Until recently the term panelplane occurred most often in relation to a woodworking tool peculiar to Holland, now mostly traded as antiques among collectors. In 2003 however a company with the same name was founded in England, ostensibly with a view to making planes ~ either hydroplanes or surface-skimming aeroplanes ~ out of foam panels.
The company was established to design surface-effect watercraft using two-dimensional design techniques exclusively. Often known as WIGs (Wing in Ground Effect), these use the dynamic compression of air beneath a hull at speed to raise them clear of the water. The owner of the company (who combined these researches with work as an airline captain) was convinced that these types of craft would only take off commercially if the cost of prototyping, and the subsequent kits for sale, could be reduced to a minimum.
By the early years of this century foamed plastic sheets jig-sawed by machine were becoming widespread in aero-modelling. This material was based on fine-beaded polystyrene, by this time used extensively both for packaging and building insulation. At the same time advances in the production of panels made from PVC, PU and SAN (all of them foamed plastics derived from oil products) meant that these were used extensively in areas as diverse as marine watercraft or wind turbine blades. In each of these applications the foam normally provides a "core" material to which structural skins like glass-fibre can be applied.
Development undertaken by this new company however established that these foams could be cut according to templates and re-assembled in much the same way as aero-models in order to fast-track different arrangements for surface-skimmers. By and large these employ a pair of buoyant "blades" in a catamaran configuration, which are fitted with hydro-skis. The foam in each blade provides much of the static buoyancy that is required of the vessel, while the skis allow it to hydroplane once underway. The blades are normally joined by a simple deck formed of a single foam panel of a standard size, viz. 2440 mm by 1220 mm by 50 mm. The deck might also be arranged to augment the effect of the hydro-skis with aerodynamic lift.
What distinguishes these craft from others is the configuration of the blades. They are around sixteen foot long but being produced from panels, they are entirely slab-sided. Typically to create a blade the original panel is divided broadly into an upper and lower half, but cut so that one segment has a convex edge and the other a concave. These segments are then joined lengthwise to produce a profile that resembles a kitchen knife, with a cutting edge (which supports the skis), a "step" and a riser. Each of these features are ideal for fast progress through water, and in particular allow the craft to be trimmed or "rotated" in pitch, much like an aeroplane.
The full history is available from the company website on www.panelplane.com or alternatively in e-book form, where the development is described under the title "Flying Foam" (published within www.summersdale.com) by the founder.
The company was established to design surface-effect watercraft using two-dimensional design techniques exclusively. Often known as WIGs (Wing in Ground Effect), these use the dynamic compression of air beneath a hull at speed to raise them clear of the water. The owner of the company (who combined these researches with work as an airline captain) was convinced that these types of craft would only take off commercially if the cost of prototyping, and the subsequent kits for sale, could be reduced to a minimum.
By the early years of this century foamed plastic sheets jig-sawed by machine were becoming widespread in aero-modelling. This material was based on fine-beaded polystyrene, by this time used extensively both for packaging and building insulation. At the same time advances in the production of panels made from PVC, PU and SAN (all of them foamed plastics derived from oil products) meant that these were used extensively in areas as diverse as marine watercraft or wind turbine blades. In each of these applications the foam normally provides a "core" material to which structural skins like glass-fibre can be applied.
Development undertaken by this new company however established that these foams could be cut according to templates and re-assembled in much the same way as aero-models in order to fast-track different arrangements for surface-skimmers. By and large these employ a pair of buoyant "blades" in a catamaran configuration, which are fitted with hydro-skis. The foam in each blade provides much of the static buoyancy that is required of the vessel, while the skis allow it to hydroplane once underway. The blades are normally joined by a simple deck formed of a single foam panel of a standard size, viz. 2440 mm by 1220 mm by 50 mm. The deck might also be arranged to augment the effect of the hydro-skis with aerodynamic lift.
What distinguishes these craft from others is the configuration of the blades. They are around sixteen foot long but being produced from panels, they are entirely slab-sided. Typically to create a blade the original panel is divided broadly into an upper and lower half, but cut so that one segment has a convex edge and the other a concave. These segments are then joined lengthwise to produce a profile that resembles a kitchen knife, with a cutting edge (which supports the skis), a "step" and a riser. Each of these features are ideal for fast progress through water, and in particular allow the craft to be trimmed or "rotated" in pitch, much like an aeroplane.
The full history is available from the company website on www.panelplane.com or alternatively in e-book form, where the development is described under the title "Flying Foam" (published within www.summersdale.com) by the founder.
The Coca-Cola formula is The Coca-Cola Company's top-secret recipe for Coca-Cola. The formula is considered one of the most closely-held trade secrets in modern business. Only a few top Coca-Cola employees are reported to know or have access to the formula.
Merchandise 7X is the "secret ingredient" in Coca-Cola. The ingredient has remained a secret since its invention in 1886. The description of the ingredient is kept in a security vault in a bank in Atlanta, Georgia. Only two people in the company know the formula at any one time.
Published accounts say it contains or once contained sugar, caramel, caffeine, phosphoric acid, coca leaf and kola nut extract, lime extract, flavoring mixture, vanilla and glycerin. Alleged syrup recipes vary greatly, and Coca-Cola reluctantly admits the formula has changed over the decades. In a much-publicized corporate disaster, Coca-Cola introduced New Coke in 1985. After public outcry, the recipe was restored to the original formula.
Recipes for other soft drinks and products?Pepsi-Cola, KFC chicken and McDonalds special sauce?are also closely-guarded trade secrets, but the Coke formula certainly attracts the most attention.
Amateur sleuths have tried to reverse engineer the production process and ingredients. The secret formula is the subject of books, speculation and marketing lore. The company consistently claims that all published recipes are incorrect.
Ingredients of Coke
You can read the main ingredients list on the can. It reads something like this: High Fructose Corn Syrup and/or Sucrose, Water, Caramel Color, Phosphoric Acid, Natural Flavors, Caffeine.
However, the recipe -- the formula -- is famously secret.
If you're wondering whether coca or cocaine is on the ingredients list, it is not now, but it once was.
Merchandise 7X is the "secret ingredient" in Coca-Cola. The ingredient has remained a secret since its invention in 1886. The description of the ingredient is kept in a security vault in a bank in Atlanta, Georgia. Only two people in the company know the formula at any one time.
Published accounts say it contains or once contained sugar, caramel, caffeine, phosphoric acid, coca leaf and kola nut extract, lime extract, flavoring mixture, vanilla and glycerin. Alleged syrup recipes vary greatly, and Coca-Cola reluctantly admits the formula has changed over the decades. In a much-publicized corporate disaster, Coca-Cola introduced New Coke in 1985. After public outcry, the recipe was restored to the original formula.
Recipes for other soft drinks and products?Pepsi-Cola, KFC chicken and McDonalds special sauce?are also closely-guarded trade secrets, but the Coke formula certainly attracts the most attention.
Amateur sleuths have tried to reverse engineer the production process and ingredients. The secret formula is the subject of books, speculation and marketing lore. The company consistently claims that all published recipes are incorrect.
Ingredients of Coke
You can read the main ingredients list on the can. It reads something like this: High Fructose Corn Syrup and/or Sucrose, Water, Caramel Color, Phosphoric Acid, Natural Flavors, Caffeine.
However, the recipe -- the formula -- is famously secret.
If you're wondering whether coca or cocaine is on the ingredients list, it is not now, but it once was.
The Hero Factor is an Indie/Pop/Rock band based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. They released their first album in 2003 which was titled "Tulsa City Limits". This was a live album recorded almost unbeknownst to the band and released just to give the fans something to buy at shows. This album was followed up by Interactions which was released in 2005. This was their first studio effort.
The Hero Factor has toured extensively throughout the Midwest, and including Arizona and California. The Hero Factor is still recording and playing in Tulsa, Oklahoma as of 2007.
* Ben Kilgore- Vocals,guitar
* Matt Fisher- Vocals, Guitar
* Eric Arndt(E-Train)- Bass, Vocals
* Chad Copelin- Keyboards
* Nathan Price- Drums
The Hero Factor has toured extensively throughout the Midwest, and including Arizona and California. The Hero Factor is still recording and playing in Tulsa, Oklahoma as of 2007.
* Ben Kilgore- Vocals,guitar
* Matt Fisher- Vocals, Guitar
* Eric Arndt(E-Train)- Bass, Vocals
* Chad Copelin- Keyboards
* Nathan Price- Drums
Due to its world prominent position in news, culture and cinema, the US may be unique in the number of world famous sportsmen it has produced. Defining "world famous" as those whose name is recognised throughout the English speaking world and in the majority of other countries, these are:
Baseball
*Babe Ruth
Basketball
*Michael Jordan
Boxing
*Muhammad Ali
Golf
Tiger Woods.
Baseball
*Babe Ruth
Basketball
*Michael Jordan
Boxing
*Muhammad Ali
Golf
Tiger Woods.