Morbidity and Mortality
A study by Freeman and Kendell (1980) found two deaths out of 183 ECT patients at Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Scotland, in 1976. That gives a death rate of a little over one per cent.
A register-based cohort study of all inpatients admitted to a psychiatric hospital from 1976 to 2000 showed that ECT patients had an increased suicide rate in the first week after the last treatment.
One difficulty in assessing the mortality rate of ECT patients is the tendency for doctors to assume that some other, pre-existing condition was the cause of the patient's death. An example: a case study in Clinical Geriatrics magazine reported that an 80 year old man developed catatonia and died of aspiration pneumonia after an ineffective course of ECT. The author ascribed the death to undiagnosed catatonia, rather than ECT.
A retrospective CAT scan and case review of 41 patients at least six months after ECT treatment showed a significant relationship between frontal lobe atrophy and ECT.
In 2007 Dr. Harold A. Sackeim of Columbia University published a study of 250 electroshock patients in New York City hospitals. The results indicated that certain types of electroshock treatment (bi-lateral, temple to temple) do cause long-term amnesia and mental impairment, especially among women and elderly patients.
History of Dissent
American psychiatrist Max Fink, editor in chief of 'Convulsive Therapy' magazine, who has been researching and writing about ECT for over 50 years, traces the origins of the controversy surrounding ECT back to the post World War II conflict between psychoanalysts (who in the 1960s headed most academic departments of psychiatry in the USA) and those who favoured somatic therapies. The introduction of neuroleptic and anti-depressant drugs in the late 1950s temporarily distracted from the conflict, but by the 1970s psychiatrists were becoming aware of the shortcomings of the new drugs and began to turn again to somatic therapies. Fink sees this as unfortunate timing as the 1970s also saw increasing concerns for the rights of people with mental illness.
In 1971 the Massachusetts Psychiatric Society formed a task force on ECT, concluding that it was a proven treatment for depression, but unproven in the treatment of schizophrenia or in the treatment of young children. In 1973 California introduced a law preventing the use of ECT on children under 12. Other states imposed lower age limits: Tennessee 14 (1976); Colorado 16 (1977); Texas 16 (1993). Texas also introduced reporting requirements and collects statistics on the use of ECT.
In 1975 the American Psychiatric Association followed the example of the Massachusetts Psychiatric Society and set up a task force, concluding that ECT was a useful treatment for depression, especially depression that had not responded to drugs, and mania. Researchers in Britain reached similar conclusions, but found low standards of care in many British hospitals. Fink quotes from the ensuing editorial in the medical journal The Lancet: “If ECT is ever legislated against or falls into disuse it will not be because it is an ineffective or dangerous treatment; it will be because psychiatrists have failed to supervise and monitor its use adequately.”
Max Fink says that the controversy surrounding ECT has led to “sparse and uneven” availability of the treatment, and that few psychiatric residency programmes offer training in ECT. As a consequence psychiatrists start to treat patients with ECT when they have little skill or knowledge.
A study by Freeman and Kendell (1980) found two deaths out of 183 ECT patients at Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Scotland, in 1976. That gives a death rate of a little over one per cent.
A register-based cohort study of all inpatients admitted to a psychiatric hospital from 1976 to 2000 showed that ECT patients had an increased suicide rate in the first week after the last treatment.
One difficulty in assessing the mortality rate of ECT patients is the tendency for doctors to assume that some other, pre-existing condition was the cause of the patient's death. An example: a case study in Clinical Geriatrics magazine reported that an 80 year old man developed catatonia and died of aspiration pneumonia after an ineffective course of ECT. The author ascribed the death to undiagnosed catatonia, rather than ECT.
A retrospective CAT scan and case review of 41 patients at least six months after ECT treatment showed a significant relationship between frontal lobe atrophy and ECT.
In 2007 Dr. Harold A. Sackeim of Columbia University published a study of 250 electroshock patients in New York City hospitals. The results indicated that certain types of electroshock treatment (bi-lateral, temple to temple) do cause long-term amnesia and mental impairment, especially among women and elderly patients.
History of Dissent
American psychiatrist Max Fink, editor in chief of 'Convulsive Therapy' magazine, who has been researching and writing about ECT for over 50 years, traces the origins of the controversy surrounding ECT back to the post World War II conflict between psychoanalysts (who in the 1960s headed most academic departments of psychiatry in the USA) and those who favoured somatic therapies. The introduction of neuroleptic and anti-depressant drugs in the late 1950s temporarily distracted from the conflict, but by the 1970s psychiatrists were becoming aware of the shortcomings of the new drugs and began to turn again to somatic therapies. Fink sees this as unfortunate timing as the 1970s also saw increasing concerns for the rights of people with mental illness.
In 1971 the Massachusetts Psychiatric Society formed a task force on ECT, concluding that it was a proven treatment for depression, but unproven in the treatment of schizophrenia or in the treatment of young children. In 1973 California introduced a law preventing the use of ECT on children under 12. Other states imposed lower age limits: Tennessee 14 (1976); Colorado 16 (1977); Texas 16 (1993). Texas also introduced reporting requirements and collects statistics on the use of ECT.
In 1975 the American Psychiatric Association followed the example of the Massachusetts Psychiatric Society and set up a task force, concluding that ECT was a useful treatment for depression, especially depression that had not responded to drugs, and mania. Researchers in Britain reached similar conclusions, but found low standards of care in many British hospitals. Fink quotes from the ensuing editorial in the medical journal The Lancet: “If ECT is ever legislated against or falls into disuse it will not be because it is an ineffective or dangerous treatment; it will be because psychiatrists have failed to supervise and monitor its use adequately.”
Max Fink says that the controversy surrounding ECT has led to “sparse and uneven” availability of the treatment, and that few psychiatric residency programmes offer training in ECT. As a consequence psychiatrists start to treat patients with ECT when they have little skill or knowledge.
B
* Amram Blau
F
* Moshe Aryeh Friedman
H
* Moshe Hirsch
M
* Avigdor Miller
S
* Moishe Sternbuch
T
* Joel Teitelbaum
W
* Yisroel Dovid Weiss
* Amram Blau
F
* Moshe Aryeh Friedman
H
* Moshe Hirsch
M
* Avigdor Miller
S
* Moishe Sternbuch
T
* Joel Teitelbaum
W
* Yisroel Dovid Weiss
Introduction
Fire Ball is a sport inspired by Joey Tribbiani and Chandler Bing from Friends. "The One with the Inappropriate Sister" back in Season 5, Joey and Chandler played fireball using a a tennis ball and some lighter fluid, and the term scorching good fun cannot be more accurate.
Rules
The game is played by 2 or more players, usually in a small house or apartment. The general goal is similar to Lacrosse but instead of a 'Netted Stick', players tend to use kitchen implements, such as a Spatula, Ladle or Serving Spoon. A netted Lacrosse stick could be used, although they are expensive and tend not to be robust enough for extended play. The tennis ball is soaked in a flammable liquid like Methylated spirit or Stoddard solvent, and play begins once the ball is lit.
The scoring system is quite simple, the 'score board' is a section of wall, usually near the corner of the room, with 3 rings painted in a triangular configuration. The top ring is worth 4 points, the bottom ring closest to the wall is worth 6 and the final ring is worth 2.
Solo Play
Since fireball has its origins in the 'young man's flat' environment, there are often just 2-3 players. For this reason, the standard game is played 'Solo' where one player must defend the score board, while all other players must attempt to hit the rings with the ball. 'Goalie' duty is taken in rotation, using based on a timer. The Goalie will often wear an Oven Mit to allow for safer hand deflections.
Team Play
Usually requiring a larger field of play, Team Fireball features two score boards, on opposite corners of the room, where each team must play into their opponents board. The gameplay rules are generally the same, and although rotation of the 'Goalie' is optional it is advised.
Variants
American Fireball
In North America, Fireball (or American Fireball) often features all players wearing Oven Mits and even Aprons for protection. This practice is generally acceptable for international play, when minors are involved, however it is frowned upon on the senior international circuit.
Outdoor Fireball
Players may sometimes move the field of play outdoors, particularly in the hot summer months, or if you have a fussy landlord. In this case, the recommended field of play size should be slightly larger then indoors, with the score board usually painted on a sheet of MDF or on an exterior wall if available.
Freestyle Fireball
Freestyle fireball is a very popular street variant of fireball, which is played at night using a soccer ball. Similar to hacky sack freestyle players aim to demonstrate their skills by performing tricks with the flaming soccer ball. This spectator centric sport has garnered much popularity amongst juggling aficionadoes, is often performed alongside the fire poi and flaming clubs, but is shunned by hardcore 'fire footbag' fans as being derivative.
Images
Fire Ball is a sport inspired by Joey Tribbiani and Chandler Bing from Friends. "The One with the Inappropriate Sister" back in Season 5, Joey and Chandler played fireball using a a tennis ball and some lighter fluid, and the term scorching good fun cannot be more accurate.
Rules
The game is played by 2 or more players, usually in a small house or apartment. The general goal is similar to Lacrosse but instead of a 'Netted Stick', players tend to use kitchen implements, such as a Spatula, Ladle or Serving Spoon. A netted Lacrosse stick could be used, although they are expensive and tend not to be robust enough for extended play. The tennis ball is soaked in a flammable liquid like Methylated spirit or Stoddard solvent, and play begins once the ball is lit.
The scoring system is quite simple, the 'score board' is a section of wall, usually near the corner of the room, with 3 rings painted in a triangular configuration. The top ring is worth 4 points, the bottom ring closest to the wall is worth 6 and the final ring is worth 2.
Solo Play
Since fireball has its origins in the 'young man's flat' environment, there are often just 2-3 players. For this reason, the standard game is played 'Solo' where one player must defend the score board, while all other players must attempt to hit the rings with the ball. 'Goalie' duty is taken in rotation, using based on a timer. The Goalie will often wear an Oven Mit to allow for safer hand deflections.
Team Play
Usually requiring a larger field of play, Team Fireball features two score boards, on opposite corners of the room, where each team must play into their opponents board. The gameplay rules are generally the same, and although rotation of the 'Goalie' is optional it is advised.
Variants
American Fireball
In North America, Fireball (or American Fireball) often features all players wearing Oven Mits and even Aprons for protection. This practice is generally acceptable for international play, when minors are involved, however it is frowned upon on the senior international circuit.
Outdoor Fireball
Players may sometimes move the field of play outdoors, particularly in the hot summer months, or if you have a fussy landlord. In this case, the recommended field of play size should be slightly larger then indoors, with the score board usually painted on a sheet of MDF or on an exterior wall if available.
Freestyle Fireball
Freestyle fireball is a very popular street variant of fireball, which is played at night using a soccer ball. Similar to hacky sack freestyle players aim to demonstrate their skills by performing tricks with the flaming soccer ball. This spectator centric sport has garnered much popularity amongst juggling aficionadoes, is often performed alongside the fire poi and flaming clubs, but is shunned by hardcore 'fire footbag' fans as being derivative.
Images
Sultan Catto is an American physicist. He is currently Professor of Physics and Executive Officer of the PhD program at the City University of New York, The Graduate Center.
Prof. Sultan Catto has contributed to the development of elementary particle physics, especially in the area of dynamical supersymmetry, and in mathematics in the areas of spectral theory, automorphic forms, and "octonionic projective geometries" (see Octonions and Projective Geometry), areas with applications in quantum mechanics.
Biography
Currently he is the Chairman of the Physics PhD Program at CUNY Graduate School
His current academic titles are:
* Professor and Executive Officer, Ph.D. Program , Physics, CUNY Graduate Center
* Professor, Baruch College, CUNY
* Professor, Center for Theoretical Physics, Rockefeller University
* Associate Research Scientist, Henry Krumb School of Mines, Columbia University
Awards
He was awarded the “Benjamin W. Lee Prize” by the International School of Subnuclear Physics (Ettore Majorana) in Sicily, Italy, the award having been refereed by the three Nobel Laureates, T. D. Lee, Sheldon Glashow and E. P. Wigner, and granted for his work on quark-diquark supersymmetry.
Research and work in progress
Starting with a series of papers published between 1984 and the present, he and his collaborator (Feza Gürsey) exploited internal (dynamical) supersymmetries to construct a combined classification scheme for mesons and baryons. The theoretical models they developed led to the existence of multiquark bound states which were recently grounded in experiments (for example a0 (980) and f0 (975) are of this type). For further details, see Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry.
More recently he is completing a book on "Algebraic Approaches to Particle Theory." The book will cover Relativistic Quark Models, Constraint Superalgebras, Supergroups in Critical dimensions and Lattices Generated by Discrete Jordan Algebras.
Another book, on "Octonionic Structures in Physics," is nearing completion (with Carlos J. Moreno at Baruch College and the CUNY Graduate School).
Recent Publications:
* V.P. Akulov, Sultan Catto and A. Pashnev, N=2 SuperTime Dependent Oscillator and spontaneous Breaking of Supersymmetry
* Sultan Catto, Exceptional Projective Geometries and Internal Symmetries
* Sultan Catto, Effective Hadronic Lagrangians Based on QCD: Potential Models and Skyrmions
* V.P. Akulov, Sultan Catto, Oktay Cebecioglu and A. Pashnev, On the Time Dependent Oscillator and the Nonlinear Realizations of the Virasoro Group; Physics Letters B, 575, 137 (2003)
* Sultan Catto, Jonathan Huntley, Nam Jong Moh, and David Tepper, Weyl's Law with Error Estimate
* Sultan Catto, Algebraic Realization of Quark-Diquark Supersymmetry
* Sultan Catto, Symmetries and Mass Predictions of the Supersymmetric Quark Model
* Sultan Catto, Jonathan Huntley, Jay Jorgenson and David Tepper, On an Analog of Selberg's Eigenvalue Conjecture for SL\_3(Z)
* Sultan Catto, Constraint Superalgebras and Their Application to Gauge Field Theories and String Theories
* Sultan Catto, Chiral Symmetry and Vertex Symmetry in the Extended Moeller-Rosenfeld Model
* Sultan Catto, Self-Dual Fields and Quaternion Analyticity
*Book/Monogram (in two volumes)
:eds. Sultan Catto and Alvany Rocha
:Proceedings of the XXth International Conference on Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics New York City, USA
:(Singapore; River Edge, N.J.: World Scienrific, 1992)
:OCLC: 25813352
:ISBN 9810208286; ISBN 9810209932
Prof. Sultan Catto has contributed to the development of elementary particle physics, especially in the area of dynamical supersymmetry, and in mathematics in the areas of spectral theory, automorphic forms, and "octonionic projective geometries" (see Octonions and Projective Geometry), areas with applications in quantum mechanics.
Biography
Currently he is the Chairman of the Physics PhD Program at CUNY Graduate School
His current academic titles are:
* Professor and Executive Officer, Ph.D. Program , Physics, CUNY Graduate Center
* Professor, Baruch College, CUNY
* Professor, Center for Theoretical Physics, Rockefeller University
* Associate Research Scientist, Henry Krumb School of Mines, Columbia University
Awards
He was awarded the “Benjamin W. Lee Prize” by the International School of Subnuclear Physics (Ettore Majorana) in Sicily, Italy, the award having been refereed by the three Nobel Laureates, T. D. Lee, Sheldon Glashow and E. P. Wigner, and granted for his work on quark-diquark supersymmetry.
Research and work in progress
Starting with a series of papers published between 1984 and the present, he and his collaborator (Feza Gürsey) exploited internal (dynamical) supersymmetries to construct a combined classification scheme for mesons and baryons. The theoretical models they developed led to the existence of multiquark bound states which were recently grounded in experiments (for example a0 (980) and f0 (975) are of this type). For further details, see Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry.
More recently he is completing a book on "Algebraic Approaches to Particle Theory." The book will cover Relativistic Quark Models, Constraint Superalgebras, Supergroups in Critical dimensions and Lattices Generated by Discrete Jordan Algebras.
Another book, on "Octonionic Structures in Physics," is nearing completion (with Carlos J. Moreno at Baruch College and the CUNY Graduate School).
Recent Publications:
* V.P. Akulov, Sultan Catto and A. Pashnev, N=2 SuperTime Dependent Oscillator and spontaneous Breaking of Supersymmetry
* Sultan Catto, Exceptional Projective Geometries and Internal Symmetries
* Sultan Catto, Effective Hadronic Lagrangians Based on QCD: Potential Models and Skyrmions
* V.P. Akulov, Sultan Catto, Oktay Cebecioglu and A. Pashnev, On the Time Dependent Oscillator and the Nonlinear Realizations of the Virasoro Group; Physics Letters B, 575, 137 (2003)
* Sultan Catto, Jonathan Huntley, Nam Jong Moh, and David Tepper, Weyl's Law with Error Estimate
* Sultan Catto, Algebraic Realization of Quark-Diquark Supersymmetry
* Sultan Catto, Symmetries and Mass Predictions of the Supersymmetric Quark Model
* Sultan Catto, Jonathan Huntley, Jay Jorgenson and David Tepper, On an Analog of Selberg's Eigenvalue Conjecture for SL\_3(Z)
* Sultan Catto, Constraint Superalgebras and Their Application to Gauge Field Theories and String Theories
* Sultan Catto, Chiral Symmetry and Vertex Symmetry in the Extended Moeller-Rosenfeld Model
* Sultan Catto, Self-Dual Fields and Quaternion Analyticity
*Book/Monogram (in two volumes)
:eds. Sultan Catto and Alvany Rocha
:Proceedings of the XXth International Conference on Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics New York City, USA
:(Singapore; River Edge, N.J.: World Scienrific, 1992)
:OCLC: 25813352
:ISBN 9810208286; ISBN 9810209932