Abraham Busset (1704--1761) was a Palatine emigrant from Europe, who later became a significant land-owner and planter in early New Bern, North Carolina. The ancestry of Abraham and his sister Margaret Busset Simmons is an important area of interest for genealogists seeking to extend their family tree beyond New Bern. Abraham's story is notable not only by itself but as an example of early Palatine and Swiss emigrants to New Bern.
European Ancestry
Records linking the Bussets to their ancestral home in Europe are scarce. Jones suggests that Abraham and Margaret are children of a Daniel Buschart/Boset/Busset who came to the US as part of the ``4th Rotterdam Departure of Palatines. As Jones states, this is only a ``Possible scenario. Another possibility is that they are the children of Johann and Maria Buchse/Busset mentioned in a letter by Margaret's husband Johannes Simon to his grandfather in Switzerland .
It has been suggested that the Abraham Busset born in 1658 in the Ormont-Dessus village of Vaud canton in Switzerland is the father of Abraham and Margaret. It is intriguing to note that church records of Ormont-Dessus show at least four Abraham Bussets from the period 1650-1750. Finding a link between the Bussets and Ormont-Dessus would certainly explain Abraham's name.
Palatine Connection
Knittle gives a flowery description of Switzerland's role in accepting religious refugees:
(Switzerland) was the common refuge for persecuted Protestants in the Reformation period. This status as refuge apparently was not always acceptable to the Swiss. Luck notes that Georg Ritter and others formed a group to settle land in Pennsylvania and Virginia: Ritter and Co. were to be paid 45 thalers a head for every Taufer (Baptist) they succeeded in carrying off to America and 500 thalers more for another group of about 100 paupers who desired to America.
Luck gives information on Christoph von Graffenried, with whom it appears Abraham emigrated from Switzerland:
: In 1710, Christoph von Graffenried (1661-1743) of Bern joined in the act. As a man of considerable influence, he managed to obtain 17,500 acres of land in North Carolina on which he settled some of Michel's emigres, with still more from the Palatinate. He founded the town of New Bern, apparently assisted by Michel and Georg Ritter and Co. Battles with the Indians made life in New Bern precarious.
Von Graffenried gathered Palatine refugees (apparently including some Swiss) in England, and sent them on to Virgina and North Carolina. He followed later with a contingent from
Bern. When he arrived after a relatively safe and comfortable passage, he found his Palatine settlers decimated in number, and in poor health. One of their ships had been plundered by a French privateer,
another had a very rough voyage, and in North Carolina they had been settled by a government official on his unhealthy swamp land so they could clear it for him.
The rough times were not over yet for the settlers. Graffenried chronicles in his appologetic account yet more intrigue among the settlers. One governor died as von Graffenried arrived, and the other was not immediately recognized. Graffenried was pursuing silver which Michel had told him of, which surely was a distraction if nothing else. Finally, the Tuscarora Indian war decimated the population again. Abraham signed a petition in 1747 stating that he was affiliated with the Palatine emmigrants; it seems safe to assume that he emigrated with Graffenreid.
Bussets and Switzerland
It is not clear whether the Bussets came with the Palatine group to London, and were recruited by von Graffenried there, or if they came later with his group from Bern. There is a paucity of documentation of the trip. Apparently no official ship's passenger list survived, though there may be something in Switzerland.
Jones suggests that a Daniel Buschart/Boset is the father of Margaret and Abraham:
: Daniel Buschart with wife and 8 children was in the 4th Party Roterdam Departure List; this party sailed for London 21 June 1709. He appears in the 4th Party London Arrivals List, taken at St. Catherine's and Deptford 27 June 1709, as Daniel Boset aged 59, linen and cloth weaver, Reformed, with wife, sons aged 14 and 5, and daughters 21, 19, 13, 11, 9 and 1 month. I think this is the New Bern settler. Hank Jones also shows Daniel Pasch/Bouche who went to New York in 1710. He is not shown on the 1711 Swiss map, so if he was indeed Swiss, then he was an artisan living in the town of New Bern. His family probably was too large for them to have been living with another family listed on the map. He is not mentioned in any of the 1711 Swiss letters home. Jones finds no record of Daniel Buschart/Boset in North Carolina; the connection of this man to Abraham and Margaret remains tenuous.
Jones above apparently refers to ``Various Letters from North Carolina`` included in one edition of von Graffenied's account. Johann Busche and wife Maria Magdalena are mentioned in a letter written by (or at least in the name of) Margaret Busset's future husband, Johannes Simon, but the connection to the Bussets seems incidental. If Abraham and Margaret's parents did come to North Carolina, it seems reasonable that they were killed in the Indian wars or of other causes not long after arriving in North Carolina. At least there is almost no documentation of the parents in N.C.
Bussets in North Carolina
Craven County Precinct records talk about an Abraham and Margaret "Minnet" who were bound out as orphans. Given the education and spelling skills of the clerks at the time, it is reasonable to suppose that this is Abraham and Margaret Busset. By the 1730s Abraham Busset had bought land as denoted by many court records . By 1739 he was Commissioner of Roads for Craven County and an active plantation owner. Abraham signed a petition in 1747 stating that he was affiliated with the Palatine emmigrants; it seems safe to assume that he did indeed emigrate with Graffenreid. Though Abraham was married to "Susannah" at his death, he apparently did not have any surviving children, since "John" (Johannes) Simmons was listed as his next-of-kin. Margaret married Johannes Simmons (around 1716, as a guess); they named a son Abraham Busset Simmons.
European Ancestry
Records linking the Bussets to their ancestral home in Europe are scarce. Jones suggests that Abraham and Margaret are children of a Daniel Buschart/Boset/Busset who came to the US as part of the ``4th Rotterdam Departure of Palatines. As Jones states, this is only a ``Possible scenario. Another possibility is that they are the children of Johann and Maria Buchse/Busset mentioned in a letter by Margaret's husband Johannes Simon to his grandfather in Switzerland .
It has been suggested that the Abraham Busset born in 1658 in the Ormont-Dessus village of Vaud canton in Switzerland is the father of Abraham and Margaret. It is intriguing to note that church records of Ormont-Dessus show at least four Abraham Bussets from the period 1650-1750. Finding a link between the Bussets and Ormont-Dessus would certainly explain Abraham's name.
Palatine Connection
Knittle gives a flowery description of Switzerland's role in accepting religious refugees:
(Switzerland) was the common refuge for persecuted Protestants in the Reformation period. This status as refuge apparently was not always acceptable to the Swiss. Luck notes that Georg Ritter and others formed a group to settle land in Pennsylvania and Virginia: Ritter and Co. were to be paid 45 thalers a head for every Taufer (Baptist) they succeeded in carrying off to America and 500 thalers more for another group of about 100 paupers who desired to America.
Luck gives information on Christoph von Graffenried, with whom it appears Abraham emigrated from Switzerland:
: In 1710, Christoph von Graffenried (1661-1743) of Bern joined in the act. As a man of considerable influence, he managed to obtain 17,500 acres of land in North Carolina on which he settled some of Michel's emigres, with still more from the Palatinate. He founded the town of New Bern, apparently assisted by Michel and Georg Ritter and Co. Battles with the Indians made life in New Bern precarious.
Von Graffenried gathered Palatine refugees (apparently including some Swiss) in England, and sent them on to Virgina and North Carolina. He followed later with a contingent from
Bern. When he arrived after a relatively safe and comfortable passage, he found his Palatine settlers decimated in number, and in poor health. One of their ships had been plundered by a French privateer,
another had a very rough voyage, and in North Carolina they had been settled by a government official on his unhealthy swamp land so they could clear it for him.
The rough times were not over yet for the settlers. Graffenried chronicles in his appologetic account yet more intrigue among the settlers. One governor died as von Graffenried arrived, and the other was not immediately recognized. Graffenried was pursuing silver which Michel had told him of, which surely was a distraction if nothing else. Finally, the Tuscarora Indian war decimated the population again. Abraham signed a petition in 1747 stating that he was affiliated with the Palatine emmigrants; it seems safe to assume that he emigrated with Graffenreid.
Bussets and Switzerland
It is not clear whether the Bussets came with the Palatine group to London, and were recruited by von Graffenried there, or if they came later with his group from Bern. There is a paucity of documentation of the trip. Apparently no official ship's passenger list survived, though there may be something in Switzerland.
Jones suggests that a Daniel Buschart/Boset is the father of Margaret and Abraham:
: Daniel Buschart with wife and 8 children was in the 4th Party Roterdam Departure List; this party sailed for London 21 June 1709. He appears in the 4th Party London Arrivals List, taken at St. Catherine's and Deptford 27 June 1709, as Daniel Boset aged 59, linen and cloth weaver, Reformed, with wife, sons aged 14 and 5, and daughters 21, 19, 13, 11, 9 and 1 month. I think this is the New Bern settler. Hank Jones also shows Daniel Pasch/Bouche who went to New York in 1710. He is not shown on the 1711 Swiss map, so if he was indeed Swiss, then he was an artisan living in the town of New Bern. His family probably was too large for them to have been living with another family listed on the map. He is not mentioned in any of the 1711 Swiss letters home. Jones finds no record of Daniel Buschart/Boset in North Carolina; the connection of this man to Abraham and Margaret remains tenuous.
Jones above apparently refers to ``Various Letters from North Carolina`` included in one edition of von Graffenied's account. Johann Busche and wife Maria Magdalena are mentioned in a letter written by (or at least in the name of) Margaret Busset's future husband, Johannes Simon, but the connection to the Bussets seems incidental. If Abraham and Margaret's parents did come to North Carolina, it seems reasonable that they were killed in the Indian wars or of other causes not long after arriving in North Carolina. At least there is almost no documentation of the parents in N.C.
Bussets in North Carolina
Craven County Precinct records talk about an Abraham and Margaret "Minnet" who were bound out as orphans. Given the education and spelling skills of the clerks at the time, it is reasonable to suppose that this is Abraham and Margaret Busset. By the 1730s Abraham Busset had bought land as denoted by many court records . By 1739 he was Commissioner of Roads for Craven County and an active plantation owner. Abraham signed a petition in 1747 stating that he was affiliated with the Palatine emmigrants; it seems safe to assume that he did indeed emigrate with Graffenreid. Though Abraham was married to "Susannah" at his death, he apparently did not have any surviving children, since "John" (Johannes) Simmons was listed as his next-of-kin. Margaret married Johannes Simmons (around 1716, as a guess); they named a son Abraham Busset Simmons.
Muhammad Hussain Baksh, commonly known as Hazrat Baba Malang Sahib, was born to Ghulam Muhammad and Maye Churaan Bibi in 1921 in Hoshiarpur (Punjab) British India. He was the descendent of General Yaar Muhammad who was the son of a Sufi saint Shah Muhammad and one of the most faithful Commander-in-Chiefs of Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore. He was the fourth in the line of succesion from Baba Jyoti Shah, the celebrated Sufi saint and poet of Punjab who belonged to the Chisti order of Sufis.
Hussain’s father was an extremely relegious person who sent him to the local ‘Madrassa’ (Islamic school), for learning Quranic education while his mother was a liberal Sufi lady. She was the student of the famous saint Maulvi Ghulam Rasool of Alampur (Hosiarpur). After her marrige she came to live in her husband's house near Nanda Chaur (Hoshiarpur) where she soon became the pupil of Baba Jyoti Shah, the outstanding Sufi saint and Sat-Guru of his time. She also use to visit Sant Baba Narayan Das, a contemporary and comrade of Baba Jyoti Shah. Hussain was called in home by his mother as Jyoti Saroop, a name given to him by Enayat Shah Zeldar. She died when Hussain was quite young.
After her death, in accordance with her will, Enayat Shah Zeldar, the ex-feudalist turned saint and the caliph of Baba Jyoti Shah, took the responsibility of teaching the young Hussain, but feeling himself too old and not up to the task, Baba Jyoti Shah assigned his disciple Baba Maoj Deen to be the new teacher of Hussain. It was Maoj Deen who first called Hussain a Malang, a term used for enlighted and dauntless Sufis and qalandars.
Maoj Deen was the friend of the famous poet Dr. Muhammad Iqbal. Once, Iqbal was sitting with Maoj Deen when Malang Hussain arrived. Maoj Deen said to Iqbal 'there comes my Shaheen'. Malang met Iqbal and both admired each other. Malang used to meet with Baba Sawan Singh and Sant Baba Narayan Das both of whom he respected as his Gurus.
In about 1934, the young Hussain moved to Lahore from Hoshiarpur. After spending four or fives years in Lahore Malang got a job with British Indian Railways in Lahore. Maoj Deen was also an employ of the Railways thus both were able to enjoy each other’s company. Maoj taught Hussain like a benevolent friend and comrade.
Malang Hussain had due respect in his heart for Maoj Deen and loved him more than he loved his father. To his way of thinking, his father gave him life but his teacher gave him the way to lead his life. Malang was the favourite disciple of Maoj Din. He was the ‘Shaheen of Maoj Deen’ who latter became his caliph.
Malang was a revoltionary Sufi. He had a close comradeship with revolutionary leaders like Dada Amir Haider and Dr. Aziz Shaheed. He also remained in touch with Maulana Bhashani, Massod Khadarpoosh and Mir Ghous Baksh Bazejo। He was a keen supporter of the proletariat revolution. To Comrade Dr. Aziz he was the "Incarnation of Karl Marx". Aziz and Dada used to call him "Our Guru". During the partition of British India, Malang's moral support was with Bhagat Singh and Subhas Chandra Bose, the famous Indian revolutionaries.
Malang was one of the greatest humanists of his time. He was against the bloody partition of India in 1947, during which he risked his own life to save the lives of many Sikhs and Hindus from the hands of extremist Muslims, by helping them to reach safe destinations in India.
According to Baba Malang Sahib all human beings, and all other creatures too, belong to one class. He loved animals and birds so much that he never wore shoes or any item made of leather and never ate meat. He was a firm believer in Wahdat-ul-Wujood, the Sufi belief that God lies in everything and everyone lies in God.
Malang died on October 31, 1995 in Lahore due to a lung disease. He is buried in Mughalpura near his beloved teacher Maoj Deen.
Hussain’s father was an extremely relegious person who sent him to the local ‘Madrassa’ (Islamic school), for learning Quranic education while his mother was a liberal Sufi lady. She was the student of the famous saint Maulvi Ghulam Rasool of Alampur (Hosiarpur). After her marrige she came to live in her husband's house near Nanda Chaur (Hoshiarpur) where she soon became the pupil of Baba Jyoti Shah, the outstanding Sufi saint and Sat-Guru of his time. She also use to visit Sant Baba Narayan Das, a contemporary and comrade of Baba Jyoti Shah. Hussain was called in home by his mother as Jyoti Saroop, a name given to him by Enayat Shah Zeldar. She died when Hussain was quite young.
After her death, in accordance with her will, Enayat Shah Zeldar, the ex-feudalist turned saint and the caliph of Baba Jyoti Shah, took the responsibility of teaching the young Hussain, but feeling himself too old and not up to the task, Baba Jyoti Shah assigned his disciple Baba Maoj Deen to be the new teacher of Hussain. It was Maoj Deen who first called Hussain a Malang, a term used for enlighted and dauntless Sufis and qalandars.
Maoj Deen was the friend of the famous poet Dr. Muhammad Iqbal. Once, Iqbal was sitting with Maoj Deen when Malang Hussain arrived. Maoj Deen said to Iqbal 'there comes my Shaheen'. Malang met Iqbal and both admired each other. Malang used to meet with Baba Sawan Singh and Sant Baba Narayan Das both of whom he respected as his Gurus.
In about 1934, the young Hussain moved to Lahore from Hoshiarpur. After spending four or fives years in Lahore Malang got a job with British Indian Railways in Lahore. Maoj Deen was also an employ of the Railways thus both were able to enjoy each other’s company. Maoj taught Hussain like a benevolent friend and comrade.
Malang Hussain had due respect in his heart for Maoj Deen and loved him more than he loved his father. To his way of thinking, his father gave him life but his teacher gave him the way to lead his life. Malang was the favourite disciple of Maoj Din. He was the ‘Shaheen of Maoj Deen’ who latter became his caliph.
Malang was a revoltionary Sufi. He had a close comradeship with revolutionary leaders like Dada Amir Haider and Dr. Aziz Shaheed. He also remained in touch with Maulana Bhashani, Massod Khadarpoosh and Mir Ghous Baksh Bazejo। He was a keen supporter of the proletariat revolution. To Comrade Dr. Aziz he was the "Incarnation of Karl Marx". Aziz and Dada used to call him "Our Guru". During the partition of British India, Malang's moral support was with Bhagat Singh and Subhas Chandra Bose, the famous Indian revolutionaries.
Malang was one of the greatest humanists of his time. He was against the bloody partition of India in 1947, during which he risked his own life to save the lives of many Sikhs and Hindus from the hands of extremist Muslims, by helping them to reach safe destinations in India.
According to Baba Malang Sahib all human beings, and all other creatures too, belong to one class. He loved animals and birds so much that he never wore shoes or any item made of leather and never ate meat. He was a firm believer in Wahdat-ul-Wujood, the Sufi belief that God lies in everything and everyone lies in God.
Malang died on October 31, 1995 in Lahore due to a lung disease. He is buried in Mughalpura near his beloved teacher Maoj Deen.
AfterLogic XMail Server is a family of mail server products for
Windows, Linux, Unix. It includes a commercial edition, XMail Server
Pro, and open-source GPLv2 edition, XMail Server Lite.
These products are being developed by AfterLogic Corp. on the
basis of XMail by Davide Libenzi.
Main features
This software includes a mail server supporting SMTP, POP3, IMAP
(IMAP in Pro edition only), a web administration panel and webmail
front-end which supports ajax, and a set of additional modules which
include spam filter, anti-virus integration, etc.
Technology
The mail server is written in C/ (cross-platform). Web part (the
webmail client and the web administration panel) is written in ASP.NET
(Windows edition) and PHP (Linux edition).
XMail Server Pro uses database backend (MS SQL Server, MySQL, MS Access supported) to store domain and user settings for webmail access.
E-mails are stored on the filesystem as .EML files.
Comparison of open source and commercial editions
Commercial edition XMail Server Pro supports IMAP protocol and provides webmail
front-end with more features, including folders, calendar, address
book, rich-text editor and personal settings per user. Extended
functionality of the webmail front-end uses database backend to store data.
Open source edition XMail Server Lite does not use database backend.
Source code is provided in both commercial and open source editions
for most components except of IMAP server which is closed source.
Windows, Linux, Unix. It includes a commercial edition, XMail Server
Pro, and open-source GPLv2 edition, XMail Server Lite.
These products are being developed by AfterLogic Corp. on the
basis of XMail by Davide Libenzi.
Main features
This software includes a mail server supporting SMTP, POP3, IMAP
(IMAP in Pro edition only), a web administration panel and webmail
front-end which supports ajax, and a set of additional modules which
include spam filter, anti-virus integration, etc.
Technology
The mail server is written in C/ (cross-platform). Web part (the
webmail client and the web administration panel) is written in ASP.NET
(Windows edition) and PHP (Linux edition).
XMail Server Pro uses database backend (MS SQL Server, MySQL, MS Access supported) to store domain and user settings for webmail access.
E-mails are stored on the filesystem as .EML files.
Comparison of open source and commercial editions
Commercial edition XMail Server Pro supports IMAP protocol and provides webmail
front-end with more features, including folders, calendar, address
book, rich-text editor and personal settings per user. Extended
functionality of the webmail front-end uses database backend to store data.
Open source edition XMail Server Lite does not use database backend.
Source code is provided in both commercial and open source editions
for most components except of IMAP server which is closed source.
Program Authority is a term of art and practice in the U.S. Government. It signifies controlling authority over a specific portion of the federal budget as proposed by the President and authorized and appropriated by Congress. Once allocated to the departments of government, the funds are assigned to specific program managers for obligation.
Within the National Foreign Intelligence Program, for example, there are programs established for each of the major disciplines (human, signals, and imagery intelligence) but not for Open Source Intelligence (OSINT).
Statutory program authority is assigned by legislation (federal or state) that defines the terms under which an element of the government may contract for goods and services, inclusive of the specific individual positions that shall have Program Authority over the authorized, appropriated, and allocated funds.
Within the National Foreign Intelligence Program, for example, there are programs established for each of the major disciplines (human, signals, and imagery intelligence) but not for Open Source Intelligence (OSINT).
Statutory program authority is assigned by legislation (federal or state) that defines the terms under which an element of the government may contract for goods and services, inclusive of the specific individual positions that shall have Program Authority over the authorized, appropriated, and allocated funds.