The Tokyo Mew Mew anime and manga metaseries has been adapted into many different languages, including English. Tokyopop translated the Tokyo Mew Mew manga into English and released it in the United States during 2003. Chuang Yi translated and released an English version In 2005, 4Kids adapted the anime into English and released it in the United States as Mew Mew Power.
Both feature alterations, but the alterations in Mew Mew Power affect the story plot.
English anime adaptation: Mew Mew Power
On February 15, 2005, 4kids Entertainment announced Mew Mew Power was scheduled to join the 4KIDS TV lineup effective February 19, 2005, at 8:00 (Eastern time), Saturday mornings. “We are pleased to bring Mew Mew Power to 4KIDS TV,” said Alfred R. Kahn. “This show follows our formula for success by adapting Japanese properties with a strong track record."
Australia had licensed Mew Mew Power, with a sneak preview that aired on July 13, 2005. Canada also licensed Mew Mew Power, as a part of their fall lineup.
4Kids originally intended to change the title of the anime to "Hollywood Mew Mew". Later, the company changed the program's title back to "Tokyo Mew Mew". It was then changed to "Mew Mew".
Alterations
Mew Mew Power features several alterations. All characters were renamed, shortening of transformation sequences (mostly because of the beginning showing partial silhouetted nudity), whole sequence cuts in place of Ichigo's original battle cries, and Renee's weapon was edited to not look like a cross.
There is also editing of content and dialogue changes; examples include adding puns to the script using the word "mew" and cat-oriented jokes. References to Japan, such as cultures were removed. There was the cutting of the relationship between Dren and Zoey, making it seem like Dren was only in a one-sided relationship. Around 70% - 87% of the original content was kept.
Story
The story in Mew Mew Power is basically the same, but the premiere episode (episode 12 in the original series) is the most greatly altered episode, with 70% of the original content kept.
The premiere episode was originally intended to be a sneak peek of the series in the summer of 2004, when 4Kids TV was still the Fox Box. As part of the "You Pick It, We Play It" promotion, they ran a poll for the new fall shows Mew Mew Power, One Piece, and F-Zero GP Legend. Viewers could visit their website to vote for which shows they wanted to have on the air first. Mew Mew Power and One Piece were very close throughout the poll. When it seemed Mew Mew Power was going to win, F-Zero suddenly won instead, but it is unknown if 4Kids rigged the poll or if it was a goof. The sneak peek episode would premiere in February 2005, in the slot being held by The Cramp Twins. The series would air in the fall of 2005. However, 4Kids cancelled The Cramp Twins and decided to continue airing Mew Mew Power in its slot.
Cancellation
Mew Mew Power has been cancelled many times. The show was dropped on Saturday, November 19 2005. Episode 24 was to be aired on Saturday, December 24, 2005, as it was announced that 4Kids will continue with it, but it did not air. The show returned on Saturday, December 31, 2005,, but was officially cancelled in January 2006. Only 23 episodes have been aired in the United States, and 26 in Australia.
4Kids does not have the rights to the second half of the series. No other North American company can re-dub the first half, unless they were to sell the license, or it was to expire. 4Kids was trying to obtain the license for the second half
After September 5, 2007, the Mew Mew Power page on 4kids' site was removed, and after September 6, 2007, the forum was removed from 4Kids.TV, confirming that 4Kids was not able to obtain the second half. Around September 19, the Mew Mew Power page from their properties on the "4kidsentertainment.com" site was removed, almost confirming that that they sold the rights to the first half, or it expired. Until an official cancellation is confirmed, 4kids cannot air Mew Mew Power.
No DVDs of Mew Mew Power have been released in the USA or Canada. Australia's Magna Pacific released the first 10 episodes of Mew Mew Power on DVD in two volumes, on July 5 2006. Volume one contains episodes one through six, while volume two contains episodes seven through ten. YTV used to air re-runs, but they have stated "This show is currently not returning to YTV this fall."
English manga translation
Tokyopop
The English translation of the manga was released by Tokyopop in 2003.
Alterations
Tokyopop's version of the Tokyo Mew Mew manga features several alterations. For budget, the dust covers were cut. Kodansha's manga are about 11.5 cm (4.5 in.) wide and 17.2 cm (6.7 in.) high. Tokyopop's manga are about 12.7 cm (5 in.) wide and 19.7cm (7.7 in.) high. Because of this, the pictures had to be blown up, causing some pictures to be cut off (, and [http://groups.msn.com/MewMewShrine/mangascans.msnw?actionShowPhoto&PhotoID11 picture used in the English version]). The ink that Tokyopop uses is darker than Kodansha's, so some pictures are harder to see than others (, and [http://groups.msn.com/MewMewShrine/mangascans.msnw?actionShowPhoto&PhotoID133 picture used in the English version]).
The staff of Tokyo Mew Mew page was removed, which consists of two pages. Some colored and some black & white pictures are also removed. As Tokyopop adds advertisements in their manga, and the table of contents, there are page number differences between the Japanese and English manga.
There are also mistranslations, and changing of words. Whether they were made purposefully, or translation errors, is not clear, as sometimes the translations of certain texts changed throughout the story.
Confusion of Ichigo's age
Ichigo Momomiya's numerous ages can be seen as confusing or incorrect. In the beginning of volume two of the English manga, she is described as 11 years old. In volume three, she is then described as 12. However, according to the manga, Ichigo is also a seventh grader (first year of middle school by Japanese standards). It can be seen as odd that she is described as 11 years old, because she has to be at least 12-13 to be in the seventh grade, unless she started going to school at the age of five, skipped a grade or suddenly aged 11 to 12, which are unlikely. Tokyopop originally described her age as 11, but later decided to describe her as 12, to match up with her Japanese age.
Mint's animal
The English version of the volume one says that Mint Aizawa's Red Data Animal is an Ultramarine Lorikeet, But her animal is actually a Blue Lorikeet, as they have different names in Japanese. An Ultramarine Lorikeet's name is イドジãƒãƒ«ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚³ idojiroruinko, The reason for this change in her animal is unclear, as Ichigo's cat appears on the same page in the manga, and is translated correctly. Chuang Yi 's version of the manga correctly translated Mint's animal, and the Finnish version of the manga also translated her animal correctly, as a Tahitian Lory (Blue Lory).
Mews' weapons and attacks
In the original manga, the names of the Mews' weapons and some attacks have puns made by combining two English words. It is stated in the manga by illustrator Mia Ikumi that the names of the Mews' weapons and attacks are intended to be humorous. The syllabic structure of the Japanese language makes it easier to combine words (English or Japanese), but it is rather hard to translate the combined words fully in English (or any other language) and keep the humorous nature of the pun.
Sometimes, the weapons' names are partially translated and romanized at the same time. An example of this would be Ichigo Momomiya's weapon, the , called "Sutoro Bell Bell" in the first volume of the English manga. ベル beru was translated to "bell", but ストムsutoro was only romanized. The reason for this is that her weapon is first written in hiragana; ����る�る. This would imply that it is a Japanese word, not a translitered English word. But in Japan, it common to write English words in hiragana for emphisis; Ichigo calling her weapons's name for the first time. Some names are romanized altogether, an example being Mint Aizawa's weapon, the , called "Mintoon Alo" once in the English version of the manga.
Zakuro is the only Mew whose attack name is mistranslated many times throughout the series. Due to her weapon's and attack's names using two English words combined quite rather in a unique way compared to the other Mews, it's hard to fully translate them. Some of the translations have certainly been made incorrectly, such as the translation "Ribbon Zakuro Pure", which omits one of the syllables entirely.
Chimera Anima
Tokyopop translated the name of the monsters (ã‚メラアニマ Kimera Anima) as "Kirema Anima" in Tokyo Mew Mew, with the first word misromanized. It was then changed to "Chimera Anima" in Tokyo Mew Mew à la Mode, due to different translators. As nearly all of these monsters resemble animals, this gives an impression that "Anima" is a mistranslation, and that the word is "Animal". However, the word is written differently in katakana than the word .
The word in the monsters' name can be thought of as a pun, as there are many puns in Tokyo Mew Mew, intended to sound odd, or funny.
Ribbon translation error====
Tokyopop translated the first word of the Mews' attack as "Ribbon". But, in the Japanese version of the manga, it is written as リボーン ribÅ?n, which would translate as "reborn", not "ribbon", as it would be written as リボン ribon.
The words and are written in katakana according to their pronunciation by a native speaker of English. If ribbon was written according to how it is spelled for example, it would be written リッボン ribbon. The length of the vowel can completely change the meaning of the word. But since the only difference between the two words is the , which represents the length of the a vowel, it's easy to make a mistake when translating them into English.
In the opening song of the anime, Rika Komatsu sings the word リボン ribon, and it sounds very different from the Mews saying リボーン ribÅ?n in their attack name.
It is possible that リボーン ribÅ?n was intended to be a pun on リボン ribon, since there are many puns in Tokyo Mew Mew. However, it does not mean that リボーン ribÅ?n can be translated two ways, and the Mews' attacks are not associated with ribbons.
There is a shounen manga titled "" translated by Viz Media. Its logo shows katakana characters リボーン associated with the word "Reborn" written in Latin letters.
リボーン is also used in the Sailor Moon manga, in Sailor Saturn's attack . Tokyopop (known then as Mixx) translated the Sailor Moon manga. It can be seen as odd how Tokyopop translated リボーン correctly then, and yet did not in Tokyo Mew Mew. It is possible this happened because of different translators. Interestingly, "Death Reborn Revolution" does involve ribbons, so in that case the pun on the word "ribbon" is obvious. "Reborn" in Saturn's attack has also been mistranslated as "ribbon" many times.
Chuang Yi
Alterations
Chuang Yi's manga does not feature as many alterations. The dust covers are kept. Chuang Yi's manga are about 12cm wide and 17cm high, making them similar in size to Kodansha's.
Both feature alterations, but the alterations in Mew Mew Power affect the story plot.
English anime adaptation: Mew Mew Power
On February 15, 2005, 4kids Entertainment announced Mew Mew Power was scheduled to join the 4KIDS TV lineup effective February 19, 2005, at 8:00 (Eastern time), Saturday mornings. “We are pleased to bring Mew Mew Power to 4KIDS TV,” said Alfred R. Kahn. “This show follows our formula for success by adapting Japanese properties with a strong track record."
Australia had licensed Mew Mew Power, with a sneak preview that aired on July 13, 2005. Canada also licensed Mew Mew Power, as a part of their fall lineup.
4Kids originally intended to change the title of the anime to "Hollywood Mew Mew". Later, the company changed the program's title back to "Tokyo Mew Mew". It was then changed to "Mew Mew".
Alterations
Mew Mew Power features several alterations. All characters were renamed, shortening of transformation sequences (mostly because of the beginning showing partial silhouetted nudity), whole sequence cuts in place of Ichigo's original battle cries, and Renee's weapon was edited to not look like a cross.
There is also editing of content and dialogue changes; examples include adding puns to the script using the word "mew" and cat-oriented jokes. References to Japan, such as cultures were removed. There was the cutting of the relationship between Dren and Zoey, making it seem like Dren was only in a one-sided relationship. Around 70% - 87% of the original content was kept.
Story
The story in Mew Mew Power is basically the same, but the premiere episode (episode 12 in the original series) is the most greatly altered episode, with 70% of the original content kept.
The premiere episode was originally intended to be a sneak peek of the series in the summer of 2004, when 4Kids TV was still the Fox Box. As part of the "You Pick It, We Play It" promotion, they ran a poll for the new fall shows Mew Mew Power, One Piece, and F-Zero GP Legend. Viewers could visit their website to vote for which shows they wanted to have on the air first. Mew Mew Power and One Piece were very close throughout the poll. When it seemed Mew Mew Power was going to win, F-Zero suddenly won instead, but it is unknown if 4Kids rigged the poll or if it was a goof. The sneak peek episode would premiere in February 2005, in the slot being held by The Cramp Twins. The series would air in the fall of 2005. However, 4Kids cancelled The Cramp Twins and decided to continue airing Mew Mew Power in its slot.
Cancellation
Mew Mew Power has been cancelled many times. The show was dropped on Saturday, November 19 2005. Episode 24 was to be aired on Saturday, December 24, 2005, as it was announced that 4Kids will continue with it, but it did not air. The show returned on Saturday, December 31, 2005,, but was officially cancelled in January 2006. Only 23 episodes have been aired in the United States, and 26 in Australia.
4Kids does not have the rights to the second half of the series. No other North American company can re-dub the first half, unless they were to sell the license, or it was to expire. 4Kids was trying to obtain the license for the second half
After September 5, 2007, the Mew Mew Power page on 4kids' site was removed, and after September 6, 2007, the forum was removed from 4Kids.TV, confirming that 4Kids was not able to obtain the second half. Around September 19, the Mew Mew Power page from their properties on the "4kidsentertainment.com" site was removed, almost confirming that that they sold the rights to the first half, or it expired. Until an official cancellation is confirmed, 4kids cannot air Mew Mew Power.
No DVDs of Mew Mew Power have been released in the USA or Canada. Australia's Magna Pacific released the first 10 episodes of Mew Mew Power on DVD in two volumes, on July 5 2006. Volume one contains episodes one through six, while volume two contains episodes seven through ten. YTV used to air re-runs, but they have stated "This show is currently not returning to YTV this fall."
English manga translation
Tokyopop
The English translation of the manga was released by Tokyopop in 2003.
Alterations
Tokyopop's version of the Tokyo Mew Mew manga features several alterations. For budget, the dust covers were cut. Kodansha's manga are about 11.5 cm (4.5 in.) wide and 17.2 cm (6.7 in.) high. Tokyopop's manga are about 12.7 cm (5 in.) wide and 19.7cm (7.7 in.) high. Because of this, the pictures had to be blown up, causing some pictures to be cut off (, and [http://groups.msn.com/MewMewShrine/mangascans.msnw?actionShowPhoto&PhotoID11 picture used in the English version]). The ink that Tokyopop uses is darker than Kodansha's, so some pictures are harder to see than others (, and [http://groups.msn.com/MewMewShrine/mangascans.msnw?actionShowPhoto&PhotoID133 picture used in the English version]).
The staff of Tokyo Mew Mew page was removed, which consists of two pages. Some colored and some black & white pictures are also removed. As Tokyopop adds advertisements in their manga, and the table of contents, there are page number differences between the Japanese and English manga.
There are also mistranslations, and changing of words. Whether they were made purposefully, or translation errors, is not clear, as sometimes the translations of certain texts changed throughout the story.
Confusion of Ichigo's age
Ichigo Momomiya's numerous ages can be seen as confusing or incorrect. In the beginning of volume two of the English manga, she is described as 11 years old. In volume three, she is then described as 12. However, according to the manga, Ichigo is also a seventh grader (first year of middle school by Japanese standards). It can be seen as odd that she is described as 11 years old, because she has to be at least 12-13 to be in the seventh grade, unless she started going to school at the age of five, skipped a grade or suddenly aged 11 to 12, which are unlikely. Tokyopop originally described her age as 11, but later decided to describe her as 12, to match up with her Japanese age.
Mint's animal
The English version of the volume one says that Mint Aizawa's Red Data Animal is an Ultramarine Lorikeet, But her animal is actually a Blue Lorikeet, as they have different names in Japanese. An Ultramarine Lorikeet's name is イドジãƒãƒ«ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚³ idojiroruinko, The reason for this change in her animal is unclear, as Ichigo's cat appears on the same page in the manga, and is translated correctly. Chuang Yi 's version of the manga correctly translated Mint's animal, and the Finnish version of the manga also translated her animal correctly, as a Tahitian Lory (Blue Lory).
Mews' weapons and attacks
In the original manga, the names of the Mews' weapons and some attacks have puns made by combining two English words. It is stated in the manga by illustrator Mia Ikumi that the names of the Mews' weapons and attacks are intended to be humorous. The syllabic structure of the Japanese language makes it easier to combine words (English or Japanese), but it is rather hard to translate the combined words fully in English (or any other language) and keep the humorous nature of the pun.
Sometimes, the weapons' names are partially translated and romanized at the same time. An example of this would be Ichigo Momomiya's weapon, the , called "Sutoro Bell Bell" in the first volume of the English manga. ベル beru was translated to "bell", but ストムsutoro was only romanized. The reason for this is that her weapon is first written in hiragana; ����る�る. This would imply that it is a Japanese word, not a translitered English word. But in Japan, it common to write English words in hiragana for emphisis; Ichigo calling her weapons's name for the first time. Some names are romanized altogether, an example being Mint Aizawa's weapon, the , called "Mintoon Alo" once in the English version of the manga.
Zakuro is the only Mew whose attack name is mistranslated many times throughout the series. Due to her weapon's and attack's names using two English words combined quite rather in a unique way compared to the other Mews, it's hard to fully translate them. Some of the translations have certainly been made incorrectly, such as the translation "Ribbon Zakuro Pure", which omits one of the syllables entirely.
Chimera Anima
Tokyopop translated the name of the monsters (ã‚メラアニマ Kimera Anima) as "Kirema Anima" in Tokyo Mew Mew, with the first word misromanized. It was then changed to "Chimera Anima" in Tokyo Mew Mew à la Mode, due to different translators. As nearly all of these monsters resemble animals, this gives an impression that "Anima" is a mistranslation, and that the word is "Animal". However, the word is written differently in katakana than the word .
The word in the monsters' name can be thought of as a pun, as there are many puns in Tokyo Mew Mew, intended to sound odd, or funny.
Ribbon translation error====
Tokyopop translated the first word of the Mews' attack as "Ribbon". But, in the Japanese version of the manga, it is written as リボーン ribÅ?n, which would translate as "reborn", not "ribbon", as it would be written as リボン ribon.
The words and are written in katakana according to their pronunciation by a native speaker of English. If ribbon was written according to how it is spelled for example, it would be written リッボン ribbon. The length of the vowel can completely change the meaning of the word. But since the only difference between the two words is the , which represents the length of the a vowel, it's easy to make a mistake when translating them into English.
In the opening song of the anime, Rika Komatsu sings the word リボン ribon, and it sounds very different from the Mews saying リボーン ribÅ?n in their attack name.
It is possible that リボーン ribÅ?n was intended to be a pun on リボン ribon, since there are many puns in Tokyo Mew Mew. However, it does not mean that リボーン ribÅ?n can be translated two ways, and the Mews' attacks are not associated with ribbons.
There is a shounen manga titled "" translated by Viz Media. Its logo shows katakana characters リボーン associated with the word "Reborn" written in Latin letters.
リボーン is also used in the Sailor Moon manga, in Sailor Saturn's attack . Tokyopop (known then as Mixx) translated the Sailor Moon manga. It can be seen as odd how Tokyopop translated リボーン correctly then, and yet did not in Tokyo Mew Mew. It is possible this happened because of different translators. Interestingly, "Death Reborn Revolution" does involve ribbons, so in that case the pun on the word "ribbon" is obvious. "Reborn" in Saturn's attack has also been mistranslated as "ribbon" many times.
Chuang Yi
Alterations
Chuang Yi's manga does not feature as many alterations. The dust covers are kept. Chuang Yi's manga are about 12cm wide and 17cm high, making them similar in size to Kodansha's.
BAYKUS: jOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGS. Newly published philosophy magazine in Turkey. Published under ALEF Publishing House, It is published three times a year.
BAYKUS is a refreed journal, which is included in International Citation Index, the Philosophers' Index.
One of the main tenets of BAYKUS is to start phiosophical debates outside academic environment and to revocer philosophical issues which are heavily dominated by the specific issues of social sciences.
Firt issue is composed of articles of various writers and philosophy professors, which are predominantly gathered under the issue folder of "Tradition and Rupture". To name few, articles which are about the issue of ethics and politics in Kierkegaard and Levinas, the one concerning sociology of dance, the other about Theodor Adorno's Aesthetic Theory are the ones which consider own issues with a significant philosophical debate on the background.
Second issue will be dedicated to G,W,F,Hegel, to the critique and relevance of Hegelian philosophy in our age, it will be published in May 2008.
BAYKUS is a refreed journal, which is included in International Citation Index, the Philosophers' Index.
One of the main tenets of BAYKUS is to start phiosophical debates outside academic environment and to revocer philosophical issues which are heavily dominated by the specific issues of social sciences.
Firt issue is composed of articles of various writers and philosophy professors, which are predominantly gathered under the issue folder of "Tradition and Rupture". To name few, articles which are about the issue of ethics and politics in Kierkegaard and Levinas, the one concerning sociology of dance, the other about Theodor Adorno's Aesthetic Theory are the ones which consider own issues with a significant philosophical debate on the background.
Second issue will be dedicated to G,W,F,Hegel, to the critique and relevance of Hegelian philosophy in our age, it will be published in May 2008.
Ab-Ad
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A
*Abberton
*Abbott
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*Abernather
*Abernathie
*Abernathy
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*Abernetti
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*Abirnather
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*Abrnnete
*Aburnethe
*Acheson
*Achmooty
*Action
*Adair
*Adam
*Adams
*Adamson
*Addis
*Addy
*Adie
*Adley
*Adlin
*Adlum
*Adorian
*Adrain
Af-Ai
*Affleck
*Agar
*Agarty
*Aghoon
*Aglish
*Agnew
*Aherne
*Ahessy
*Aide
*Aidy
*Aiken
*Aikenhead
*Ailman
*Ainslie
*Airey
*Airlie
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Al-An
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*Aldin
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*Allen
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*Anglim
*Anglin
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Ar
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As-Ay
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*Audley
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A
The following paper was taken from [http://msu.edu/~micheals/roadmap.xml Gravitation and Elementary Particles], a publication of the [http://msu.edu/~micheals Faraday Group]. The article is posted on by the author - for Gravity, Recent alternative theories.
3. Temporal Curvature
A New View of Gravity – A Distributed Compression of Time
Salvatore G. Micheal, Faraday Group, micheals@msu.edu, 11/17/2007
Y0, the elasticity of space, is defined and calculated. Linear strain is calculated for electrons and protons. In the process, after a few assumptions, a new relation between temporal curvature and spatial curvature is established. Needed work is reviewed.
From the previous paper on frame-dragging, we invented a new relation between mass and the linear strain of space:
λ0 = Y0μ0ε0(Δl/l) (1)
mass per unit length (implicit) is linearly related to extension through the three parameters of space: elasticity, permeability, and permittivity
We had some trouble defining an appropriate Y0, the elasticity of space. Recall that the basic constraint on Y0 is that it must be consistent between elementary particles (and of course its units must agree with the equation above). Let's make a few standard assumptions which should not cause too much of a ruckus. Of course, those must be verified (or at least – not disproved) – as the consequences of those assumptions must also be verified. Until now, we have not made the 'per unit length' explicit. Let's do that and assign the Planck-length:
λ0/lP = Y0μ0ε0(Δl/l) (2)
This is a place to start and we'll follow a similar convention when the need arises. Let's replace lambda with the standard notation and move lP to the other side:
m0 = (Y0lP)μ0ε0(Δl/l) (3)
Multiply by unity (where tP is the Planck-time):
m0 = (Y0lPtP)μ0ε0(Δl/ltP) (4)
Now, the first factor on the RHS is 'where we want it' (units are in joule-seconds). And, the fact we had to 'contort' the extension by dividing it by the Planck-time should not prove insurmountable to deal with later. Finally, let's assume the first factor is equal to the magnitude of spin of electrons and protons, ħ/2:
m0 = (ħ/2)μ0ε0(Δl/ltP) (5)
By our last assumption, Y0 = ħ/2lPtP ≈ 6.0526*1043 N. To simplify and isolate the extension:
m0 = (ħ/2c2)(Δl/l)(1/tP) (6)
> (Δl/l) (2c2tP/ħ)m0 = 2(tP/ħ)E0 (7)
So, the linear strain of space due to internal stress is directly related to rest-energy through a Planck-measure. Later, if space allows (pun intended), we will show that (7) reduces to an even simpler form involving only two factors. If our assumptions hold, the numerical values for (7), for electrons and protons respectively, are approximately:
8.3700*10-23 and 1.5368*10-19.
The values are dimensionless – per the definition of linear strain. The meaning is: 'locally', space is expanded (linearly) by the fractions above (assumed in each dimension). What exactly locally means – will have to be addressed later. The numerical value of Y0 is extremely high as expected. All this says is: space is extremely inelastic. The numerical values for ∆l/l will have to be investigated – perhaps as suggested in the previous paper.
Let's deal with our assumptions first. The notions of Planck-time and Planck-length are associated with 'minimum measures' conventionally. Anything less is considered physically meaningless. If there is a fundamental limit on our precision in measuring things, we consider those to be lower bounds. If we could make a 'meter stick' with a length of the Planck-length or a clock that 'ticked' per Planck-time, that would be the limit of our technology – physically imposed by the nature of our Universe. So, to use them above is not a huge stretch of our 'belief system'. Our first assumption, to employ 'mass per Planck-length', is not implying we assume electron masses are actually divided into small parts of m0/lP. It simply means that's the limit of our measuring ability – and that we associate a linear change in space (for now) with that minimum measure.
Conventionally, we think of m0, E0, ħ, c, and tP as fixed. If any of them varied, that would throw physics into chaos, right? But that is exactly what quantum mechanics has tried to cope with since inception: the seemingly statistical variation of m0/E0 about some modal value. Fortunately for science, ħ and c do not seem to vary statistically.
The fact we had to introduce tP above in order to simplify the expression for extension, is only the completion of another expression of uncertainty. That's the conventional view. Another perspective is to view that change in space per unit time. There are two further ways to view that: as the propagation of the gravity wave of a newly minted particle – or – as the locally changing extension over time. If we tentatively adopt the latter view, this provides a natural/integrated explanation of uncertainty. The only 'problem' is that the linear increase in extension cannot go on forever. It must necessarily oscillate. The simplest form of modeling that is with a saw-tooth wave (and slope ±âˆ†l/l). We could get a little 'fancier' and model with a sinusoid. The critical factors are: amplitude and wavelength. Amplitude is associated with the variation in rest-mass/energy. Wavelength is associated with the choice of period: Planck-time, de Broglie 'period', Compton-period, or relativistic-period? The first appears too small (and arbitrary), the second is not properly defined for particles at rest, the third does not account for relativistic effects, so we are left with the fourth. The fourth is based on the third but takes into account time-dilation.
For consistency with relativistic-mass, relativistic-energy is defined as:
E ħω E0/γ (8)
where omega is the relativistic-angular-frequency and gamma = sqrt(1-(v/c)2). For consistency with time-dilation, relativistic-period must be lengthened:
T = T0/γ (9)
where T0 is the Compton-period of a particle at rest. Let's repeat equation seven here for convenience:
(Δl/l) (2c2tP/ħ)m0 2(tP/ħ)E0 (7)
If we notice that heavier particles have larger extensions (comparing protons and electrons), we can replace every variable above with its relativistic counterpart (let's also give the extension a new name, X):
X (2c2tP/ħ)m 2(tP/ħ)E (10)
But because of (8), (10) can be rewritten:
X 2tPω 4πtP/Tγ2 (11)
relativistic-extension is two times the Planck-time times relativistic-angular-frequency which is also equal to the ratio of Planck-time to relativistic-period through a solid angle! (gamma-squared is a scaling factor from the relation ν≡1/Tγ2.)
For particles at rest, (11) reduces to:
X0 = 4πtP/T0 (12)
extension is the ratio of Planck-time to period through a solid angle
You can't get much more intuitive and simpler than that!
One way to think of gravity is as curved space. Another way to think of gravity is as curved time (only). An object in a circular orbit (around Earth) is following a 'straight line' path (of least action) through curved space – or – is following a path of same temporal curvature. An object in free-fall is following a straight-line path to the maximum of spatial curvature – or – is following a path to the maximum of temporal curvature. Gravity can be analyzed exclusively as a distributed compression of time. (All trajectories can be treated as a linear combination of those two orthogonal trajectories. They are fundamentally different in terms of temporal curvature. All extended objects experience a gradient on different parts of their extension – it’s not just the ‘steepness of the hill’ which pulls them down. In the same way, time is infinitesimally slower on the ‘low side’ of an object in orbit. Objects move to maximize time-dilation.)
The analysis above has shown that, with a few assumptions, there’s an equivalence between spatial and temporal curvatures. So, another way of looking at particles is as:
charged twists of space
and localized compressions of time.
What 'local' means still needs to be defined (not in a tautological way) precisely. A preference needs to be established – in viewing curvature – such that characteristics of space-time (such as Maxwell's relations) are more easily exhibited. Those characteristics need to be derived from (1). The other theoretical tasks need to be performed (set in the previous paper). The two experiments from the previous paper need to be performed. If there is indeed a deterministic oscillation in mass/energy/extension, that needs to be experimentally verified. A small joke was forgotten to be placed in the previous paper: “Don't cross the beams .. Never cross the beams!” ;)
3. Temporal Curvature
A New View of Gravity – A Distributed Compression of Time
Salvatore G. Micheal, Faraday Group, micheals@msu.edu, 11/17/2007
Y0, the elasticity of space, is defined and calculated. Linear strain is calculated for electrons and protons. In the process, after a few assumptions, a new relation between temporal curvature and spatial curvature is established. Needed work is reviewed.
From the previous paper on frame-dragging, we invented a new relation between mass and the linear strain of space:
λ0 = Y0μ0ε0(Δl/l) (1)
mass per unit length (implicit) is linearly related to extension through the three parameters of space: elasticity, permeability, and permittivity
We had some trouble defining an appropriate Y0, the elasticity of space. Recall that the basic constraint on Y0 is that it must be consistent between elementary particles (and of course its units must agree with the equation above). Let's make a few standard assumptions which should not cause too much of a ruckus. Of course, those must be verified (or at least – not disproved) – as the consequences of those assumptions must also be verified. Until now, we have not made the 'per unit length' explicit. Let's do that and assign the Planck-length:
λ0/lP = Y0μ0ε0(Δl/l) (2)
This is a place to start and we'll follow a similar convention when the need arises. Let's replace lambda with the standard notation and move lP to the other side:
m0 = (Y0lP)μ0ε0(Δl/l) (3)
Multiply by unity (where tP is the Planck-time):
m0 = (Y0lPtP)μ0ε0(Δl/ltP) (4)
Now, the first factor on the RHS is 'where we want it' (units are in joule-seconds). And, the fact we had to 'contort' the extension by dividing it by the Planck-time should not prove insurmountable to deal with later. Finally, let's assume the first factor is equal to the magnitude of spin of electrons and protons, ħ/2:
m0 = (ħ/2)μ0ε0(Δl/ltP) (5)
By our last assumption, Y0 = ħ/2lPtP ≈ 6.0526*1043 N. To simplify and isolate the extension:
m0 = (ħ/2c2)(Δl/l)(1/tP) (6)
> (Δl/l) (2c2tP/ħ)m0 = 2(tP/ħ)E0 (7)
So, the linear strain of space due to internal stress is directly related to rest-energy through a Planck-measure. Later, if space allows (pun intended), we will show that (7) reduces to an even simpler form involving only two factors. If our assumptions hold, the numerical values for (7), for electrons and protons respectively, are approximately:
8.3700*10-23 and 1.5368*10-19.
The values are dimensionless – per the definition of linear strain. The meaning is: 'locally', space is expanded (linearly) by the fractions above (assumed in each dimension). What exactly locally means – will have to be addressed later. The numerical value of Y0 is extremely high as expected. All this says is: space is extremely inelastic. The numerical values for ∆l/l will have to be investigated – perhaps as suggested in the previous paper.
Let's deal with our assumptions first. The notions of Planck-time and Planck-length are associated with 'minimum measures' conventionally. Anything less is considered physically meaningless. If there is a fundamental limit on our precision in measuring things, we consider those to be lower bounds. If we could make a 'meter stick' with a length of the Planck-length or a clock that 'ticked' per Planck-time, that would be the limit of our technology – physically imposed by the nature of our Universe. So, to use them above is not a huge stretch of our 'belief system'. Our first assumption, to employ 'mass per Planck-length', is not implying we assume electron masses are actually divided into small parts of m0/lP. It simply means that's the limit of our measuring ability – and that we associate a linear change in space (for now) with that minimum measure.
Conventionally, we think of m0, E0, ħ, c, and tP as fixed. If any of them varied, that would throw physics into chaos, right? But that is exactly what quantum mechanics has tried to cope with since inception: the seemingly statistical variation of m0/E0 about some modal value. Fortunately for science, ħ and c do not seem to vary statistically.
The fact we had to introduce tP above in order to simplify the expression for extension, is only the completion of another expression of uncertainty. That's the conventional view. Another perspective is to view that change in space per unit time. There are two further ways to view that: as the propagation of the gravity wave of a newly minted particle – or – as the locally changing extension over time. If we tentatively adopt the latter view, this provides a natural/integrated explanation of uncertainty. The only 'problem' is that the linear increase in extension cannot go on forever. It must necessarily oscillate. The simplest form of modeling that is with a saw-tooth wave (and slope ±âˆ†l/l). We could get a little 'fancier' and model with a sinusoid. The critical factors are: amplitude and wavelength. Amplitude is associated with the variation in rest-mass/energy. Wavelength is associated with the choice of period: Planck-time, de Broglie 'period', Compton-period, or relativistic-period? The first appears too small (and arbitrary), the second is not properly defined for particles at rest, the third does not account for relativistic effects, so we are left with the fourth. The fourth is based on the third but takes into account time-dilation.
For consistency with relativistic-mass, relativistic-energy is defined as:
E ħω E0/γ (8)
where omega is the relativistic-angular-frequency and gamma = sqrt(1-(v/c)2). For consistency with time-dilation, relativistic-period must be lengthened:
T = T0/γ (9)
where T0 is the Compton-period of a particle at rest. Let's repeat equation seven here for convenience:
(Δl/l) (2c2tP/ħ)m0 2(tP/ħ)E0 (7)
If we notice that heavier particles have larger extensions (comparing protons and electrons), we can replace every variable above with its relativistic counterpart (let's also give the extension a new name, X):
X (2c2tP/ħ)m 2(tP/ħ)E (10)
But because of (8), (10) can be rewritten:
X 2tPω 4πtP/Tγ2 (11)
relativistic-extension is two times the Planck-time times relativistic-angular-frequency which is also equal to the ratio of Planck-time to relativistic-period through a solid angle! (gamma-squared is a scaling factor from the relation ν≡1/Tγ2.)
For particles at rest, (11) reduces to:
X0 = 4πtP/T0 (12)
extension is the ratio of Planck-time to period through a solid angle
You can't get much more intuitive and simpler than that!
One way to think of gravity is as curved space. Another way to think of gravity is as curved time (only). An object in a circular orbit (around Earth) is following a 'straight line' path (of least action) through curved space – or – is following a path of same temporal curvature. An object in free-fall is following a straight-line path to the maximum of spatial curvature – or – is following a path to the maximum of temporal curvature. Gravity can be analyzed exclusively as a distributed compression of time. (All trajectories can be treated as a linear combination of those two orthogonal trajectories. They are fundamentally different in terms of temporal curvature. All extended objects experience a gradient on different parts of their extension – it’s not just the ‘steepness of the hill’ which pulls them down. In the same way, time is infinitesimally slower on the ‘low side’ of an object in orbit. Objects move to maximize time-dilation.)
The analysis above has shown that, with a few assumptions, there’s an equivalence between spatial and temporal curvatures. So, another way of looking at particles is as:
charged twists of space
and localized compressions of time.
What 'local' means still needs to be defined (not in a tautological way) precisely. A preference needs to be established – in viewing curvature – such that characteristics of space-time (such as Maxwell's relations) are more easily exhibited. Those characteristics need to be derived from (1). The other theoretical tasks need to be performed (set in the previous paper). The two experiments from the previous paper need to be performed. If there is indeed a deterministic oscillation in mass/energy/extension, that needs to be experimentally verified. A small joke was forgotten to be placed in the previous paper: “Don't cross the beams .. Never cross the beams!” ;)