List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll. It covers the lowest estimate of death as well as the highest estimate, the name of the event, the location, and the start and end of each event. Some events overlap categories.

Wars and armed conflicts

These figures of one million or more deaths include the deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, etc., as well as deaths of soldiers in battle and possible massacres and [...].

Where only one estimate is available, it appears in both the low and high estimates. This is a sortable table. Click on the column sort buttons to sort results numerically or alphabetically.

Lowest Estimate	Highest Estimate	Event	Location	From	To	See also	Percentage of the World population
		World War II	Worldwide	1939	1945	World War II casualties and Second Sino-Japanese War	1.7%-3.1%
		An Lushan Rebellion	China	755	763	Medieval warfare	14.0%-15.3%
		Mongol Conquests	Asia, Eastern Europe, Middle East	1207	1472	Mongol invasions and Tatar invasions	7.5%-17.1%
		Qing dynasty conquest of the Ming Dynasty	China	1616	1662	Qing Dynasty	4.8%
	+	Taiping Rebellion	China	1851	1864	Dungan revolt	1.6%-2.1%
		World War I (High estimate includes Spanish flu deaths)	Worldwide	1914	1918	World War I casualties	0.8%-3.6%
		Conquests of Timur	Middle East, India, Central Asia, Russia	1369	1405		3.4%-4.5%
		Dungan revolt	China	1862	1877	Panthay Rebellion	0.6%-0.9%
		Russian Civil War	Russia	1917	1921	Russian Revolution (1917), List of civil wars	0.28%-0.5%
		Second Congo War	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1998	2003	First Congo War	0.06%-0.09%
		Napoleonic Wars	Europe, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean	1804	1815	Napoleonic Wars casualties	0.4%-0.7%
		Thirty Years' War	Holy Roman Empire	1618	1648	Religious war	0.5%-2.1%
	{{Cite web\|url=http://www.paranormalknowledge.com/articles/mankinds-worst-wars-and-armed-conflicts.html\|title=Mankind’s Worst Wars and Armed Conflicts	accessdate=December 7, 2010}}	Yellow Turban Rebellion	China	184	205	Part of Three Kingdoms War
		Deluge	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth	1655	1660	Second Northern War	0.6%-0.7%
		Korean War	Korean Peninsula	1950	1953	Cold War	0.1%
		Vietnam War	Southeast Asia	1955	1975	Indochina War	0.08%-0.19%
		French Wars of Religion	France	1562	1598	Religious war	0.4%-0.8%
		Shaka's conquests	Africa	1816	1828	Ndwandwe–Zulu War	0.2%
		Second Sudanese Civil War	Sudan	1983	2005	Religious war	0.02%
		Crusades	Holy Land, Europe	1095	1291	Religious war	0.3%-2.3%
{{Cite web\|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/arabs/iraniraq.html\|title=The Iran-Iraq War	publisher=Jewish Virtual Library\|accessdate=15 October 2010}}		Iran–Iraq War	Iran, Iraq	1980	1988	Al-Anfal Campaign and Invasion of Kuwait
		Mexican Revolution	Mexico, United States	1911	1920	Pancho Villa and Columbus Raid	0.03%-0.1%

Genocides and alleged genocides

The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of [...] (CPPCG) defines [...] in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group".

Determining what historical events constitute a [...] and which are merely criminal or inhuman behavior is not a clear-cut matter. In nearly every case where accusations of [...] have circulated, partisans of various sides have fiercely disputed the interpretation and details of the event, often to the point of promoting wildly different versions of the facts. An accusation of [...], therefore, will almost always be controversial. Determining the number of persons killed in each [...] can be just as difficult, with political, religious and ethnic biases or prejudices often leading to downplayed or exaggerated figures.

The following list of genocides and alleged genocides should be understood in this context and not necessarily regarded as the final word on the events in question.

Event	Location	From	To	Notes
Holocaust	Europe	1941	1945	With around 6 million Jews murdered as well as the [...] of the Romani: most estimates of Romani deaths are in the 200,000-500,000 range but some estimate more than a million. A broader definition includes political and religious dissenters, 200,000 handicapped, 2 to 3 million Soviet POWs, 5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses, 15,000 homosexuals and small numbers of mixed-race children (known as the Rhineland bastards), bringing the death toll to around 10.5 million. See Holocaust, Porajmos, Consequences of German Nazism
Holodomor (and Soviet famine of 1932-1933)	Ukrainian SSR	1932	1933	Holodomor was a famine in Ukraine caused by the government of Joseph Stalin, a part of Soviet famine of 1932–1933. Holodomor is claimed by contemporary Ukrainian government to be a [...] of the Ukrainians. , Ukraine and nineteen other governments have recognized the actions of the Soviet government as an act of [...]. The joint statement at the United Nations in 2003 has defined the famine as the result of cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime that caused the deaths of millions of Ukrainians, Russians, Kazakhs and other nationalities in the USSR. On 23 October 2008 the European Parliament adopted a resolution that recognized the Holodomor as a crime against humanity. On January 12, 2010, the court of appeals in Kiev opened hearings into the "fact of [...]-famine Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932-33", in May 2009 the Security Service of Ukraine had started a criminal case "in relation to the [...] in Ukraine in 1932-33". In a ruling on January 13, 2010 the court found Stalin and other Bolshevik leaders guilty of [...] against the Ukrainians.
European colonization of the Americas	The Americas	1492	1900	Although disputed, many historians consider the deaths caused by disease, displacement, and conquest of Native American populations during European settlement of North and South America as constituting an act of [...] (or series of genocides). The genocidal aspects of this event are entwined with loss of life caused by the lack of immunity of Native Americans to diseases carried by European settlers and their livestock (see Population history of American indigenous peoples).
Cambodian [...]	Cambodia	1975	1979	, no one has been found guilty of participating in this [...], but on 16 September 2010 Nuon Chea, second in command of the Khmer Rouge and its most senior surviving member, was indicted on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. He will face Cambodian and United Nations appointed foreign judges at the special [...] tribunal..
Armenian [...]	Anatolia	1915	1923	Usually called the first [...] of the 20th century. Despite recognition by some twenty one countries as a genocidal act, the accused, Turkey, disputes allegations of [...] by the Ottoman Empire
Expulsion of Germans after World War II	Europe	1945	1950	With at least 12 million Germans directly involved, possibly 14 million or more (out of this number were more than 2 mln Lithuanians who even gave the name Prussia to German empire, some 400 000 were massacred in Lithuania Minor (whole Kaliningrad region and some parts in Poland) by Red Army alone, some of those Lithuanian even spoke Lithuanian language and called themselves Lietuvininkai, some spoke German and considered themselves Baltic Prussians, the rest were colonists from Germany and called themselves German Prussians), it was the largest movement or transfer of any single ethnic population in modern history and largest among the post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe (which displaced more than twenty million people in total). The events have been usually classified as population transfer, or as ethnic cleansing.* Martin Shaw (2007) and W.D. Rubinstein (2004) describe the expulsions as [...]. pp. 56,60,61 Felix Ermacora writing in 1991, (in line with a minority of legal scholars) considered ethnic cleansing to be [...] and stated that the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans was [...].
Rwandan [...]	Rwanda	1994	1994	Hutu killed unarmed men, women and children. Some perpetrators of the [...] have been found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but most have not been charged due to no witness accounts.
Massacres in Zunghar Khanate	Western China, Kazakhstan, northern Kyrgyzstan, southern Siberia	1755	1758	Qianlong emperor moved the remaining Zunghar people to the mainland and ordered the generals to kill all the men in Barkol or Suzhou, and divided their wives and children to Qing soldiers. Qing officials wrote about 30-50% of the Dzungar people were massacred, 30-40% killed by smallpox, and 20-30% ran to Russia or Kazakh. and no people in the several thousands li area. Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 600,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people." Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by Qianlong. Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,
Russian conquest of the Caucasus	Caucasus	1817	1864	During the last decade or so, especially after the two First and Second Chechen Wars, pro-Chechen groups started to investigate the history of the Caucasian War and came to label the Caucasian exodus as a "Circassian ethnic cleansing", although the term had not been in use in the 19th century. They point out that the exodus was not really voluntary but rather was a matter of what is today called ethnic cleansing – the systematic emptying of villages by Russian soldiers and was accompanied by Russian colonisation. They estimate that some 90 percent of the Circassians estimated at more than three million had relocated from the territories conquered by Russia. During these events, and the preceding Caucasian War, at least tens of thousands of Circassians perished in a "programme of forced expulsion, deportation and massacre at the hands of the Russian government". See also: Muhajir (Caucasus)
Decossackization	Don River area	1919	1920	In the Russian Civil War that followed the October Revolution, the Cossacks found themselves on both sides of the conflict. Many officers and experienced Cossacks fought for the White Army, and some for the Red Army. Following the defeat of the White Army, a policy of Decossackization (Raskazachivaniye) took place on the surviving Cossacks and their homelands since they were viewed as potential threat to the new regime. This mostly involved dividing their territory amongst other divisions and giving it to new autonomous republics of minorities, and then actively encouraging settlement of these territories with those peoples. This was especially true for the Terek Cossacks land. According to Michael Kort, "During 1919 and 1920, out of a population of approximately 3 million, the Bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Cossacks".
Assyrian [...]	Anatolia	1915	1918	Disputed, but some consider it a [...].
Ustashe massacres of Serbs, Jews, Roma and Croats	Croatia	1941	1945	[...] during period of Independent State of Croatia, with official policy of extermination similar to that of [...] Germany. See also The Holocaust in Croatia.
Greek [...]	Anatolia	1915	1918	Disputed, but some consider it a [...].
Darfur conflict	Sudan	2003	2010	See International response to the Darfur conflict
Revolt in the Vendée	France	1793	1796	Described as [...] by some historians. See also French Revolution
Massacres of Mayan Indians	Guatemala	1962	1996	[...] according to the Historical Clarification Commission.
Nanking Massacre	Nanking	1937	1938	The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the [...] of Nanking, was an infamous genocidal war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.
Hamidian massacres	Ottoman Empire	1894	1896	The Hamidian massacres, refers to the massacring of Armenians and Assyrians by the Ottoman Empire
Al-Anfal Campaign	Iraq	1986	1989	Ba'athist Iraq destroys over 2,000 villages and commits [...] on their Kurdish population.
Massacres of Hutus	Burundi	1972	1972	Tutsi government massacres of Hutu, part of the Burundi [...].
Massacres of Tutsis	Burundi	1993	1993	Hutu government massacres of Tutsi, part of the Burundi [...].
1971 Bangladesh atrocities	East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	1971	1971	Atrocities in East Pakistan by the Pakistani Armed Forces, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, are widely regarded as a [...] against Bengali people, but to date no one has yet been indicted for such a crime.
Herero and Namaqua [...]	Namibia	1904	1908	Generally accepted. See also Imperial Germany
Massacres of Tamils during Sri Lankan Civil War	Sri Lanka	1983	2009	From 1983, the Sri Lankan army and Tamil separatists, demanding an independent state of Eelam in the north and east of the island, fought a long conflict. After more than 25 years of violence, the conflict appeared to be at an end in May 2009, when government forces seized the last area controlled by Tamil Tiger rebels. Some have accused the government of [...] against the Tamil people. See also: Black July
Dictatorship and political repression in Equatorial Guinea	Equatorial Guinea	1969	1979	Francisco Macías Nguema led a brutal dictatorship in his country, most notably against the minority of Bubi. It is estimated that his regime killed at least 20,000 people, while around 100,000 (one third of the population) fled the country. On a trial, Nguemu was found guilty of [...] and crimes against humanity. He was executed in 1979.
Hama massacre	Hama	1982	1982	In February 1982, when the Syrian army, under the orders of the president of Syria Hafez al-Assad, conducted a scorched earth policy against the town of Hama in order to quell a revolt by the Sunni Muslim community against the regime of al-Assad
Political repression of East Timorese	East Timor	1975	1990s	Referred to as [...] by some scholars.
Dersim Massacre	Dersim	1937	1938	Tens of thousands of Kurds were killed and thousands more forced into exile, depopulating the province.
Adana massacre	Adana	1909	1909	A religious-ethnic clash in the city of Adana amidst governmental upheaval resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district.
Dirty War	Argentina	1976	1983	At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by Jorge Rafael Videla's military dictatorship.
Massacres during Zanzibar Revolution	Zanzibar	1964	1964	Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the revolution.
Srebrenica massacre	Srebrenica	1995	1995	A genocidal massacre according to the ICTY. Currently, it is the last [...] committed in modern Europe after World War II. On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks. {{cite news
Persecution of Falun Gong	China	1999	ongoing	A nationwide persecution led by the Chinese Communist Party against the spiritual group Falun Gong. The decision to "eradicate" the practice was made by then-paramount leader Jiang Zemin in 1999. Means of persecution include arbitrary arrests, torture, forced labor, and, it is alleged, organ harvesting. Some observers consider the suppression campaign to satisfy the criteria for [...] in accordance with the 1948 UN [...] Convention. In 2009, Courts in Spain and Argentina indicted and/or ordered the arrest of top Chinese leaders over allegations of [...] against Falun Gong. Similar charges have been made in the United States, but American courts have refused to adjudicate on the issue on the grounds of sovereign immunity.

Individual extermination camps

- More sources needed of Namibia Concentration camps **
800,000-1,500,000 Auschwitz-Birkenau, by [...] Germany, located in Oświęcim, Poland, 1940–1945
700,000-1,000,000 Treblinka, by [...] Germany, located in Treblinka, Poland, 1942–1943
480,000–600,000 Bełżec, by [...] Germany, located in Bełżec, Poland, 1942–1943
350,000 Majdanek, by [...] Germany, located in Lublin Poland, 1942–1944
300,000 Chełmno, by [...] Germany, located in Chełmno Poland, 1941–1943
260,000 Sobibór, by [...] Germany, located in Sobibor Poland, 1942–1943
55,000 - Neuengamme concentration camp, (by [...] Germany, located by Hamburg, Germany, 1938–1945)
53,000-100,000 - Jasenovac extermination camp - (by NDH Ustaše [...] regime in Croatia.)
35,000 - Jadovno concentration camp, (by NDH Ustaše [...] regime in Croatia, located by Gospić, Croatia, 1941 May–August)
12,790-75,000 - Stara Gradiška extermination camp, (by NDH Ustaše [...] regime in Croatia, primarily for women and children, 1941–1945)
12,000 Crveni Krst, by [...] regime in Nedić's Serbia, located in Niš, 1941
4,000-5,000. Omarska camp, by Bosnian Serb forces, located in Omarska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992

Famine

Note: Some of these famines may be caused or partially caused by nature.
This section includes famines that were caused or exacerbated by the policies of the ruling regime.

Event	Location	From	To	Notes
Great Chinese Famine	People's Republic of China	1959	1961	Great Leap Forward famine under the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. Between the spring of 1959 and the end of 1961 some 30 million Chinese starved to death and about the same number of births were lost or postponed. State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.
Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79	China	1876	1879
Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including Holodomor	Soviet Union	1932	1939	, the Ukraine government was trying to get this mass starvation recognised by the United Nations as an act of [...], with Russian government and many members of the Ukrainian parliament opposing such a move.
Great Famine of 1876–78	British-ruled India	1876	1878	See also: Famine in India
Bengal famine of 1943	British-ruled India	1943	1943
Indian famine of 1899–1900	British-ruled India	1899	1900
Great Irish Famine	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	1846	1849

Floods and landslides

Note: Some of these floods and landslides may be partially caused by humans, for example, the dams, levees, seawalls and retaining walls failure.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	2,500,000–3,700,000	1931 China floods	China	1931
2.	900,000–2,000,000	1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	China	1887
3.	500,000–700,000	1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	China	1938
4.	231,000	Banqiao Dam failure, result of Typhoon Nina. Approximately 86,000 people died from flooding and another 145,000 died during subsequent disease.	China	1975
5.	145,000	1935 Yangtze river flood	China	1935
6.	more than 100,000	St. Felix's Flood, storm surge	Netherlands	1530
7.	100,000	Hanoi and Red River Delta flood	North Vietnam	1971
8.	100,000	1911 Yangtze river flood	China	1911
9.	50,000–80,000	St. Lucia's flood, storm surge	Netherlands	1287
10.	2,400	North Sea flood, storm surge	Netherlands, England, Belgium	31 January 1953

Human sacrifice and ritual [...]

This section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or [...]. For notable individual episodes, see Human sacrifice and mass [...].

Description	Group	Location	From	To	Notes
Human sacrifice	Aztecs	Mexico	14th century	1521	Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
Human sacrifice	Shang dynasty	China	BC1300	BC1050	Last 250 years of rule
Ritual suicides	Sati	Bengal, India	1815	1828
Kamikaze [...] pilots, see note	Imperial Japanese air forces	Pacific theatre	1944	1945
Jonestown [...]-[...]	Followers of The Peoples Temple cult	Jonestown	November 18, 1978	November 19, 1978	The event was the largest loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the September 11, 2001 attacks.

African genocides

including the African Holocaust

Description	Location	From	To	Notes
[\|European colonization of Asia and Africa	Asia and Africa	1758	1970	Historian Bouda Etemad argues that a total of 50 to 60 million indigenous people were killed in the context of European colonial expansion in the regions of North and sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. This estimate includes both deaths directly linked to the conquest and subsequent acts of violence, as deaths followed by the embrittlement of aboriginal cultural, social and economic structures that lead to widespread famine and disease. While his numbers is controversial, Etemad views the entire enterprise of European exploitative colonization in Africa and Asia constitutes an act of generalized [...]. Other historians disagree.
Tropical diseases, including sleeping sickness and smallpox, and the exploitation of the Congo Free State under the rule of King Leopold II of Belgium	Congo Free State	1885	1908	In 1885, King Leopold II of Belgium created his own privately owned state that included today's Democratic Republic of the Congo. His goal was to enrich himself by exploiting the country's natural resources like ivory and rubber. Adam Hochschild estimates that the population of the Congo region had been halved during Leopold’s rule, but determining precisely how many people died is next to impossible as no accurate records exist. Louis and Stengers state that population figures at the start of Leopold's control are only "wild guesses", while E.D. Morel's attempt and others at coming to a figure for population losses were "but figments of the imagination".
African Holocaust	Atlantic Ocean	16th century	19th century	African slaves died in large numbers during transportation from Africa. The number could more accurate if it included deaths during the acquisition of slaves in Africa and subsequent deaths in America. Before the 16th century the principal market for the warring African tribes that enslaved each other's populations was the Islamic world to the east. Gustav Nachtigal, an eye-witness, believed that for every slave who arrived at a market three or four died on the way.

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Templates (18)

As ofCitation neededCitations missingCite bookCite newsCite webDEFAULTSORT:Wars And Disasters By Death TollExpand listFlagiconHarvnbHochschild, Adam, King Leopold's Ghost, Pan Macmillan, London (1998). ISBN 0-330-49233-0.MainNtsReflistSee alsoTr iconUnreliable sourcesWikicite

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List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

Wars and armed conflicts

Genocides and alleged genocides

Individual extermination camps

Famine

Floods and landslides

Human sacrifice and ritual [...]

African genocides

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Other lists organized by death toll

Other lists with similar topics

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External links

List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

Wars and armed conflicts

Genocides and alleged genocides

Individual extermination camps

Famine

Floods and landslides

Human sacrifice and ritual [...]

African genocides

See also

Other lists organized by death toll

Other lists with similar topics

Topics dealing with similar themes

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See Also

List of battles and other violent events by death toll

List of wars and disasters by death toll

Birth credit

List of urban agglomerations by population (United Nations)

Robert Ken Woo, Jr.