Mineral CSA (brand)

Mineral CSA is a finely ground calcium silicate feedstock produced by the U.S.-based company Harsco Minerals, which provides a solution for correcting acidic conditions and managing toxic metals associated with acid mine drainage (AMD). Mineral CSA has been used on operating and abandoned mine sites since 1991. It is a highly refined, repurposed calcium silicate aggregate. Its parent material is a downstream stainless steel furnace slag that under goes “ageing” processes, fine grind pulverizing, and extensive metal separation (>99.95% of all metals removed) to remove impurities.

Mineral CSA was manufactured by Recmix, established in 1989 in Canonsburg, PA. In 1996, Recmix opened a second manufacturing facility in Sarver, PA. In early 2007, Harsco Corporation acquired the company as part of its Harsco Minerals division (headquartered in Mechanicsburg, PA).

Raising pH

Calcium silicate neutralizes active acidity by removing free hydrogen ions from the bulk solution, thereby increasing pH. As its silicate anion captures H⁺ ions (raising the pH), it forms monosilicic acid (H₄SiO₄), a neutral solute. Monosilicic acid remains in the bulk solution to aid in correcting the adverse effects of acidic conditions.

CaSiO₃ + 2H⁺ + H₂O → Ca²⁺ + H₄SiO₄ (monosilicic acid)

(Calcium silicate + Acidity + Water → Calcium + Monosilicic acid (neutral solute))

In the bulk solution, the silicate anion of Mineral CSA is very active in neutralizing H⁺ cations in the soil solution. Its CCE value is 90 – 100% and its relative neutralizing value is 98%.

Mineral CSA’s (calcium silicate) ability to ameliorate the adverse effects of acidic soil allows it to aid in the revegetation of acidic soils.

Precipitating heavy metals

In the presence of heavy metals, the calcium silicate aggregate reacts to form colloidal complexes with neutral or negative surface charges. These negatively charged colloids create an electrostatic repulsion with each other and precipitate heavy metals, preventing armoring of the material. This provides longer-lasting effectiveness of the material at AMD sites, as opposed to limestone (a popular remediation material) which tends to armor over, redering it ineffective.

Properties

Typical Analysis

Dry weight basis:

Soluble silicon release:

Uses

• Acid mine drainage remediation
  • Operating surface and deep mines
  • Abandoned mines
  • Passive treatment
    • Anaerobic wetlands
    • Alkalinity Producing Systems (APS)
    • Successive Alkalinity Producing Systems (SAPS)
    • Anoxic Limestone Drains (ALD)
    • Limestone ponds
    • Diversion wells
    • Direct application into streams
  • Active treatment
  • Refuse piles
  • Capping
• Engineered fill and construction
• Sludge treatment and stabilization
• Mine buffering agent
• AMD plant feed stock
• Concrete
• Block
• Cement
• Asphalt filler
• Road base
• UST backfill
• Pipe bedding
• Pipe backfill
• CLSM
• Landfill daily cover
• Clay pigeons