List of ions
This is a list of ions, indexed according to the periodic table.
Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
Elements |
Ions |
Colors |
Examples |
Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
H |
H+ |
colorless |
HClO4 |
|
H− |
colorless |
NaH |
H− + H2O = OH− + H2(g) |
|
Li |
Li− |
Li+(calix[4]pyrrole)Li− |
||
Li+ |
colorless |
LiNO3 |
(abbr. for [Li(H2O)4]+ or [Li(H2O)6]+) |
|
Na |
Na+ |
colorless |
NaCl |
(abbr. for [Na(H2O)n]+, n=4 - 6） |
K |
K+ |
colorless |
KI |
(abbr. for [K(H2O)n]+, n=6, 7, 8) |
Rb |
Rb+ |
colorless |
RbCl |
|
Cs |
Cs+ |
colorless |
CsCl |
|
Be |
Be2+ |
colorless |
BeSO4 |
very toxic |
BeF42- |
colorless |
(NH4)2BeF4 |
||
BeCl42- |
colorless |
Cs2BeCl4 |
unstable |
|
[Be(OH)4]2− |
colorless |
Na2[Be(OH)4] |
[Be(OH)4]2- + 4 H+ = Be(OH)2(s) + 2 H2O |
|
Mg |
Mg2+ |
colorless |
MgCl2 |
|
Ca |
Ca2+ |
colorless |
CaCl2 |
|
Sr |
Sr2+ |
colorless |
SrCl2 |
|
Ba |
Ba2+ |
colorless |
BaCl2 |
toxic |
Group 3 elements
Elements |
Ions |
Colors |
Examples |
Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sc |
Sc3+ |
colorless |
Sc(NO3)3 |
|
[Sc(OH)6]3- |
colorless |
K3[Sc(OH)6] |
||
Y |
Y3+ |
colorless |
||
La |
La3+ |
colorless |
||
Ce |
Ce3+ |
colorless |
Ce(NO3)3 |
|
Ce4+ |
orange-yellow |
Ce(SO4)2 |
||
Pr |
Pr3+ |
green |
Pr(NO3)3 |
|
Th |
Th4+ |
colorless |
Th(NO3)4 |
Th4+ + 4 OH− = Th(OH)4(s) |
U |
U3+ |
brown-red |
UCl3 |
|
U4+ |
green |
|||
UO2+ |
unstable |
|||
UO22+ |
yellow |
UO2(NO3)2 |
Group 4 - 7 elements
Elements |
Ions |
Colors |
Examples |
Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti |
Ti3+ |
violet |
Ti2(SO4)3 |
(abbr. for [Ti(H2O)6]3+) |
TiO2+ |
(abbr. for [TiO(H2O)5]2+) |
|||
TiF62- |
colorless |
K2TiF6 |
||
TiCl62- |
yellow |
Cs2TiCl6 |
||
TiBr62- |
red |
|||
Zr |
Zr4+ |
colorless |
Zr(NO3)4.5H2O |
(abbr. for [Zr(H2O)8]4+) |
ZrO2+ |
colorless |
ZrO(NO3)2 |
(abbr. for [Zr4(OH)8(H2O)16]8+) |
|
Hf |
Hf4+ |
colorless |
(abbr. for [Hf(H2O)8]4+) |
|
Cr |
Cr2+ |
light blue |
CrSO4 |
(abbr. for [Cr(H2O)6]2+) |
Cr3+ |
grayish green |
Cr(NO3)3 |
(abbr. for [Cr(H2O)6]3+) |
|
CrO42- |
orange |
K2CrO4 |
||
Cr2O72- |
yellow |
K2Cr2O7 |
Group 8 - 10 elements
Elements |
Ions |
Colors |
Examples |
Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe |
[Fe(CO)4]2- |
|||
Fe2+ |
light green |
FeSO4.7H2O |
Fe2+ + 2 OH− = Fe(OH)2 |
|
Fe3+ |
pale purple |
NH4Fe(SO4)2 |
||
[Fe(phen)3]2+ |
dark red |
|||
[Fe(phen)3]3+ |
light blue |
|||
FeO42- |
purple |
K2FeO4 |
strong oxidant |
|
Co |
[Co(CO)4]− |
K[Co(CO)4] |
oxidized in air |
|
Co2+ |
pink |
Co(NO3)2.6H2O |
||
[Co(NH3)6]2+ |
||||
[Co(NH3)6]3+ |
orange |
[Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 |
stable |
|
Ni |
Ni2+ |
green |
Ni(NO3)2 |
Ni2+ + 2 OH− = Ni(OH)2 |
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ |
blue |
|||
[[tetrafluoronickelate|[NiF4]2-]] |
||||
[[tetrachloronickelate|[NiCl4]2-]] |
||||
[[tetrabromonickelate|[NiBr4]2-]] |
[Ph4P]2[NiBr4] |
|||
[[tetraiodonickelate|[NiI4]2-]] |
red |
|||
[[cyanonickelate|[Ni(CN)4]2-]] |
yellow |
K2[Ni(CN)4] |
Group 11 - 12 elements
Elements |
Ions |
Colors |
Examples |
Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu |
Cu2+ |
blue |
Cu(NO3)2 |
(abbr. for [Cu(H2O)4]2+ or [Cu(H2O)6]2+ |
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ |
dark blue |
[Cu(NH3)4](NO3)2 |
decompose by acids |
|
Ag |
Ag+ |
colorless |
AgNO3 |
2 Ag+ + 2 OH− = Ag2O + H2O (r.t.) |
[Ag(NH3)2]+ |
colorless |
[Ag(NH3)2]OH |
decompose by acids |
|
AgCl2− |
colorless |
AgCl in conc. Cl− solution |
||
[Ag(CN)2]− |
colorless |
toxic |
||
Au |
AuCl4− |
yellow |
NaAuCl4 |
|
AuBr4− |
purple |
KAuBr4 |
||
Zn |
Zn2+ |
colorless |
Zn(NO3)2 |
white in silicate garden |
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ |
colorless |
[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 |
||
[Zn(OH)4]2- |
colorless |
|||
[Zn(CN)4]2- |
colorless |
K2[Zn(CN)4] |
toxic |
|
Cd |
Cd2+ |
colorless |
Cd(NO3)2 |
|
Hg |
Hg22+ |
colorless |
Hg2(NO3)2 |
(abbr. for [Hg2(H2O)6]2+) |
Hg2+ |
colorless |
Hg(NO3)2 |
(abbr. for [Hg(H2O)6]2+ |
Boron group and carbon group
Elements |
Ions |
Colors |
Examples |
Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
B |
BH4− |
colorless |
NaBH4 |
strong reductant |
BF4− |
colorless |
HBF4 |
non-coordinating anion |
|
Al |
Al3+ |
colorless |
Al(NO3)3 |
|
C |
CO32- |
colorless |
Na2CO3 |
|
HCO3− |
colorless |
NaHCO3 |
||
CN− |
colorless |
KCN |
very toxic |
|
Si |
SiO32- |
colorless |
Na2SiO3 |
SiO32− + 2 H+ = H2SiO3 |
SiF62- |
colorless |
Na2[SiF6] |
||
Ge |
GeO32- |
colorless |
Na2GeO3 |
|
Sn |
Sn2+ |
colorless |
SnCl2 |
Reductant |
Pb |
Pb2+ |
colorless |
Pb(NO3)2 |
Pb2+ + 2 I− = PbI2(s) |
Pnictogens and chalcogens
Elements |
Ions |
Colors |
Examples |
Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N |
NH4+ |
colorless |
NH4Cl |
|
N3- |
Na3N |
react with water |
||
NH2− |
NaNH2 |
react with water |
||
N3− |
NaN3 |
very toxic |
||
NO2− |
NaNO2 |
toxic |
||
NO3− |
colorless |
KNO3 |
oxidant |
|
P |
PH4+ |
colorless |
PH4I |
dec. in water |
PO43- |
colorless |
Na3PO4 |
||
P2O74- |
colorless |
Na4P2O7 |
||
PF6− |
colorless |
KPF6 |
non-coordinating anion |
|
O |
OH− |
colorless |
NaOH |
corrosive |
O22− |
Na2O2 |
ionic peroxides react with water |
||
S |
S2− |
colorless |
Na2S |
|
S22- |
Na2S2 |
S22- + 2 H+ = H2S + S |
||
S2O32- |
colorless |
Na2S2O3 |
S2O32- + 2H+ = SO2 + S + H2O |
|
SO32- |
colorless |
Na2SO3 |
SO32- + 2 H+ = H2O + SO2 |
|
SO42- |
colorless |
K2SO4 |
Halogens and noble gases
Elements |
Ions |
Colors |
Examples |
Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
F |
F− |
colorless |
CsF |
|
HF2− |
colorless |
KHF2 |
unstable towards heat |
|
Cl |
Cl− |
colorless |
NaCl |
Cl− + Ag+ = AgCl |
OCl− |
NaOCl |
strong oxidant |
||
ClO2− |
NaClO2 |
|||
ClO3− |
colorless |
KClO3 |
||
ClO4− |
colorless |
KClO4 |
||
Br |
Br− |
colorless |
KBr |
|
BrO3− |
colorless |
KBrO3 |
oxidant |
|
I |
I2+ |
blue |
||
I3+ |
red-brown |
|||
I− |
colorless |
KI |
reductant |
|
I3− |
CsI3 |
|||
IO3− |
colorless |
KIO3 |
||
ICl4− |
KICl4 |
|||
IO4− |
colorless |
KIO4 |
||
He |
HHe+ |
extremely strong acid |
||
Ar |
HAr+ |
found in space |
||
Xe |
XeO64- |
Na4XeO6 |
strong oxidant |
|
HXeO4− |
CsHXeO4 |