Bridges are frequently featured in films for their impressive appearance, identifiability, and opportunity for chase scenes or spectacular collapses. They can also convey a metaphor of connectedness or distance, depending on the sequence of movement.
Real bridges
This is a list of actual bridges that have a noticeable role as themselves in films, sorted by chronological building order.
*Brooklyn Bridge (New York City 1883) - In , the bridge is attacked by Zilla, otherwise called the American Godzilla, destroying the towers and train tracks. In the 1998 film Deep Impact, a tsunami caused by a comet crashing into the Atlantic Ocean destroyed the bridge. The Brooklyn Bridge is featured at the end of Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York. The bridge is featured in the 2004 film Team America: World Police. The bridge played an important part in a scene in . The movie Virginal Young Blondes (2004) also takes place on the Brooklyn Bridge, when the two main characters get stoned together in the movie's last scene. In 1978 the bridge was transformed into part of the "Yellow Brick Road" for the film version of The Wiz.
*San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (San Francisco-Oakland 1936) - In the movie The Graduate, Dustin Hoffman can be seen driving on the top level of the bridge, supposedly eastwards toward Berkeley. However, the upper-level traffic goes west to the San Francisco side, not Berkeley and the East Bay. A spectacular view of the bridge from one of San Francisco's hilly streets may be seen in the movie Vertigo. Unfortunately, this exact view can no longer be seen due to high-rise development on the south side of Market Street. The bridge also made a prominent appearance in several other films including The Thin Man, Born to Kill, The End of the World, George of the Jungle, Made in America, Basic Instinct, Hulk, and Sudden Impact.
*Golden Gate Bridge (San Francisco-Marin 1937) - In Bicentennial Man a moving set in San Francisco, the bridge is glimpsed several times across the future, including a view in which it has a double deck structure. In Boys and Girls, Freddie Prinze Jr. plays an engineering student at Cal who admires and comments on the structural achievement of the bridge to co-star Claire Forlani while attempting to untangle their budding romantic relationship. The Bridge is a documentary film that chronicles the stories of a score of individuals who committed suicide at The Golden Gate Bridge in 2004. In The Core, deadly microwaves from the sun break through the magnetic field boiling the water, melting the suspension cables, and cutting though the road sending hundreds of traffic congested motorists and pedestrians into the boiling bay. In Dirty Harry, the villain "Scorpio" hijacks a school bus full of children and forces the driver to head North across the bridge. In Herbie Rides Again, Herbie is chased by Hawk's lawyers along the main cables of the bridge. In Hulk, Hulk jumps off the bridge to save a fighter jet. In Interview with the Vampire, following his interview with Louis, Daniel is attacked by Lestat while driving over the bridge. In The Joy of Life, film-maker Jenni Olson offers a history of suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge and features gorgeously shot images of the bridge as well as a personal reflection on the production history of Alfred Hitchcock's film Vertigo (1958). In It Came from Beneath the Sea, a giant octopus terrorizes San Francisco. Although some stock footage was shot using the real bridge, the scenes where the octopus attempts to destroy the bridge by wrapping itself around the towers were accomplished by using highly-detailed miniatures and stop-motion animation created by special effects master Ray Harryhausen. In the 1959 film, On the Beach, the bridge is seen intact after a nuclear war but eerily devoid of traffic. A persistent urban legend maintains guards were hired to block traffic for a minute to get the shot. In Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones' plane flies over the newly-built bridge. Although many regard this as anachronistic because of the film's 1936 setting, the bridge's suspension towers and much of the roadway was actually completed by late 1936. In The Rock, the bridge can be regularly seen in the background as film was shot near Alcatraz in San Francisco Bay. Near the end of the film, fighter jets fly under the bridge en route to Alcatraz. In The Golden Gate Murders (aka Specter on the Bridge), a madman attacks people on the bridge, throwing them into the water, making it look like suicides. In So I Married an Axe Murderer, a newly married couple travel over the bridge en route to their honeymoon. In Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Starfleet Headquarters is located to the immediate southeast of the bridge's south approach-way; in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, the Klingon bird-of-prey used by the crew of the Starship Enterprise barely avoids hitting the Golden Gate Bridge on its way to crashing into the Bay; chambers of the Federation Council are located in the Marin Headlands, immediately west of the bridge's north approach-way. In Superman, Superman saves a school bus about to fall from the bridge. In Alfred Hitchcock's film, Vertigo, the bridge is a prominent backdrop in a scene set just east (bayside) of Fort Point. In the James Bond film, A View to a Kill, Bond and Max Zorin fight on top of one of the bridge's towers. In X-Men: The Last Stand, the bridge is moved by Magneto to access Alcatraz, and is later shown in the process of being rebuilt in the film's final scene. (Coincidentally, this movie was released on May 26, 2006 - one day short of the 69th anniversary of the bridge's opening.) In The Love Bug, Herbie attempts to commit "suicide" by trying to drive over the barrier.
*Maas bridges: used in the movie A Bridge Too Far as places to attack, defend, hold, and for combat scenes.
Fictional bridges
*Three films have been based on the Thornton Wilder novel, including:
** The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1929)
** The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1944)
** The Bridge of San Luis Rey (2004)
*The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) uses the construction of a bridge as the backdrop for the brutality inflicted by Japanese captors on their mostly British prisoners of war.
*The Bridges at Toko-Ri (1953) uses a bombing raid on heavily-defendend bridges during the Korean War as backdrop to the story.
*For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943)
*Bataan (1943). A motley band of American soldiers is assigned to prevent the Japanese from rebuilding a key bridge as long as possible in the retreat to Bataan.
Real bridges
This is a list of actual bridges that have a noticeable role as themselves in films, sorted by chronological building order.
*Brooklyn Bridge (New York City 1883) - In , the bridge is attacked by Zilla, otherwise called the American Godzilla, destroying the towers and train tracks. In the 1998 film Deep Impact, a tsunami caused by a comet crashing into the Atlantic Ocean destroyed the bridge. The Brooklyn Bridge is featured at the end of Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York. The bridge is featured in the 2004 film Team America: World Police. The bridge played an important part in a scene in . The movie Virginal Young Blondes (2004) also takes place on the Brooklyn Bridge, when the two main characters get stoned together in the movie's last scene. In 1978 the bridge was transformed into part of the "Yellow Brick Road" for the film version of The Wiz.
*San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (San Francisco-Oakland 1936) - In the movie The Graduate, Dustin Hoffman can be seen driving on the top level of the bridge, supposedly eastwards toward Berkeley. However, the upper-level traffic goes west to the San Francisco side, not Berkeley and the East Bay. A spectacular view of the bridge from one of San Francisco's hilly streets may be seen in the movie Vertigo. Unfortunately, this exact view can no longer be seen due to high-rise development on the south side of Market Street. The bridge also made a prominent appearance in several other films including The Thin Man, Born to Kill, The End of the World, George of the Jungle, Made in America, Basic Instinct, Hulk, and Sudden Impact.
*Golden Gate Bridge (San Francisco-Marin 1937) - In Bicentennial Man a moving set in San Francisco, the bridge is glimpsed several times across the future, including a view in which it has a double deck structure. In Boys and Girls, Freddie Prinze Jr. plays an engineering student at Cal who admires and comments on the structural achievement of the bridge to co-star Claire Forlani while attempting to untangle their budding romantic relationship. The Bridge is a documentary film that chronicles the stories of a score of individuals who committed suicide at The Golden Gate Bridge in 2004. In The Core, deadly microwaves from the sun break through the magnetic field boiling the water, melting the suspension cables, and cutting though the road sending hundreds of traffic congested motorists and pedestrians into the boiling bay. In Dirty Harry, the villain "Scorpio" hijacks a school bus full of children and forces the driver to head North across the bridge. In Herbie Rides Again, Herbie is chased by Hawk's lawyers along the main cables of the bridge. In Hulk, Hulk jumps off the bridge to save a fighter jet. In Interview with the Vampire, following his interview with Louis, Daniel is attacked by Lestat while driving over the bridge. In The Joy of Life, film-maker Jenni Olson offers a history of suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge and features gorgeously shot images of the bridge as well as a personal reflection on the production history of Alfred Hitchcock's film Vertigo (1958). In It Came from Beneath the Sea, a giant octopus terrorizes San Francisco. Although some stock footage was shot using the real bridge, the scenes where the octopus attempts to destroy the bridge by wrapping itself around the towers were accomplished by using highly-detailed miniatures and stop-motion animation created by special effects master Ray Harryhausen. In the 1959 film, On the Beach, the bridge is seen intact after a nuclear war but eerily devoid of traffic. A persistent urban legend maintains guards were hired to block traffic for a minute to get the shot. In Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones' plane flies over the newly-built bridge. Although many regard this as anachronistic because of the film's 1936 setting, the bridge's suspension towers and much of the roadway was actually completed by late 1936. In The Rock, the bridge can be regularly seen in the background as film was shot near Alcatraz in San Francisco Bay. Near the end of the film, fighter jets fly under the bridge en route to Alcatraz. In The Golden Gate Murders (aka Specter on the Bridge), a madman attacks people on the bridge, throwing them into the water, making it look like suicides. In So I Married an Axe Murderer, a newly married couple travel over the bridge en route to their honeymoon. In Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Starfleet Headquarters is located to the immediate southeast of the bridge's south approach-way; in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, the Klingon bird-of-prey used by the crew of the Starship Enterprise barely avoids hitting the Golden Gate Bridge on its way to crashing into the Bay; chambers of the Federation Council are located in the Marin Headlands, immediately west of the bridge's north approach-way. In Superman, Superman saves a school bus about to fall from the bridge. In Alfred Hitchcock's film, Vertigo, the bridge is a prominent backdrop in a scene set just east (bayside) of Fort Point. In the James Bond film, A View to a Kill, Bond and Max Zorin fight on top of one of the bridge's towers. In X-Men: The Last Stand, the bridge is moved by Magneto to access Alcatraz, and is later shown in the process of being rebuilt in the film's final scene. (Coincidentally, this movie was released on May 26, 2006 - one day short of the 69th anniversary of the bridge's opening.) In The Love Bug, Herbie attempts to commit "suicide" by trying to drive over the barrier.
*Maas bridges: used in the movie A Bridge Too Far as places to attack, defend, hold, and for combat scenes.
Fictional bridges
*Three films have been based on the Thornton Wilder novel, including:
** The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1929)
** The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1944)
** The Bridge of San Luis Rey (2004)
*The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) uses the construction of a bridge as the backdrop for the brutality inflicted by Japanese captors on their mostly British prisoners of war.
*The Bridges at Toko-Ri (1953) uses a bombing raid on heavily-defendend bridges during the Korean War as backdrop to the story.
*For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943)
*Bataan (1943). A motley band of American soldiers is assigned to prevent the Japanese from rebuilding a key bridge as long as possible in the retreat to Bataan.
PIPC is a global management consulting firm known for its expertise in project and program management. PIPC is a member of the Management Consultancies Association (MCA) and is listed as the UK’s fastest growing privately-held consultancy within The Sunday Times Fasttrack 100 (2006 and 2007).
History
The company was established in 1992 as ‘PIP Limited’ by Philip ‘Pip’ Peel. It was Peel who first identified a market opportunity within the management consultancy sector for a project management specialist. The market demanded management consultants that could focus on ‘delivery and execution’ as opposed to the more traditional ‘advisory’ services.
The company grew at modest pace throughout the 90’s and it was in late 1999 that Peel recruited a number of senior professionals to help boost growth. A global growth strategy was developed which result in more focused growth in the UK as well as launching PIPC into New Zealand (2000), Singapore (2001) and Australia (2002).
In January 2004, the company established PIPC Global Holding Company Limited which then acquired all the PIPC businesses around the globe. All PIPC forms are now wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Holding company. Since that time, the company has expanded in the US, Malaysia, Hong Kong and most recently the United Arab Emirates.
Principal offices
PIPC operates worldwide. Its principal office locations are listed below.
* - Sydney, Melbourne
* - Kuala Lumpur
* - Auckland, Wellington
* - Hong Kong
* - Singapore
* - Dubai, Abu Dhabi
* - London
* - Chicago IL, Los Angeles CA, New York NY
History
The company was established in 1992 as ‘PIP Limited’ by Philip ‘Pip’ Peel. It was Peel who first identified a market opportunity within the management consultancy sector for a project management specialist. The market demanded management consultants that could focus on ‘delivery and execution’ as opposed to the more traditional ‘advisory’ services.
The company grew at modest pace throughout the 90’s and it was in late 1999 that Peel recruited a number of senior professionals to help boost growth. A global growth strategy was developed which result in more focused growth in the UK as well as launching PIPC into New Zealand (2000), Singapore (2001) and Australia (2002).
In January 2004, the company established PIPC Global Holding Company Limited which then acquired all the PIPC businesses around the globe. All PIPC forms are now wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Holding company. Since that time, the company has expanded in the US, Malaysia, Hong Kong and most recently the United Arab Emirates.
Principal offices
PIPC operates worldwide. Its principal office locations are listed below.
* - Sydney, Melbourne
* - Kuala Lumpur
* - Auckland, Wellington
* - Hong Kong
* - Singapore
* - Dubai, Abu Dhabi
* - London
* - Chicago IL, Los Angeles CA, New York NY
The Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype
The Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype (CMCH) is the name used to define a category that belongs to Cohanim males, J1 and J2, descendents from a commom ancestral type, strongly believed to be Aaron HaKohen, the first Priest, brother of Moses, and father of all Cohanim. Cohanim chromosomes are homogeneous. What characterize the Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype(CMCH) is a Y-Chromossome-Especific variation at six micro-satellites (repeats of short nucleotides sequences) called Unique Event Polymorphism which is a genetic marker that corresponds to a mutation that is so infrequently, that all individuals who share the marker, worldwide, have inherited it from the same common ancestor, and the same single mutation event.
Examples
Because of microsatellite instability, it was useful to define a COHEN MODAL CLUSTER, of six related chromosomes as the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH-6) used now as the standard signature and all of its one-mutation neighbours at the microsatellite loci, which all share the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism (UEP).
The distribution of allele sizes within Cohen UEP group, at the trinucleotide microsatellite DYS388 indicates a departure from the stepwise mutation modal. Because this modal underlies the method used to estimate the coalescence time of Cohen chromosomes, the DYS388 was 'dropped' and not considerate from the analysis.
Example:DYS = 393 390 19 391 392
J1 Standard CMH- 12 23 14 10 11 (Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism)
J2 Cohanim - 12 23 15 10 11 (Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism)
Katz, Kaplan, Kaplansky, Kahan, Catznelson, Kohn, Myer HaKohen.
All members with those surnames above that were tested, turn to be 'positive' for the Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype. They all share the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism and have the J2 Cohanim signature above.
Any one-mutation neighbours from the J1 Standard (CMH) above is considerate from the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism (UEP). Those who macth the Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism belongs to the single Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype (CMCH).
PS: Even counting the DYS388 as an one-step mutation either on the stepwise modal or infinite alleles modal, those J2 Cohanim above still share the Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism, because their values in DYS388=15 rather than 16 of the J1 CHM Standard 6 marks.
Coalescence Time
It is interesting to estimate the correct time at which Cohen chromossomes were derived from a commom ancestral chromossome (coalescence time). Under 'stepwise mutations' the average squared difference (ASD) in allele size among all current chromossome and the ancestral haplotype, averaged over loci, has an expectation of T, where is the mutation rate and T the coalescence time. Taking the Ashkenazic and Sephardic Communities as a whole, the value for ASD is 0.2226. Assuming a mutation rate of 0.0021, this gives a estimate of 106 generations time of 25 (30) years gives an estimate of 2,619 (3,180) years before present, dating the coalescence of the Cohanim chromossomes to between the Exodus and the destruction of the first Temple in 586 BC. Estimates based on the Ashkenazic and Sephardic samples taken separately are 2,619 (3,142) and 2,684 (3,221) years before present, respectively. To obtain confidence intervals on the distance between the ancestral and sampled chromossomes, it was noted that most non-ancestral haplotypes are singletons, indicating that the genealogy connecting Cohen chromossomes is more like the 'star genealogy' characteristic of 'rapid growth' than the other correlated genalogy characteristic of constant size populations. To obtain true confidence intervals in this case, (M) mutations occur during the 106 generations, with (M) being a Poisson random variable with parameter 106. The number of mutations increasing allele size (D) is drawn from a binomial distribution with parameters 0.5 and (M) leading to the distance D (2dm). In a star genealogy, there are 485 (the number of loci multiplied by the sample size) observations of D. Confidence intervals are obtained by repeating this process 1,000 times and taking the associated 2.5 and 97.5 pecentiles, leading to a 95% confidence interval of 84-130 generations for the combined Ashkenazic and Sephardic samples or for a generations time of 25 years, only 2,100-3,250 years before present. The 95% confidence interval places the origin of priestly Y-Chromossomes, in J1 and J2, sometime during or shortly before the first Temple period in Jewish history (2,100-3,250).According to Jewish Tradition, following the Exodus from Egypt, the tribe of Levi, of which Moses was a member, were assigned special religious responsabilities, and males descendents of Aaron, his brother, were selected to serve as Priests (Cohanim).
The Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype (CMCH) is the name used to define a category that belongs to Cohanim males, J1 and J2, descendents from a commom ancestral type, strongly believed to be Aaron HaKohen, the first Priest, brother of Moses, and father of all Cohanim. Cohanim chromosomes are homogeneous. What characterize the Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype(CMCH) is a Y-Chromossome-Especific variation at six micro-satellites (repeats of short nucleotides sequences) called Unique Event Polymorphism which is a genetic marker that corresponds to a mutation that is so infrequently, that all individuals who share the marker, worldwide, have inherited it from the same common ancestor, and the same single mutation event.
Examples
Because of microsatellite instability, it was useful to define a COHEN MODAL CLUSTER, of six related chromosomes as the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH-6) used now as the standard signature and all of its one-mutation neighbours at the microsatellite loci, which all share the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism (UEP).
The distribution of allele sizes within Cohen UEP group, at the trinucleotide microsatellite DYS388 indicates a departure from the stepwise mutation modal. Because this modal underlies the method used to estimate the coalescence time of Cohen chromosomes, the DYS388 was 'dropped' and not considerate from the analysis.
Example:DYS = 393 390 19 391 392
J1 Standard CMH- 12 23 14 10 11 (Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism)
J2 Cohanim - 12 23 15 10 11 (Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism)
Katz, Kaplan, Kaplansky, Kahan, Catznelson, Kohn, Myer HaKohen.
All members with those surnames above that were tested, turn to be 'positive' for the Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype. They all share the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism and have the J2 Cohanim signature above.
Any one-mutation neighbours from the J1 Standard (CMH) above is considerate from the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism (UEP). Those who macth the Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism belongs to the single Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype (CMCH).
PS: Even counting the DYS388 as an one-step mutation either on the stepwise modal or infinite alleles modal, those J2 Cohanim above still share the Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism, because their values in DYS388=15 rather than 16 of the J1 CHM Standard 6 marks.
Coalescence Time
It is interesting to estimate the correct time at which Cohen chromossomes were derived from a commom ancestral chromossome (coalescence time). Under 'stepwise mutations' the average squared difference (ASD) in allele size among all current chromossome and the ancestral haplotype, averaged over loci, has an expectation of T, where is the mutation rate and T the coalescence time. Taking the Ashkenazic and Sephardic Communities as a whole, the value for ASD is 0.2226. Assuming a mutation rate of 0.0021, this gives a estimate of 106 generations time of 25 (30) years gives an estimate of 2,619 (3,180) years before present, dating the coalescence of the Cohanim chromossomes to between the Exodus and the destruction of the first Temple in 586 BC. Estimates based on the Ashkenazic and Sephardic samples taken separately are 2,619 (3,142) and 2,684 (3,221) years before present, respectively. To obtain confidence intervals on the distance between the ancestral and sampled chromossomes, it was noted that most non-ancestral haplotypes are singletons, indicating that the genealogy connecting Cohen chromossomes is more like the 'star genealogy' characteristic of 'rapid growth' than the other correlated genalogy characteristic of constant size populations. To obtain true confidence intervals in this case, (M) mutations occur during the 106 generations, with (M) being a Poisson random variable with parameter 106. The number of mutations increasing allele size (D) is drawn from a binomial distribution with parameters 0.5 and (M) leading to the distance D (2dm). In a star genealogy, there are 485 (the number of loci multiplied by the sample size) observations of D. Confidence intervals are obtained by repeating this process 1,000 times and taking the associated 2.5 and 97.5 pecentiles, leading to a 95% confidence interval of 84-130 generations for the combined Ashkenazic and Sephardic samples or for a generations time of 25 years, only 2,100-3,250 years before present. The 95% confidence interval places the origin of priestly Y-Chromossomes, in J1 and J2, sometime during or shortly before the first Temple period in Jewish history (2,100-3,250).According to Jewish Tradition, following the Exodus from Egypt, the tribe of Levi, of which Moses was a member, were assigned special religious responsabilities, and males descendents of Aaron, his brother, were selected to serve as Priests (Cohanim).
Narukami (Nah-Roo-Kah-Mee) is an Original Character created by Ramsey Minto for an original story, and e is often used in Roleplays by Her. Narukami is half snake and is very skinny because of that. He can flex completely, and is very swift. He does indeed have a few scales on his chest area and thighs. His hair is slightly about shoulder length and is light green and yellow.
iantart.com/fs24/i/2007/338/5/4/Narukami_by_sakuragirlram.jpg
He is a species called, Gifcan.(Gifted beings) He lives with dozens of other Gifcans in the Sewers, Including Hisao, Rafe, Jhakir an many other Gifcanian beings.
iantart.com/fs20/i/2007/298/e/0/A_flower_fo_you_by_sakuragirlram.jpg
(Kami/Naru/Hisao)
iantart.com/fs24/i/2007/338/5/4/Narukami_by_sakuragirlram.jpg
He is a species called, Gifcan.(Gifted beings) He lives with dozens of other Gifcans in the Sewers, Including Hisao, Rafe, Jhakir an many other Gifcanian beings.
iantart.com/fs20/i/2007/298/e/0/A_flower_fo_you_by_sakuragirlram.jpg
(Kami/Naru/Hisao)