration on India and the Arab countries. |
|
The exchange of letters |
Efforts to settle questions of a treaty between the Axis and Iraq. Letters between Rashid Ali and Count Ciano, and Rashid Ali and von Ribbentrop. |
|
The Axis Egypt Offensive |
The war situation in the spring and summer of 1942 |
Assignment of Field-Marshal Kesselring as commander of the Southern Front. [...]'s belief in the need for bases in Tunisia. Rommel's advances. |
German-Egyptian contacts |
Egyptian belief that the Germans were liberators, unlike the Italians. |
|
Coup d'état in Egypt |
||
The Germans and Egypt |
||
The question of an occupational régime |
German invasion |
|
The Axis rout in Egypt |
||
The Arab Legion and Mufti-Kilani Dispute |
Deutsch-arabische Lehrabteilung |
|
Disputes over the Arab Legion |
Italian insistence of its primacy in Arab affairs. |
|
Controversy on using DAL |
||
Struggle for leadership |
||
Germany and Italy on the Mufti's ambitions |
[...] racial perspective on the Mufti as a Circassian type, showing Aryan ancestry in his appearance (red-bearded and blue-eyed) and character (consistency and systematic struggle against the English and the Jews). |
|
The Mufti's arguments |
||
Results of Ettel's trip |
SS-Obergruppenfüher Erwin Ettel. |
|
Epilogue in Tunisia |
Occupation of Tunisia |
|
Admiral Estéva |
Jean Pierre Estéva |
|
Occupation of Bizerta |
||
Problem of the rear |
||
Extreme collaborationists |
Doriot, Darnand, and Jacques Guilbaud (leader of the Committee for Unity of Revolutionary Action, or CUAR) |
|
The French administration |
||
Organization of French detachments |
||
Italian ambitions in Tunisia |
||
Italy's situation in 1942-3 |
||
Conference in Rome |
||
German propaganda in the Maghreb |
||
A letter to the Bey |
Letter from the Mufti to the Bey of Tunis. |
|
The Mufti's proposition |
||
Germany, Italy and the Mufti's plans |
||
Attempts at an understanding with Bourguiba |
||
The Axis and Tunisian nationalists |
||
Revival of the national movement |
||
The Axis and Bey's court |
||
Bourguiba's return |
||
The Wehrmacht's Arab soldiers |
||
Arab recruitment in Tunisia |
||
German expectations in Tunisia |
||
War operations |
||
Last days of the Axis occupation |
||
Conclusion |
The Arab lands and exiles in 1942 |
|
The question of a declaration |
||
The Mufti's further activity |
||
Power politics and the national movement |
||
Racism and the 'European Idea' |
||
Exigencies of war |
||
Notes |
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Chronology |
Four-part list of significant events in the world, the middle east, war operations in the middle east and north Africa, and in German-Arab relations |
|
Bibliography |
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Index |
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