History of Routledge surname 15th to 18th centuries

People with the surname Routledge, and its numerous variant spellings, are first found in historical records living along the Anglo Scottish border. During these 400 years, many volatile events directly affected the lifestyles of every border family, from tenant farmer to landlord to border official. Border inhabitants, commoner and aristocrat alike, lived through intermittent warfare, violent religious reforms, and periods of famine and pestilence. Under such constant stress, civility broke down the predominantly agricultural society based on feudal tenure. Lawlessness prevailed whereby the term Border Reiver (raider) characterized AbOUT 75 surnames, Routledge included, that engaged in livestock rustling as normal activity. Many Routledge men and their peers lived and died by the sword as the following chronology will attest. History recorded their misdeeds and misfortunes without acknowledging any joys and pleasures they might have experienced during these times. Ultimately, some of these rough and ready Routledges survived to move on and thrive in all walks of life in all parts of the modern world. The quoted sources listed below place them within context of the powerful forces that defined their lives and recorded their names for posterity.

Routledge and Douglas of Roxburghshire

AD 1400. To date, Routledge families have been recorded living in Hawick and Cavers, communities located alongside the River Teviot, often referred to as Teviotdale, in the southeast region of Scotland, adjacent to the English counties of Northumbria and Cumbria. The earliest documents indicate that they occupied respectable positions as officials for the powerful Douglas family, overlords of much of the county of Roxburghshire. Two main Douglas factions influenced Scottish politics and social life of the day: the so-called "Black" Douglases headed by the Earls of Douglas and the "Red" Douglases headed by the Earls of Angus. According to documents so far uncovered, Routledges were aligned with cadet barons of the "Black" Douglases at the beginning of the 15th century.

Just as the place-name "Roxburgh" appears in historic records with numerous spellings—anything from "Rokysburgh" to "Rocheburch," likewise the same peculiarities apply to most surnames, and Routledge is no exception. Many more imaginative forms occur other than the commonly accepted alternative of "Rutledge," for example: Rootlige, Rutlage, Routleche, Rutliche, Routleidge, Rouchligis, Rudlege, Rowledge, Routelych, Rutley, Ratlish, Rookledge, Rowtledge, Routleach, Rouchelug, Rotheluge, Rotheloige, Routlagh, Rowtlugh, to name only a few. NOTE: Spelling throughout this chronology is given as in the original document.

AD 1429. William Routlech, son of the deceased John Routlech, resigned his rights to half of his lands of Crouk located in the parish of Cavers, Scottish Borders to an "honourable man" by the name of James Douglas on behalf of Martin Douglas. The document asserts that William had these lands by "the kindness" of one James Routlech, implying that the word "kindness" in this context either referred to previous generations of Routledge families holding the land by hereditary right or by friendly permission of the landlord. The transaction was done in the "Parish Church of Caveris in presence of Thomas Rutherfurd, Sir James Zung [Young?], canon, John Scot in Orchart, elder and younger, and Thomas Runseman, 15 January 1429-30." NOTE: Some historians claim the date was incorrectly ascribed and should be 1529, not 1429.

AD 1433. William of Douglas, Lord of Drumlanrig, granted a Feu [a feudal tenure of land where the vassal returned money or grain instead of military service] Charter to Symon de Routluge describing the lands of Birkwood and Burnflat. Notably, the use of "de" before a surname normally referred to a specific place, though no such place has been found, unless it be "Roughley" in nearby Liddesdale. According to Douglas Scott, author of "A Hawick Wordbook," Roughley is a "farmstead" dating back to 1365, to the "east of Hermitage off the Roughley Burn." Given the many outlandish spellings of early documents, it could be argued if not proved that Roughley is a transcription or dialect corruption of medieval spelling.

Translation from Latin by Scottish historian Diane Baptie 1: 1433, August 22. Be it evidently known by these presents I William of Douglas, Lord of Dumlangryge and of Hawik have resigned my lease in feuferme as well as by this present resigns the lease and feu to Symon of Routluge burgess [free citizen] of Hawik of all and whole my lands of Byrkwode [Birkwood] commonly called the oxgang of land lying between the water of Slyttryk [Slitrig] and the lands of Quhitlaw [Whitelaw] and also all and whole my lands of Burnflat extending on the east part just as far as where the Smaleburn [Smallburn] falls down to the water of Slyttryk and all the way to the pastures of Hawik on the east part having and holding the said lands with the pertinents by the said Symon and his heirs and assignees from me and my heirs forever with all rights, ancient and devised with all and sundry liberties, customs and easements and just pertinents whatsoever that may pertain to the said lands and which shall happen to belong to them in the future, freely, quietly as well as in peace, completely without dissimulation, revocation or question whatsoever Rendering therfor annually by the said Symon his heirs and assignees to me and my heirs twenty shillings usual money of Scotland at two terms in the year Pentecost and St Agatha in winter by equal portions, the time of his entry to be at the feast of St Agatha in winter after this present date on condition that neither I the said William and my heirs nor anyone in our name on the said lands and its pertinents nor in any part of the said lands can justly claim possession or exact in any way whether by sale or some other recent form of exclusion these presents I wish and grant to the said Symon to take and have from my woods in the Barony of Hawik for necessary building and repairs to the said place throughout his lifetime free from fraud or guile I wish and grant daily support if and when there are common feuds and for all ways through the said lands lying to the west of Hawik as well as all other surrounding lands to be peaceably guarded without fraud or guile, which assedation and admission to the feu in form above written with all conditions underwritten I the said William and my heirs warrant, acquit and for ever defend against all mortals In witness my seal is appended at Hawik the octave of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary one thousand four hundred and thirty three and these witnesses Archibald of Douglas, Sheriff of Roxburgh, Lord of Cavers and George of Douglas with many others Tag, seal gone.

AD 1453. Simon Routledge was one of two bailies [barony officer or town magistrate] to witness a legal document between John Turnbule of Cavillyng and Robert Wayte, burgess of Hawick before Sir Archibald Douglas of Caveris, knight, sheriff of Roxburgh.

Demise of the Earls of Douglas — Rise of the Scotts of Buccleuch

AD 1440. In the mid-1400s, jealousy and treachery ran rife among Scotland's great landowners, with earls and barons across the land scheming for control of the young King James II (1437-1460). The "black" Douglases, in particular, were seen to be growing too powerful and, in 1440, sixteen-year-old William, the 6th Earl of Douglas and third Duke of Touraine (France), was lured to Edinburgh Castle on some sham pretext only to be seized, tried, and beheaded along with his younger brother David.

AD 1452. Once again an Earl of Douglas came to a brutal end when William, the 8th Earl of Douglas (1425-1452), was invited to Stirling Castle for a friendly dinner with King James. After dinner, the king demanded that William end certain alliances with nobles deemed to be a threat. William refused. Furious, the king grabbed a dagger and stabbed his stubborn vassal to death: "'Then this shall [end it],' said the king, and he twice stabbed his guest. "Sir Patrick Grey...no safe neighbour if the Douglas were at disadvantage, came up and felled him with a pole-axe. His body was cast from the chamber window into the court below."

AD 1455. Outrage over the [...] of the 6th and 8th Earls of Douglas spawned open rebellion among Douglas followers. At this turn of events, as a Teviotdale family on the rise, the Scotts of Buccleuch seized an opportunity to advance their own interests. Assembling an opposing troop of borderers, Sir Walter Scott, his son David, and related Scotts of Kirkurd joined George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus who was chief of the so-called "Red" line of Douglases and who had his own reasons for supporting the king against his "Black" Douglas cousins. A desperate melee ensued at the Battle of Arkinholm (now Langholm on the River Esk) on May 1, 1455, resulting in a rout for James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas. In June 1455, he and his heirs were declared forfeited, and the king's supporters, including Angus and Scott, acquired most of their lands in Roxburgh and Selkirk. Evidence of exactly how the Routledges fit into these events has yet to be found, but it may be surmised that they rode with the Black Douglas faction as their feudal lords.

AD 1464. On the 6th of February, Simon of Routlagh, esquire, witnessed an "Instrument of seisin" [possession], certifying that "John of Anysle, laird of Dolfinstone, sheriff of Roxburgh, specially deputed in that part by letters patent of the King, gave seisin and heritable state to Archibald of Dowglas by interposition of earth, wood, and stone as use was, of all the lands of the regality of the barony of Caverys, together with the office of the sheriffship of Roxburgh. Done at the manor place of Caverys, present, James of Dowglas, James Scot, George of Dowglas, Simon of Routlagh esquires, and others."

AD 1484. On the 19th October, Symonem Rowtlugh was among a list of men witnessing the "retour" [return] of James Douglas, as heir of his father, William Douglas of Drumlangrig, in the barony of Hawick.

AD 1508. David Routledge, sergeando [possibly sergeant or bailiff] was a witness for the 2nd Earl of Bothwell (Adam Hepburn), lord of Liddesdale. Douglases had held Liddesdale until 1491 when Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus (1449-1513), resigned the lordship over to the Hepburns.

AD 1511. Mathew Routledge witnessed a "Sasine" [delivery of feudal property] of William Dowglas of Drumlanark [Drumlanrig], knight, in the town of Hawick.

AD 1512. Dated at Jedburgh 14 January 1512-13, David Routlege witnessed a charter by "William Douglas of Drumlanrig knight and lord of the barony of Hawick, granting and selling to Alexander Lord Home great chamberlain of Scotland, the lands of Braidlie in the barony of Hawick and sheriffdom of Roxburgh. To be held of the granter and his heirs for a blench duty of a red rose at Midsummer. Witnesses, Andrew Ker of Fairneyhirst, Andrew Macdowall of Mackerstouon, William Maitland, William Scot, David Routlege and James Blair."

AD 1512. David Routlesche witnessed a "precept [deed] of seizin [possession] by James Douglas of Caveris directing David Routlesche, Andrew Cranstoun, and others his bailies [bailiffs] in that part to give heritable seizin to William Cranstoun of that ilk, knight, of all and whole the ten pound lands of the granter's dominical lands of Dennome [Denholm] and various other lands specified in the preceding, in the barony of Cavers and shire of Roxburgh, which lands belonged to the said William heritably."

AD 1514. English raiders attacked Hawick but were routed by the town's youth. It is presumed that Routledges, as citizens of Hawick, were involved when, as recounted by historian Robert Wilson, "a marauding party of the English, the year after the Battle of Flodden [1513] came up the Teviot for plunder...Recollections of Flodden sharpened the revenge of the people...about 200 stout men...met the English plunderers at Trows, two miles below Hawick, where a desperate conflict took place. The enemy, about forty in number, with a flag were come upon rather by surprise...a complete massacre ensued. The flag was taken and scarcely a soldier escaped. This colour or its emblem has been carried round the marches of the burgh property at the Common Riding ever since."

AD 1537. James Douglas of Drumlanrig ordered a new charter for the town of Hawick, replacing an earlier one that had been lost and certifying land distribution. Hawick citizens mentioned in the charter included one David Rutlethe or Routlach who received "eight particates," [one particate = about one-quarter of a Scots acre], second only in size to that of William Scott who received 11 particates. This charter is significant because it was written at a period when "vassal" rights were "precarious" due to the might-makes-right mentality that prevailed during these times. Later on, when Hawick became a corporation, the Charter became the "measure" of property rights.

Routledge and Scott of Buccleuch and Branxholm

AD 1446. Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch had made a deal significant to his rise in power about 10 years prior to the stand-off at the Battle of Arkinholm. In 1446 he held half of Branxholm, a Teviotdale estate located about 3 miles southwest of Hawick Roxburgh. Sir Walter extended his ownership to much of the other half of Branxholm through a land exchange with Thomas Inglis. Scott gave over his lands of Murthoustoun [Murthockston] and Hertwod, in the barony of Bothwell Lanarkshire and received from Inglis the lands at Todschawhil, Tdschawhauch, Goldylandis, Quhitlaw [Whitelaw}], and Quhiteryg, with a fourth part of the lands of Overharwode in the barony of Hawick in the Shire of Roxburgh.

AD 1447. One other party had an interest in the Branxholm estate at this time. One Symonis de Routluge held a portion called "Cusingisland" through his wife Margaret Cusing or Cusyne, and Scott wanted that piece of land to consolidate his position as a major landholder in Teviotdale. Curiously, this charter makes no mention of the purchase amount.

Translation from Latin by US Translation Company (2013): Charter by Margaret Cusyng to Walter Scot of Buccleuch, Knight, of Cusingisland in Brankishame, 19 April 1447. To all who will see and read this charter, Mergreta Cusyng, wife of Symon Routluge, sends greetings in the eternal Lord: Having myself provided with a particular permission by my said husband Symon and with the consent and assent of the same Symon and of Robert Scot my son and heir … charter of sale transferred and this present document confirmed this to the noble and powerful man lord Walter Scot of le Buccluth, squire, the whole and complete of my tenancy of the land commonly called le Cusingisland with appurtenances laying in the village and land of Brankishame from its north part, lying in the barony of Hawic within the shire of Roxburgh, for a certain sum of money to me and to the said Robert my son upon payment in full … Tenedam [illegible] … the said tenancy of land with appurtenances to the aforesaid lord Walter, his heirs and assignees from me and my heirs and assignees of my overlord in the fiefdom and inheritance thenceforward to rule and to have profit…[illegible] it is done that annually the said lord Walter, his heirs or assignees provide service owed and all such other customary dues …or temporal service which the said tenandry of the land with appurtenances can legitimately provide to my overlord of the said tenancy … And I, verily called Mergreta and my heirs the entire aforesaid tenancy … to aforesaid lord Walter, his heirs and assignees … we will warrant against all mortals… In testimony in this matter for those present I attach my seal with the seals of the said Symon and Robert as a sign of their consent and assent. In Edinburgh, 19th day of the month of April, year of the Lord one thousand four hundred forty seven, having witnesses Alexander de Chesholme of the same place, Andrea Ker of Awtanburne, Jacob Langland of the same place, Willelm Turnbull of Qwhithop, and Johann of Saint Michal junior, with many others.

Routledge, Scott and the Birkwood and Burnflat Estates

AD 1448. Symon of Routlug served as "bailie" [municipal officer or magistrate] for Hawick and, since 1433, had held there the lands of Birkwood and Burnflat, which Sir Walter Scott determined to acquire in addition to the Branxholm lands formerly held by Margaret and Symon de Routlug. The costs, terms, and conditions of this transfer of property are not given, but accordingly with subsequent events in 1494, it is quite possible that the arrangement was not mutually amicable.

Translation from Latin by US Translation Company (2013):

"Sasine [legal transfer of property] of Walter Scott of Buccleuch, in the lands of Birkwood and Burnflat. 1st February 1448. In the name of the Lord amen: Using this public instrument be it known to all that in the year one thousand four hundred and forty eighth since the birth of the Lord, in the tenth cycle, on the first day of the month of February, in the pontificate of the most holy Father in Christ and our lord Nicholas the fourth by divine Providence, in my office as notary public and in the presence of the undersigned witnesses called here and specially invited the honorable man lord Walter Scot, squire, lord of Bukclouch having addressed an honest and distinguished man Symon de Routlug at the time the baillie from Hawic to convey from him the sasina of hereditary estate and property by the virtue of my office the whole land of Birkwood, which is commonly called ane oxgang of land and also the land of Burnflat as it lies extending to Smale Burn, which the aforementioned Symon and his heirs received from the fief of the honorable and magnificent overlord Willelm de Dowglas, lord of Hawic, to the aforementioned lord Walter, squire, by the virtue of my office, conveying the hereditary estate and property according to the terms contained in the charter. Of all and each of the above, the aforementioned lord Walter, squire, caused this instrument to be written by me, the notary public. This document was made here in the house in the land of Birkwood at the tenth hour of the morning or thereabout, there being present honorable and distinguished men Stephan Scot de Castelaw, Adam Scot, Ricard Scot and Johanne de Hawic, who were especially invited to the premises as witnesses. I, Mattheus of Romanox, presbyter of the Glasgow diocese, notary public by the imperial authority [etc. in the usual form.

Routledge and Liddesdale Scotland, Bewcastle England

AD 1480s. While King James III of Scotland (1451-1488) struggled to maintain control of his ever-rebellious nobility, his younger brother Alexander Duke of Albany and the exiled Earl of Douglas were in England conspiring with King Edward IV (1442-1483) who was contending with rebellions of his own. The Wars of the Roses raged on between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions of the Plantaganet dynasty regardless of intermittent hostilities erupting among the turbulent inhabitants along both sides of the English/Scottish border.

During this time, King Edward's brother, Richard (1452-1485) Duke of Gloucester and later King Richard III, had management of England's northern territories, including an appointment, in 1471, as Warden of the English West March and governorship of the ancient fortress city of Carlisle, Cumbria along with nearby royal estates at Bewcastle and Nicholforest. Additionally, Gloucester had permission to create a "buffer state" in Scotland if he could take control of Scottish territory in Eskdale, Annandale, Wauchopedale, Clydesdale, and especially Liddesdale where many fierce border raiders lived. Liddesdale and its formidable stronghold, Hermitage Castle, lie about 20 miles southeast of Hawick. After witnessing nearly two centuries of cross-border political intrigue and turmoil, the people living thereabouts had little loyalty for one king or the other. Borderers, including some Routledges, would pledge allegiance to whichever side suited their current needs.

AD 1485. Depositions taken in evidence in 1538, over a Bewcastle land dispute, indicate that Cuthbert and John Routlege had been enticed to England by Gloucester's offer to acquire land, as attested by 80-year-old James Noble of Kirkbekmouth, and others.

. . .60 years 'bipast' when the Liddisdale men came into England and were sworn to King Richard at Carlisle...Sir Richard Ratcliff and three others, King Richard's commissioners, let all the lands of Bewcastle to Cuthbert and John Routlege, Robert Elwald and Gerard Nyxon...as well the said castle and all the lands belonging to the same. . .The said four men paid no rent to Lord Dacre or any other, but were 'to maintain the King's wars and to keep the borders.'

Routledge, Douglas, Scott Deadly Feud

AD 1494. The Scotts of Buccleuch had fared very well in the decades following the forfeited Earls of Douglas and their vassals. It is a reasonable assumption that certain Douglas and Routledge descendants burned with indignation over the loss of their lands to the upstart Scotts of Buccleuch. These were ruthless times when rival clans commonly settled disputes by punitive even murderous raids. Thus, "in the year 1494" the Buccleuch manor house was raided and burned by Simon Routlage in the Trowis [a place near Hawick], Matthew his son and their accomplices, "who after removing the cattle, horses, and sheep, plundered the mansion and set it on fire." Perhaps these raiders went under orders from William Douglas or possibly only with his blessing, but either way the two families subsequently appeared jointly before the courts of the day. They were summoned to appear before the Justice Air of Jedburgh, and "William of Douglas of Hornyshole became surety for the satisfaction of the injured party."

Claiming damages of 1,000 Scottish "merks," Walter Scott, grandson of the deceased David Scott of Buccleuch, obtained, on 25 June 1494, a "decreet" against the "depredators" for the loss of "five horses and mares, forty kye and oxen, forty sheep, household plenishing to the value of 40 pounds, two chalders of victual, 30 salt martis, 80 stones of cheese and butter, and two oxen." Subsequently, on October 11, the Council of Lords "assigned to Walter Scott to prove the avail of the goods, and the damage alleged to extend to 1000 merks, and that the party be warned to hear them sworn.". . .(Acta Dominorum Concilii, p 338.)

AD 1501. By this time, at least one Routledge family was well acquainted with settling disputes by vengeful means, and, if given names are any proof, they were probably descendants of Simon Routledge who had lost all of his Hawick and Branxholm lands to the Scotts of Buccleuch in the mid-1400s. In the Scottish Exchequer Rolls Mathei Routlich, Jacobi Routlich, Johannis Routlich, and Symonis Routlich were listed among a group of 25 mostly Rutherford men whose fines for some mischief had been compounded and charged to Walter Ker of Cessford and Henry Haitle of Mellostanis. Evidently Ker and Haitle, as landlords, had been required to stand as "surety" for the crimes of their tenants. The specific crimes are not disclosed but likely had to do with one of the many clan feuds typical of this era.

AD 1510. More evidence that certain Routledges held a grudge against Scotts of Buccleuch comes via the indictment of one John Dalgleish who must have had his own reasons for attacking the powerful Buccleuch clan. John Dalglese [Dalgleish] was indicted for the "treasonable in-bringing of Black John Roucleche and his accomplices, traitors of Leven [Line River, Bewcastle England], to the burning of Branxham, and the hereschip [plunder] of horses, oxen, grain, and other goods, extending to [??] markis, and...And because he could not find sureties to satisfy the parties, judgment was given that he [John Dalgleish] should be warded by the Sheriff forty days; and, if he could not find sureties in the meantime, that he should be hanged.

Routledge and Scotland Divided by English and French Factions

AD 1510 to 1530. Rival factions vied for control of the infant King James V of Scotland (1512-1542) and, as in the previous century, Douglases were aimimng for ultimate power: in 1514, hardly a year after the death of her husband James IV, the dowager Queen Mother Margaret Tudor (1489-1541) married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus (1489-1557). That truculent marriage eventually ended in divorce but in the meantime was only one force at work against the tranquility of Scotland. While Margaret's faction gained support from James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran (1475-1529), Angus headed an English faction conspiring with her brother, Henry VIII of England (1491-1547), who was bent on gaining sovereignty of Scotland by marrying young James to his daughter, the Princess Mary (1516-1558). A pro-French faction also held sway under John Stewart, Duke of Albany (1481-1536) who had been born and raised in France.

AD 1525-1526. In January 1526, Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch (1504-1552), led a party of 150 men against the Earl of Arran and the pro-Margaret side. It isn't clear whether this move was in support of any particular faction. Most likely Buccleuch was simply maneuvering for future favor from King James who was bound to come into his own sooner or later, in which case, his assumption proved correct as evidenced by a letter of pardon from James. What the Routledges had to gain in this scenario is anybody's guess, but John and Archibald Routlage appear among a long list of names to be pardoned along with "Walter Scot of Branxhelme, knycht, Andro Ker of Prymside, John Cranstoun of that Ilk, William Stewart of Tracquar, James Stewart his bruther. . .and ilkane of thame for thair tresonable art and part of convocatioun of our liegis [and coming] in feir of weir. . ."

Routledge and Border Reivers

AD 1520s-1530s. People living along the Scottish/English border were so entangled in their dual heritage during the previous 200 years of intermittent warfare that they hardly knew or cared to which king or country they owed allegiance. Duty to family assumed utmost importance. When called upon during frequent hostilities either between the two countries or, just as often, between feuding overlords, nobility and commoner alike would don their steel helmets and pikes, saddle their "nags," as their small but robust horses were called, and head into a fray on one side or the other—but only to the extent it suited each man's own purpose.

During truce or peace times, with their homelands neglected or ravaged by fire and sword, borderers, prompted by physical need or self-righteous anger, made a living rustling livestock, usually by cross-border incursions into enemy territorty or maybe even closer to home if some feud or another needed settling. Rather than planting crops only to see them razed to the ground, reiving became normal routine for border inhabitants. Some 70+ surnames, including certain Routlege families, made a sporting game of these raiding activities, and the prize was booty; any goods that could be carried or livestock herded was fair game. Reiving parties sallied forth on horseback over bog and moss trails known only to the initiated. Sooner or later "hot-trod" posses and/or retaliation raids followed wherein the victims became perpetrators. Betrayal, ambush, and blind-siding all had a place in the game, so that a raid might turn into a rout.

Ludicrously, the political elite of both countries branded the reiving surnames as thieves and traitors, which would have been true enough if the so-called authorities had included themselves in those criminal categories. History shows that kings to nobles to officers of both crowns either complicitly or actively employed marauding tactics, each and all claiming their ends justified whatever means. In actuality, what was really happening was the beginning of the end of a centuries-old feudal system that kept the common-born population firmly under control of one noble-born master or another.

Routledge families lived on both the English and Scottish sides of the border, including the most notorious communities such as Liddesdale on the Scottish side, or in Bewcastle and surrounding villages on the English side, all of which were situated adjacent to long-disputed, lawless territory called the Debatable Lands, a region "lying between the Sark and the Esk as far up the latter as its junction with the Liddel" which was "conveniently situated for the resort of lawless men of both nations [who]...had become demoralised by the incessant Border warfare into nothing better than banditti."

Routledge Reivers and the Dacre Family

AD 1528, 28 February. Territories on both sides of the border were divided into three "Marches": east, middle, and west, with each March governed by an appointed Warden. The reiving families of Liddesdale (Scotland) and the Debatable Lands had grown so powerful as to be a law unto themselves. Most notorious among the reiving clans, the Armstrongs were reported able to raise a force of 3,000 armed English and Scottish followers, including some of the surname Routledge. Clearly, these night-riding raiders had lost all respect for feudal authority. Both English and Scottish regimes aimed to subdue them. At this time William Dacre, 3rd Baron Dacre, as Warden of the English West March, determined to take on the Liddesdale riders and their friends even though LIddesdale was not in his jurisdiction. Dacre reported on prisoners taken during a foray and lodged in Carlisle Castle. Notably, nicknames were commonly used to distinguish between close family members who shared the same given name: Dande Nicson, Clement's brother; John Nicson of the Maynes; Cristol Routlege, Lyon's son; James Routlege, Geo[rge] Routledge, Donned Rolland's son; Matho Lytell called Gutterholes; Peter Whithede; Davy Crawe. New made: Cristoll Nobill; Jok Nikson, called Deif Jok.

AD 1528, 25 May. After a series of retaliation and revenge forays perpetrated by Armstrong cohorts, deputy Warden Christopher Dacre led a failed attempt at destroying Scottish Routledges, called "Qwyskes." As described by Elizabeth Dacre in a letter to her husband, Lord Dacre, by the time the English officers arrived, the Routleges had already departed to the wilds of Terras "in the uttermost part of the Debateable Ground." They could not be overtaken "by reason of the great strength of the woods and mosses." Nevertheless Dacre took away "four-score head of nolt, five-score sheep and forty gate [goats], and returning burnt the houses of Black Joke's sons upon the Mere burn adjoining the side of Lidisdale."

Routledge and Wharton

AD 1530s. England's King Henry VIII, having found himself without a male heir to the throne after 23 years married to Katherine of Aragon, determined to divorce her and marry the ill-fated Anne Boleyn—the second of Henry's six wives. To gain this end, he defied the Church of Rome, declared himself head of a reformed Church of England and set about the dissolution of Catholic monasteries, thus inspiring much alarm among his predominently Catholic northern counties. From Yorkshire to Cumberland, thousands of rebellious noblemen and commoners joined in a popular uprising called Pilgrimage of Grace in October 1536. Loyalist and rebel clashes ensued across the land, adding to tensions exacerbated by successive bad harvests, rising grain prices, complaints between landlords and tenants, and an assortment of nasty family feuds. With the quelling of the uprising many rebels faced execution.

AD 1537. Whether or not William Routlege and his son Thomas "of Lukkyns de Levyn" were rebel supporters or merely engaging in typical reiver activities against their old persecutor, Lord Dacre, is not clear. But on the 7th of June, they along with "Will Armstrang alias Willy Cut, Edm Armstrang his brother, Alan Forster alias Blontwod, John alias Jok Halidaye, John Graye" and up to 50 Scotsmen, attended a riot at "Hestedeheshe on the water of King" at Gilsland, a town in Lord Dacre's barony, located about 10 miles from Bewcastle. They were accused of attacking and murdering Thomas and John Crawe and Thomas junior for which they were indicted and tried for treason. On the 5th of October, William was acquitted but Thomas was found guilty and, presumably, ended his life on a hangman's rope or worse if the medieval punishment for treason were applied, that of hanging, disembowelling, drawing, and quartering.

AD 1540s. The aging and increasingly tyrannical Henry VIII, in keeping with his Rough Wooing policies, issued instructions to his English March wardens to induce the riding surnames to the English side by bribery, coercion, or any means available-—no matter which side of the border they lived on-—the purpose being to weaken Scottish resolve to remain independent of England. And, it was evidently clear that rebels and outlaws fought for whichever side produced the right enticements. Thus, a duplicitous Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton, Warden of the English West March, wrote to his superior, Suffolk, (the English field commander) about recent "exploits" of his accomplice reivers, including one "Wille Routlege Ynglishman ande others Ynglish ande Scotismen to the nombre of xiiijt [16] persons" going to Jedworth Roxburgh where they burned the Abbot's corn and barn and then on going home the same night they burned more corn at a "graynge callid the Lard of Langlandes, as one Routleg namyd him."

Of another exploit, the night of 2nd Novembre, Wharton wrote that "James Routledge, Davie Blakburn, and John Foster," with about 60 other English and Scotsmen burned the towns of "Sonnyside, Lathome, and Wowfferes," located on a stream called "Rowllie" on the Humes' lands. From there they took three horses and hurt [sundry] Scotsmen. Some of their own were also "hurt," but "none left behind."

Scotland Complains of English Incursions

AD 1541. Cross-border raiding and posting of complaints were standard practice, with opposing wardens, injured parties, and accused reivers expected to attend truce days whereby complaints were filed, sureties and penalties were dutifully ordered and frequently ignored, all according to a set of rules that had evolved as border-law over the centuries.

Thir ar ane part of the slauchteris [slaughters] committit and done in the Myddle Marchis [central borders] sen the taking of the trewis [truce]...Complenis [complains] the lord of Fernieheist and his puir tennentis of Abbot Rowll [Abbot Rule], upon Don[ned] George Rowtleische, his brodir [brother], Jame Rowtleische, sone to Reyd Rolland, James Rowtleische [Englishmen] of the Todhoillis, Wille Grame callit [called] Will of the Belle, Mathew Frostar of the Dowhill, Cudde Graham, Dand Ellot, callit Baggott, Wille Grame, Arthuris maich, the Grame callit Ser, John Richartson, servand to Thomas Dacre, and thair fallowis, that thai cruellie slew Thome Oliver and Will Kowman.

Complenis Robene Scott of Alanehauch and his puir tennentis of Quhitchister, apon Jawfray Routleische, Blak Jok Rowtleische his sone, Ady Frostar of the Dowhill, Mathew Frostar his broder, Hobbis Robene Frostar, Wille Frostar his brodre, and their fallowis to the numer of fyfty men, that thai come to Quhitchistar, and thair brynt [burnt] and tuik away thre scoir ky [cow] and oxin, horss, meris, and insycht [furnishings], and presonaris [prisoners], again the vertu of the trewis, and breking of the Wardanis band maid at Expethgaitt...

Complenis Gynkeyn Armstrang, Niniane Armstrang, Archibald Armstrang, Berty Armstrang, Alexander Armstrang, Thome Noble, Quyntyne Rowtleisch, and thair nychtbowris [neighbours], Scottismen, apon Thomas Dacre, brodre to the Lord Dacre, and Wardane deput undir Schir Thomas Whairtoun, Wardane of the West Marchis of Ingland...and slew Andro Armstrang, as of befoir, tuik and drave away xx? of ky and oxin, [...]? Sheip, x? gait, j? swyne, xfj horse and meris, and udir guides...

England Complains of Scottish Incursions

"Thomas Trumbull, George Rutherford, and other Scotishmen, to the nombre of anne hundreth men, comme to the baly in the realme of Inglond, and cruelly slewe and murdured John Routlege and Robert Nobill, Inglishmen... " Davy Pennango, and other Scotsmen, to the nombre of x personnes with hym, comme to a place in Gilleslande called Brome, and there cruelly slewe and murdured the wif of Andro Routlege, Englishwoman.

Routledge More English than Scottish

Joke Routlege Swears Allegiance to England

AD 1543. King Henry VIII of England lost all patience in persuading the Scots to see value in uniting the two kingdoms. Scotland's "Auld Alliance" with France seemed to be gaining import as French soldiers and money arrived in Scotland. Finally, the death, in 1541, of Scotland's dowager Queen Margaret (Henry's sister) left no incentive for peace, and so began the wretched decade of "Rough Wooing" with Henry determined to subdue Scotland by force. Meanwhile, many Scottish reiving families, having become completely disenchanted with their feudal masters, decided to declare for the English faction. Numerous Armstrongs and one Joke Routlege went to Carlisle to take a solemn oath before Sir Thomas Wharton, in his capacity at that time as Captain of Carlisle Castle. They swore that they and their kin would "henceforth" serve the king of England and, as assurance of their loyalty, they "appointed sixteen persons to lie in pledge."

Evidently, Wharton's superior, the Duke of Suffolk, had little faith in oaths made by Scotsmen:

Nowe of late I, the Duke of Suffolk, am advertised that the chief of the Armestranges, and of the Rowteleges, and the Nycsones of Lyddesdale, offred to Syr Thomas Wharton to serve the kinge with an hundreth horse men and an hundreth foote men, and to be sworne the kinges subjects and to dwell in Lyddesdale or in the Batable Ground or where the king will apointe theim in Englonde to dwell, so that they may have their frendes now beinge prisoners in the castles of Carlisle and Alnwik, who were takinge, robbinge and burninge in Englond, to be discharged and set at libertie, and also to put at libertie foure prisoners Englisshe men, which they toke at the burning of Sleyley, whan there kynnesmen were taken. Wherunto Syr Thomas Wharton, to whome they made this offre hath made none other aunswer but that he woll advertise the lorde warden therof, and so aftre make aunswer. Whereunto I have advised my said lorde warden to followe the same aunswer that hertofore hath bene given theim, whereby the Scottes shall not have occasion to saye that we have broken the treux in takinge to maytenaunce there subjectes breakers of the same treux. And besides that thies broken men be of that sorte that no promyse by them made dureth longer then it maketh for there purpose.

AD 1550. Despite Suffolk's opinion of the loyalty of Scots reivers, the Liddesdale Routledges, at least, appear to have been sincere as, from this point on, history regards them as more English than Scottish. No doubt some of the surname Routledge continued living peacefully and without much notice in Scotland, with the exception of certain outlawed cohorts of the Liddesdale and Eskdale reivers, such as one Routledge called "tyn spede," who resided with George Armstrang called "Georgy gay with hym."

AD 1561. While there had been no state-sponsored wars between the two countries since the so-called "Rough Wooing," border feuding continued to plague all attempts at civilizing the people whose very livelihood had so long depended on livestock rustling, protection rackets and hostage taking. Such was the case on January 30, 1561 when a group of Scottish Elliots captured Thomas Routledge and turned him over to Sir John Kerr, lord of Fernieherst. Neither the underlying cause nor the final outcome of this event are clear but no doubt had something to do with cross-border reiving.

Last of the Reiving Routledges of Scotland

AD 1569. With religious reformation well underway in both England and Scotland, Protestant versus Catholic clashes added religious zeal to civil breakdown among nobility and commoners alike. The reign of England's zealously Catholic Mary Tudor (1516-1558) had come and gone as had that of her Protestant half-brother, Edward VI (1537-1553), who died at the age of 16. Elizabeth I (1533-1603) , the last of the Tudor monarchs, held the throne of England. Elizabeth's cousin, Mary Queen of Scots (1542-1587), a devout Catholic, had returned from France to assume her disastrous reign in Scotland. By 1569, she had been forced to abdicate and was on the run. Her Protestant half-brother, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (1530-1570), as Regent of Scotland, assembled a force supposedly to rid border communities of disorderly reivers, including those of the surname Routlaige. But more than one historian concluded that this cleanup foray was a thinly disguised excuse for retaliating against any border family that had rallied against the Protestant party to fight on the side of Queen Mary.

. . .thirty-two of the principal barons, provosts, and bailies of towns, and other chief men, subscribed a band [bond] at Kelso, on the 6th April 1569. Representing the counties of Berwick, Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles, they bound themselves to concur to resist the rebellious people of Liddesdale, Ewesdale, Eskdale, and Annandale, and especially all of the names of Armstrong, Elliot, Nixon, Liddel, Bateson, Thompson, Irving, Bell, Johnston, Glendonyng, Routlaige, Henderson, and Scotts of Ewesdale. Further, they undertook that they would not intercommune with any of them, nor suffer any meat, drink, or victuals to be bought or carried to them nor suffer them to resort to markets or trysts within the bounds, nor permit them to pasture their flocks or abide upon any lands 'outwith Liddesdale,' unless within eight days they should find sufficient and responsible sureties. 'And all others not finding sureties within said space, we shall pursue to the death with fire and sword, and all other kinds of hostility.'. . . signed [by] Lord Home, Walter Ker of Cessford, Thomas Ker of Fernihirst, and Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch. NOTE: Printed in Pitcairn's Criminal Trials, from the Original in H.M. General Register House, Edinburgh.

AD 1580. During the last decades of the 16th century, according to muster rolls taken in 1580, Routledges were living and "fit for service" in both the West and East Marches of England. In Cumberland, Mathew and John Rowtledge lived in Askerton Lordshippe; Randell Reutledge lived in Lannercost; Thomas, Andrew, and William Reutledge lived in "Watton Parish;" and Lancelote Reutledge lived in Skailby. In 1584, John, Christofer, Thomas, and Rigmone Rutliche were found to be "effective men" living in Kilham, a village in Northumberland [English East March] located near the border of Roxburghshire Scotland. Many other Routledges went uncounted in the more unruly districts because, as the officials recorded, the "inhabitantes within Eske, Leven, Bewcastell, and Kirklinton" did not muster-up.

Routledge, Musgrave Allegiance 1530s through 1590s

Routledges had been living in England since the 1480s, having been awarded land at Bewcastle Cumberland in exchange for military service to King Richard III of England. There they remained and proliferated as tenants of the English crown while gradually spreading to other parts of England. Accordingly with their expected military duty, many Routledge men proved themselves ready and willing to bear arms under the command of the Musgraves of Eden Hall, a family of ancient lineage whose men were "trained in service for defence of Her Majesty's poor people."

A succession of Musgrave men served as captains or constables of Bewcastle during the 16th to early 17th centuries. The Musgraves and Routledges alike were born and bred to take up arms. Evidence that the sword topped the Routledge sense of duty and pride is displayed on most of their gravestones extant from that era.

Routledge [arms] are found at Bewcastle and Stapleton. All the shields. . .bear or are intended to bear a chevron between a garb and a sprig of willow, and in chief a sword fessways.

Routledge, Musgrave, Dacre,

AD 1534. In those turbulent times, it was the legal duty of officials to raise a "hot trod" posse to pursue raiders, and, furthermore, it was the duty of all men within hearing of the alarm to respond. According to Sir William Musgrave, nothing of the sort had happened when, in 1534, a band of Scots from Liddesdale murdered one John Rutlage, a liegeman of Musgrave, without William Dacre, Warden of the English West March, taking reprisals against the perpetrators. Incensed, Musgrave formally accused Dacre with treasonous activities and dereliction of duty. Musgrave claimed Dacre had "machinated" that he, Sir William Musgrave and "all his tenants, might be slain by the Scots, and their houses and chattels destroyed." Dacre was indicted, tried, and subsequently acquitted.

Routledge, Musgrave and the Battle of Solway Moss

AD 1542. The reign of James V of Scotland came to a sorry end shortly after a devastating defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss wherein a Scottish army of some 15-20,000 invaded England's West March and was thoroughly beaten and routed by a hastily assembled English force of 3,000 light horsemen. Many Scots noblemen were taken hostage. A jubilant Sir Thomas Wharton wrote a lengthy letter to Henry VIII triumphantly listing the prisoners to be held for ransom, including the "Earl of Cassill who Batill Routlege has taken, though John Musgrave claimeth a part for the loan of his horse to the said Routlege."

AD 1583. Throughout their tenure, Musgraves were frequently engaged in self-serving and controversial disputes with other English border officials, such as certain persons of the Dacre, Carleton, and Graham families. In 1583, Sir Simon Musgrave, wrote to Queen Elizabeth's principal secretary, Francis Walsingham:

I am sore trobled and put in great danger of my lyf by the disordered Graymes [Grahams] and the envious Carletons, who seek my lyfe and lyvinge both by false and untrue dealing and by confederating with Scotishmen to [...] me and my son Thomas who, being in Scotland to take revenge of injuries done to the office of Bewcastle,. . .was assaulted in English ground by Arthur Grayme and his accomplices to the number of 100 English men and Scottish men. . .[and by] a jury of their own men and appointment of Thomas Carleton. . .found my son guilty of willful [...] and forty of my servants.

Contrarily, in 1583, Francis Graham petitioned the same Walsingham complaining that Sir Simon Musgrave and his son Thomas had taken away 160 cows and oxen, and during that fray Thomas had "murdered" one Arthur Graham.

Quite likely Routledge men stood alongside Musgraves in these quarrels as well as partaking in hot-trod reprisals against the Armstrongs, Elliots, Grahams, and other notorious English and Scottish reivers. On one occasion, Sir Simon Musgrave wrote to a friend explaining that his son Christopher had rounded up four notable Armstrong thieves and delivered them to "Her Majesty's gaol at Carlisle where three of them were executed." Since then, Musgrave concluded:

the friends of the said prisoners, to the number of 400 men, have confederated themselves against me, my friends and children, to run upon us with fire and sword, and have put the same in proof by spoiling a man of mine named George Rowtledge. . .This attempt has put all the inhabitants of Cumberland in great fear, for the like has not been done since I was born.

Routledge regard for the Musgrave family is further evidenced in three of five Routledge wills testated between 1597 and 1631, which were interpretated by J V Harrison and presented to the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archeogocial Society in 1967.

In his final will and testament, in 1597, John Rowtlidge of the Blackdubs entrusted his "master," Thomas Musgrave, captain of Bewcastle, with the task of collecting a debt owed by one Marmaduke Stavely. Furthermore, he entrusted Musgrave to be "umpear" [umpire] in case of any disputes to this will. NOTE: That Rowtlidge loaned Stavely money suggests some sort of relationship between the two men. Stavely is recorded in a 1583 "brief abstract of the musters of light horsemen. . .in Beaucastell" as one of two "gentlemen deputies to Sir Symonde Musgrave," the second gentleman being John Musgrave.

NOTE: A second relationship between Stavely and Routledge families is recorded in the parish registers of St Olave York or St Michael le Belfrey when Anne Stavely of York married Hector Rowtlidge on November 26, 1587.

In his 1597 will, Rowland Rutledge of the Nook wrote about the marriage of his granddaughter Elizabeth Rutledge, that she "shall marrie when it pleaseth my maister Thomas Musgrave captain of Bewcastle."

In 1631, John Routledge of Dapleymoor made Edward Musgrave "supervisor" of his will because of the "good opinion I have."

Routledge, Musgrave and Cross-Border Connections

AD 1583. Desperate that the powers in London might understand the difficulties facing him and his under officers, Thomas Musgrave, as Deputy Captain of Bewcastle, wrote to one of Queen Elizabeth's chief counsellors, William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley. First, Musgrave complained that in his official capacity he had endured not only "the loss of my blood and many troblesome travels and dangers, but [also] the loss of my dear frends and companyons which have been cruelly murdered by the rebellious Scottes." Musgrave then followed his opening remarks with complete descriptions of the "riders and ill doers both of England and Scotland," including the "names, dwellynges, and allyaunces" of every family living along the rivers Lydall, Eske, Sarke, and their small tributaries as they proceed to the sea from Scotland to England, including many of the surname Routledge.

. . .John Rutledge of the Cructborne slayne by Scottish riders, Gerry his son; Adam Rutledge of the Netclugh, Anton Rutledge and Andrew Rutledge of the same; Dikes Rowe Rutledge; Jeme Rutledge of the Neuk; Jeme Rutledge of the Baley Head, Thom Rutledge of the same. All these dwell in a place called the Bale, within the Fosters. More Rutlidges dwell down the water of Leven, John Ruttlidge of the Black Dobs, Nicoll Rutlidge his brother; Andrew Rutlidge called Black stafe; Gourthe Rutledge of Sletbeke, Jeme Rutlidge of the same; Will Rutlidge of Comerauke, Riche, John, and Jeme of the same; John Ruttlidge of Troughed, Rich and John Rutlidge of the same, Allan Rutlidge his brother; Willi Rutledge of the Lukknes, and many more I omit for tedyousnes to your honor. . .John Rutlidge of Kemorflat, Will Rutlidge of Kyrkbekmouth dwell within the demayne of Bewcastell. More Rutliges live at the Belbank, namely Clem Rutlidge of the Kyll, Jenkin Rutlidge of Belbanke, Will Rutlidge of Nunsclughe, Gorth Rutlidge of Masthorne, these join upon Gilsland my lorde of Arrundalls land. How be it the furthest part of Lyddisdale and the furthest part of Bewcastell are not distance of xvj [16] miles so as the ryders may by night easily come to anie part of it, do their accustomed evil deeds, and be at their own howses long before daie; . . .Bewcastell goes to 'Souport' [Southport] belonging to William Musgrave where mostly Taylors live, except Will Rutlidge of the Lukins and Will Rutlidge of the Sinke Head.

The Musgraves more or less adhered to a prevailing law of the day that prohibited, except on licence, marriage between English and Scottish borderers. It was, Musgrave said, the entanglements of cross-border marriage alliances that made it near impossible to govern the "lawless" people. Such imposed legalities went largely ignored by many borderers, but evidently not so much by the "Ruttligis." Of the dozens of Scottish Armstrongs, Grahams, and others much aligned by English marriages, Musgrave names only one Routledge, that of Gourth Routlishe daughter of Shetbelt, married to Thome Armestronge of Chengles.

According to Musgrave, "the Ruttligis and their alleyance with Scotland is but little, for that they are every man's pray." While that curious statement is open to interpretation, it certainly supports the premise that the Routledges living in Cumberland England had, within the past fifty years, distanced themselves from their Scottish heritage and accepted Musgrave-style law and order. These Routledge families were prime targets for every passing Scottish foray partly because of their lack of Scottish alliances and partly because of their willingness to fight alongside their Musgrave commanders.

Mayhem Reigns Over Bewcastle

AD 1580s-1590. Lawlessness escalated and a sort of gangland justice prevailed. Criminal elements of larger clans terrorized more peaceful farmers with protection rackets, and officials went begging for help from England's Queen Elizabeth I and Scotland's James VI. Henry Scrope, 9th Baron Scrope of Bolton, as Warden of England's West March, wrote to Queen Elizabeth's secretary of the deplorable state of "Beaucastell" with many of "her Majestie's" tenants so "decayed by reason of great spoiles they have sustained by the Lyddisdails" that they were unable to arm themselves in her Majesty's service as was required. To which Burghley's reply was that "The Lord Scrope would be advised to charge all the Queen's tenants who are bound by their leases" and noncompliance would "void" their leases. "By this means the defaults would soon be repaired."

The "Calendar of Letters and Papers Borders of England and Scotland" chronicles a litany of complaints that went well beyond the sporting activity of livestock rustling to outright mayhem. In 1582, John Rowtledg called Gerardes John was murdered as was Allan Rowtlege of Bewcastle. In 1583,William, Thom, and John Rowtledge' were "maimed and hurt in peril of death, wherof one hath his leg cut off." Rowy and Dand Rowtlege of Bewcastle, [...] Rowtledge of Kirkleventon and his son were "maimed and wounded in peril of death." Even relatively defenceless widows were mercilessly targeted, including Margaret Forster, Hecky Noble, a Mrs Hetherington, and Isabell Routledge. One of only two Routledge females found thus far in the historic records, Isabell Routledge was attacked by thirty Elliots who made off with her only horse and six cows.

In December 1583, four Routledge brothers, — George, Thomas, Andrew, and William — "dwellers in Bewcastledale," petitioned Walsingham:

for and in the name of all our neighbours of the barony of Bewcastle, that the Scotts to the number of one hundredth and an half rode a forrowe [foray] against us. . .and drove away from us, by force and hostility, four score head of cattle, and killed Allen Routlage our poor brother. Lorde Scrope, Warden of the Marches, willed us to inform your honour by this token — when you were upon the border that the bloody shirts were shewed — that your honour asked him what might be a fit remedy. And then the Lord Scrope said that soldiers in convenient places upon the border might help. . .May it please your honour to have consideration of your poor supplicants, for they, their wives, bairns [children] and neighbours are beggared and utterly cast away.

AD 1588. Notoriously dubbed the "Bold Buccleuch" for his many daring exploits, Walter Scott, 1st Lord Scott of Buccleuch (1565-1611) mustered up 100 to 200 men and regularly crossed the border with Bewcastle in his sites, prompting English officials to record "Outrages by Buccleuch," two of which involved Routledges.

The captain of Bewcastle and the surnames of the Rowtledges, Nixsons, Nobles and others of Graistangflatt within the office of Bewcastle, complain upon Walter Scott laird of Buckclughe and his accomplices who ran a day foray and reft from them 200 kye and oxen, 300 sheep, and 'gait'.

Captain Steven Ellis and the surnames of the Rowtledges in Bewcastle, complain upon the laird of Bucklugh, the laird of Chesame, the young laird of Whithawghe, and their accomplices to the number of 120 horsemen 'arrayed with jackes, steel caps, spears, guns, lances, swords, and daggers,' purposely mustered by Bucklugh, who broke the house of Wille Rowtledge, took 40 kye and oxen, 20 horse and mears, and also laid an ambush to slay the soldiers and others who should follow the fray, whereby they cruelly slew and murdered Mr Rowden, Nichel Tweddell, Jeffray Nartbie, and Edward Stainton, soldiers, maimed sundry others, and drove 12 horse and meares, whereof they crave redress.

Beginning of the End of Reiving Years

AD 1593. A delegation headed by the Earl of Huntington reported on managing and subduing the "bad and most vagrant sort of the great surnames of the borders":

namely, of the Grames, Armstrongs, Fosters, Bells, Nixons, Hethertons, Taylors, Rootlidges with other very insolent members appertaining to them. . .His lordship concluded with himself to call the principal and chief of every branch. . .and to constrain them to enter bond in good security for their own appearance before him when called upon. . .and to make answerable for any matter to be laid to their charge. . .[whosoever refuses] the lord of the manor where the transgressor dwelleth shall. . .seize the tenement and shall utterly expel and put out from the same the wife, children, servants, and friends of the offender.

AD 1595. Again, a plea for help with John and James Rutledge complaining for themselves and other tenants of Bewcastle of the spoils and oppressions committed against them by the Scots, and Lord Scrope unable to defend them for lack of soldiers.

AD 1596. A deadly feud broke out between East March inhabitants of Kilham Northumberland and underlings of Sir Robert Kerr of Roxburghshire. According to "Cessford's Roll of Wrongs," Ninian Rowtlage and Jame Rutledge were among others accused of pillaging the "Guidman of Gaitschaw" and taking "10 score ewes and wodders." In retribution, 15 Davison cohorts went to Kilham and "cruelly slew Renian Routledge in the field while he was loading hay, "giving him 20 wounds, and not leaving him till dead."

AD 1599. As the 16th century and Queen Elizabeth's reign drew to a close, and with Scotland's James VI expecting to inherit her realm, life on the borders went on in the usual tit-for-tat revenge reprisals. Various commissioners and wardens tried, with little if any success, to impose "redress" for decades-old bills and countless grievances. In 1596, as if exasperated with all previous attempts to aid the Queen's tenants at Bewcastle, her Privy Council wrote to Thomas Musgrave offering their only advice, to which Musgrave replied: "I received your letter, that if no justice could be had otherwise, I might recover the worth of their goods as I can. Whereon with my kinsmen and friends, I took from John Armstrong of the Hollus, 'the leder of these incurcions, somme vj [six] or vij [seven] score of cattill [cattle]."

While the records quoted thus far in this article may imply that the Routledges and other borderers on the English side were worsted by their Scottish counterparts, a more complete, unbiased, account might imply a rather different story. The evidence is found in a 1593 letter written by West March Warden Scrope to Queen Elizabeth's secretary Burghley. The letter includes a tally of monetary redress demanded by the English West March against the Scottish West March and Liddesdale. Whereas England wanted a total of ₤9,700, Scotland wanted ₤41,600. So, Scrope concludes, England was to "answer for" ₤32,000 more than the Scots. Even assuming gross exaggeration, the figures clearly show that the inhabitants of Liddesdale and the Scottish West March suffered much more than their Bewcastle counterparts.

Routledge in the 17th Century

In 1603 England's Queen Elizabeth I died without issue and her cousin James VI of Scotland became James I (1566-1625) of both Scotland and England. Determined to unite the two countries and rid the borders of unlawful activities, James had it proclaimed that, with the exception of "noblemen and gentlemen unsuspected of felony or theft," border inhabitants "shall put away all jacks, spears, lances, swords, daggers, steelcaps, hagbuts, pistols, plate sleeves, and such like - and shall not keep any horse, gelding, or mare, above the price of 50 sterling. . .upon pain of imprisonment."

Routledge on the Move

Church of England records show that some border surnames had tired of the reiving way of life long before the dawning of the 17th century. Routledge families were certainly among those who searched for land and peace away from border strife by the mid-1500s. Numerous baptisms, marriages, and burials are recorded by parish vicars all over southern Britain, albeit with the outlandish spellings typical of the era but nonetheless bearing some proximity to Rutledge or Routledge. Perhaps the earliest available baptismal record is for a Humphrey Rettleg christened in Staffordshire England in 1516.

Many notorious border surnames sought refuge as yeoman tenants on manors near the city of York while others set up trades. Johannes Rowtleache, in 1585, married Alicia Gawthrop at Saint Olave church, York. Their son Georgius Routledge was baptized there in 1589. Quite likely this father and son pair of milners [hat makers] were the same men admitted later on to the "Freedom of York" and thereby allowed to practice trade within city limits. Johannes Rutledge was admitted in 1607 and Georgius Routledge was admitted later on in 1640. Preceding these two were Hector Rowtlidge, a tailor, who had been admitted in 1584, and Edwardus Rutleedge, also a tailor, admitted in 1604.

AD 1605-1625. Nevertheless, unifying Scotland and Britain would take decades to accomplish, and reiving activities continued to plague the newly-termed "middle shires" despite every attempt to pacify truculent borderers and eliminate a way of life inbred during three previous centuries of sporadic warfare and associated depredations. In 1605 Thomas Routledge alias Bailiehead of Bewcastle, was on the move, too, hiding out from local authorities and evidently clinging to the old ways as he was included among the more unruly types that warranted close attention "for the bettering of his majesty's service." A local garrison occupied Thomas' house until such time he made himself "answerable to his majesty's laws."

In 1606, border authorities hatched a scheme to rid the country of the worst malefactors by transporting them to the Plantation of Ulster, a British colony in Northern Ireland seized from Irish owners after the Nine Years' War. Most of the colonists came from England and Scotland, some of them having been forced to settle there. The Grahams of Cumberland were especially targeted for transportation, along with other "dangerous" reivers. The Bishop of Carlisle, writing to the Earl of Salisbury in 1606, stated that the Routledges, "have been as offensive as the Grames though not so powerful."

Thompson's-Walls, Northumberland was a typical farming hamlet near Kilham and the Scottish border where a "sudden quarrel" ended violently for Lancelot Routledge. Fortunately for Lancelot, he received a pardon for "[...]" on March 22, 1615. Nothing is said of the victim.

In Scotland, one Robert Routledge of Thorlieshope, a farm located in Newcastleton Roxburghshire, appears in a long list of free-spirited troublemakers called to the Jedburgh Circuit Court in April 1623, and having not appeared, all were publicly declared "thrie several tymis, outlawis and fugitives." .

Routledge and Charles I

AD 1625-1649. These years cover the disastrous reign of Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649), yet another of the Stewart line whose rule ended unhappily. A steadfast believer in the divine rights of kings, Charles sought to assert his authority against the power of Parliament while religious reformers of different sorts, such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, brought Protestant and Catholic differences to a head. Political and religious turmoil led to the English Civil War (1642-1651) between monarchists and parliamentarians, and Charles' eventual beheading in 1649.

In 1624, a John Rutledge was "Keeper of the North Park, Hampton Court," a magnificent royal palace located on the River Thames about 12 miles from London. Perhaps this was the same man acquainted with Sir Allen Apsley who, in 1626, recommended a John Rutlege for an appointment as Purser of the St Mary. Later on, in 1629, a John Rutlish, "purser of the St Mary," found himself arrested by the bailiff of the liberty of St Katharine's [a precinct near the Tower of London] while about the king's business of "victualling the St Claude out of his own purse," despite a warrant by the Duke of Buckingham "testifying that he was his Majesty's servant." Rutlege's petition "prays for payment of 59 pounds and discharge from arrest."

Routledge French Connections – "The Auld Alliance"

AD 1450 to 1500. Scotland and France formed a strong alliance against England during the Hundred Years War (1337-1453). Early in the 15th century an elite company of Scots Guards (Garde Ecossaise) was engaged especially to protect and serve the King of France, and there is every reason to believe that Routledges, likely of more than one generation, served continuously as archers and men-at-arms over a period of at least fifty years. John, James, and George are listed in the payroll "Lists and Muster Rolls of Life-Guards" from 1454 through to 1502 with a variety of surname spellings, "Routeluge" (1497, Archiers de la Garde) being the closest, followed by "Rotheluge" (Archiers de la Garde, 1463-1502). That their country of origin was Scotland is certain and that they were Routledges is agreed by historians, with oddities in spelling being attributed to careless recording habits typical of that era.

"The spelling of the Scotch names is not to be too closely scrutinised, for they are written on the scrolls of the Clairambault MS sometimes in one way and sometimes in another...Rotheluge assumes several forms, some of them not a little odd-looking and barbarous."

From about 1418 through the 16th century, these Scots acted as personal bodyguards to the Kings of France, serving as both foot and horse soldiers, on foot while at home in the palace, and mounted while abroad, riding immediately behind the king. A select crew of archers called 'Gardes de la Manche' were stationed nearest to the king and in constant attendance. According to Forbes-Leith, author of Scots Men-at-Arms And Life-Guards in France, all men named in the Muster Rolls were men of "rank and birth."

AD 1537, 1538. While life along the English/Scottish borders steadily deteriorated to a state of near anarchy, at least one Routledge Scotsman maintained the "auld alliance" with France and was living there in pursuit of an academic career. One Martin de Rotheluch [sic] declared himself of "Scottish origin, bachelor of civil law" after being elected "Procurator" of the Scottish Nation at the University of Orleans, despite the objection of one named Verat. The peculiar spelling "Rotheluche" may beg question but can be accounted for by foreign pronunciation and transcription difficulties.

The election alleged by the said Verat was repudiated by the lord rector Minier and by the whole college, and it was resolved by the college that, as the said Verat had already exercised the office of procurator for three months, proceedings should be taken anew for the election of a new procurator. A proclamation therefore having been made, against which he appealed, I, Martin de Rothleluch, of Scottish origin, bachelor of civil law, was elected procurator on 10th December 1537, and notwithstanding the objections of the said Verat, the right of induction into the said office was adjudicated to me; as witness my seal here affixed. M Rotheluche. 'Thoroughness of knowledge gives authority ; mere elegance brings contempt'

Routledge Spanish Connection

AD 1554, March 15. After Henry VIII died in 1547, his staunchly Catholic daughter, Mary I of England (1516-1558) inherited the English throne, and during deep negotiations for her marriage to Phillip II of Spain one Thomas Routledge mysteriously appears in Viennese records as a recipient of 100 crowns to be paid, apparently, by Phillip. Obviously some service had been or would be rendered. At this time borderers were much esteemed for their horsemanship and military spirit. Many went abroad as mercenaries to fight in continental wars or were sent on some sort of diplomatic or espionage service to their monarchs.

Vienna, E. Varia. 5, A list of [36] names of persons to whom gold chains and gifts have been given: Mr. Rich, of the Queen's chamber, 100 crowns; Two other gentlemen of the chamber, 200; A vice-chamberlain (Presumably Sir Henry Jerningham); Bridges, Captain of the Tower [Sir John Bridges, Lieutenant of the Tower), 200; Thomas Routledge 100.

The only clue is found in a directive from the Spanish monarch, Emperor Charles V, to his son, the Prince Philip:

March 13. Simancas, E 508. By this same courier we are sending you a copy of a note, drawn up with the approval of the Queen [Mary I], giving the names of the men who are to receive pensions, together with the sums. It seems advisable that these pensions should be paid out from your household, so that the recipients may realise that they come from you, whom it behoves them to serve and follow. The sums are rather high to begin with, for in order to gain credit and goodwill it was inevitable; but the future will furnish us with means of moderating them. By reason of this increase of expenditure, you will have to come well-supplied with money, so as to pay them all a half-year's instalment in advance, for it seems this must be done, and you will see to it as soon as you reach England. . .You will discuss the amount. . .with the Queen, who will be able to tell you what the merits of each man deserve.'

To be continued