Death from a Distance and the Birth of a Humane Universe (2009) is a book by Paul M. Bingham and Joanne Souza that argues for a simple answer to what is variously called the 'human uniqueness question' or 'Darwin's unanswered question'. "How and why did humans evolve to become so radically different than all other animals." This simple answer is suggested to represent the long-sought theory unifying all the social sciences and joining them to the mature natural sciences.
The authors argue that the simple answer to the human uniqueness question has four elements. First, conflicts of interest between non-kin members of the same species (conspecifics) limit all social cooperation in all animals at all times. Second, humans are the first animals in Earth’s history to control these conflicts of interest. Third, humans are able to control conflicts of interest because the first proto-humans roughly 2 million years ago evolved the capacity to project potentially lethal threat remotely, from a distance of many body diameters away. This capacity for conjoint remote threat renders social coercion adaptive and opens the door to the evolution of a new logic for social behavior, kinship-independent social cooperation. If liars and cheaters can be credibly ostracized, cooperation can emerge as the best available option. Fourth, all uniquely human features, like our elite language, ethical sense and powerful minds, emerge simply from our control of conflicts of interest. Moreover, all the major events of our 2 million year history — like the agricultural revolutions, the rise of the first states and the contemporary emergence of pan-global cooperation — result from the application of the ancient evolved human strategy of coercive enforcement of kinship-independent social cooperation at ever increasing scales, on this theory.
Background
Larry Hawkins was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1930. He graduated from Phillips High School in 1948, where he was a star basketball player. Im 1950 he earned an A.A. degree from Wilson Junior College. Larry Hawkins served in the U.S. Army from 1953 to 1955 to return and complete his bachelor's degree at George Williams College and Roosevelt University. He earned the title, Dr., in 1986 when he received his doctorate from the University of Illinois. Dr. Hawkins was the Director of the Office of Special Programs-College Prep at the University of Chicago for many years. He has been known as an intimidating, but helpful force to many of his students over the years. His main message was to have them be respectful and determined young adults.
High School Coaching Career
Dr. Larry Hawkins was a high school basketball coach at Carver Military Academy brom the late 1950s until the 1960s. He coached his team to back-to-back state championship appearances in 1962 and 1963. In 1962, the team's star player was Cazzie Russell, who later went on to star at the University of Michigan and the NBA. Russell contributed a great 24 point effort, but the team fell short by one point to Decatur. In 1963, Carver played Centralia in the Illinois state championship. Coach Hawkins and the team pulled out a victory by the same margin that they lost by a year before, a one point state championship victory. Not only was he a great basketball coach, but he also coached the Hyde Park High School girls' volleyball team later on in the 1980s.
University of Chicago
Office of Special Programs-College Prep (OSP-CP)
In 1968 Dr. Larry Hawkins became Director of the program that was established to encourage and supply disadvantaged students with the proper tools to assist students through their success in elementary, high school, and graduate from college.
PEP Program
•Pilot Enrichment, which brings students from Hyde Park Career Academy and Hirsch High School to the University for accelerated classes in literature, writing and mathematics.
Upward Bound Program
•Upward Bound, which offers academic and cultural enrichment, tutoring and recreational activities.
•Upward Bound Math/Science Priority, which focuses on teaching students to understand, appreciate and develop an enthusiasm for mathematics and science.
IAE
•Institute for Athletics & Education, which supports the educational goals of sports programs in elementary schools and high schools by providing guidance, counseling and educational support to student-athletes and their parents.
Notable Alumni
*Sonny Parker, a retired American college basketball forward for Texas A&M University who was a first-round NBA draft pick for the Golden State Warriors
*Carol Mosely Braun, American politician and lawyer who represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 1993 to 1999
Larry Hawkins was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1930. He graduated from Phillips High School in 1948, where he was a star basketball player. Im 1950 he earned an A.A. degree from Wilson Junior College. Larry Hawkins served in the U.S. Army from 1953 to 1955 to return and complete his bachelor's degree at George Williams College and Roosevelt University. He earned the title, Dr., in 1986 when he received his doctorate from the University of Illinois. Dr. Hawkins was the Director of the Office of Special Programs-College Prep at the University of Chicago for many years. He has been known as an intimidating, but helpful force to many of his students over the years. His main message was to have them be respectful and determined young adults.
High School Coaching Career
Dr. Larry Hawkins was a high school basketball coach at Carver Military Academy brom the late 1950s until the 1960s. He coached his team to back-to-back state championship appearances in 1962 and 1963. In 1962, the team's star player was Cazzie Russell, who later went on to star at the University of Michigan and the NBA. Russell contributed a great 24 point effort, but the team fell short by one point to Decatur. In 1963, Carver played Centralia in the Illinois state championship. Coach Hawkins and the team pulled out a victory by the same margin that they lost by a year before, a one point state championship victory. Not only was he a great basketball coach, but he also coached the Hyde Park High School girls' volleyball team later on in the 1980s.
University of Chicago
Office of Special Programs-College Prep (OSP-CP)
In 1968 Dr. Larry Hawkins became Director of the program that was established to encourage and supply disadvantaged students with the proper tools to assist students through their success in elementary, high school, and graduate from college.
PEP Program
•Pilot Enrichment, which brings students from Hyde Park Career Academy and Hirsch High School to the University for accelerated classes in literature, writing and mathematics.
Upward Bound Program
•Upward Bound, which offers academic and cultural enrichment, tutoring and recreational activities.
•Upward Bound Math/Science Priority, which focuses on teaching students to understand, appreciate and develop an enthusiasm for mathematics and science.
IAE
•Institute for Athletics & Education, which supports the educational goals of sports programs in elementary schools and high schools by providing guidance, counseling and educational support to student-athletes and their parents.
Notable Alumni
*Sonny Parker, a retired American college basketball forward for Texas A&M University who was a first-round NBA draft pick for the Golden State Warriors
*Carol Mosely Braun, American politician and lawyer who represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 1993 to 1999
Rich Hopkins is also the name of the lead singer of the Sand Rubies.
Rich Hopkins is a professional speaker and presentations coach based in Provo, Utah.
As a speaker, his message centers on committing to decisions without looking back in order to assure success. He speaks both for the corporate, non-profit, and educational market.
As a coach, he has extensive experience in the theater as well as the boardroom, he teaches his clients how to hone their messages to a fine point, and deliver them in a concise and memorable fashion.
In 2006, Rich participated in Toastmasters International's World Championship of Public Speaking, placing 3rd out of nearly 30,000 contestants worldwide. He has finished in the top 20 speakers in Toastmasters in 2002, 2005, 2006, and 2007.
Hopkin's website is RichHopkinsSpeaks.com. He is co-author of Win, Place, & Show with Ed Hearn, the 2006 World Champion of Public Speaking, and Douglas Wilson, the 2nd place winner of the competition.
Born with a congenital defect causing his left leg to slowly deteriorate into his adulthood, he survived many experimental surgeries at both the University of Wisconsin and the University of Iowa which enabled him to walk until January 9, 2006. On April 25, 2006, Rich submitted to a below-the-knee amputation of his left foot, in hopes of continuing an active lifestyle.
Rich is married to Kristianne Hopkins, and has 6 children living at home.
Rich Hopkins is a professional speaker and presentations coach based in Provo, Utah.
As a speaker, his message centers on committing to decisions without looking back in order to assure success. He speaks both for the corporate, non-profit, and educational market.
As a coach, he has extensive experience in the theater as well as the boardroom, he teaches his clients how to hone their messages to a fine point, and deliver them in a concise and memorable fashion.
In 2006, Rich participated in Toastmasters International's World Championship of Public Speaking, placing 3rd out of nearly 30,000 contestants worldwide. He has finished in the top 20 speakers in Toastmasters in 2002, 2005, 2006, and 2007.
Hopkin's website is RichHopkinsSpeaks.com. He is co-author of Win, Place, & Show with Ed Hearn, the 2006 World Champion of Public Speaking, and Douglas Wilson, the 2nd place winner of the competition.
Born with a congenital defect causing his left leg to slowly deteriorate into his adulthood, he survived many experimental surgeries at both the University of Wisconsin and the University of Iowa which enabled him to walk until January 9, 2006. On April 25, 2006, Rich submitted to a below-the-knee amputation of his left foot, in hopes of continuing an active lifestyle.
Rich is married to Kristianne Hopkins, and has 6 children living at home.
DrFTPD is an open source, distributed FTP daemon in Java. It does not handle transfers like normal FTP servers. Instead of conventional server ↔ client transfer, DrFTPD is set up with a master and a collection of file transfer slaves that handle the file transfers, meaning users can have as many file transfer slaves as they like. Some names that could be used to describe this is FTP site merger, FTP cluster, FTP grid or multi-site BNC.
DrFTPD can not only use master ↔ client for control connections and slave ↔ client for (most) data transfers, but it works with existing FTP software; regular FTP application can be used, and site-to-site (FXP) transfers can be made with normal FTP servers. The only exception is with passive (PASV) mode; for this the client needs to support the PRET protocol extension. PRET is already supported in several of the most widely used FTP applications. It often works without PASV mode unless the user is behind a firewall which he does not have access to or he needs to FXP with another DrFTPD server or a server which does not support PASV.
If you merge 10x100mbit sites, you don't get a 1gbit site but you get a 10x100mbit site. What this means is that the aggregate bandwidth is 1000 mbit but a single transfer will never go above 100mbit.
Distribution of assets
File system
DrFTPD has a novel approach to the file system and file transfers. Each file can, and will, end up on a different transfer slave.
DrFTPD uses transfer slaves for all file storage and transfers, it supports but doesn't require a file transfer slave to be run locally. The master therefore uses very little bandwidth. FTP control connection, data connections for file listings and instructions to the slaves, are the only operations that consume bandwidth on the master.
The master has a filelist that keeps track of which slaves have which files and information about those files. A file can exist on multiple slaves for redundancy and more bandwidth.
When a slave is started, it gathers a file list and sends the entire list to the master. The master merges this list with its existing file list and makes sure that it is in sync with its existing file list by adding and removing files to its own list.
Because the master does not have any files locally, modifications to the virtual filesystem cannot be done easily from outside of the drftpd application.
Neither the master or the slaves need root privileges. The virtual filesystem contained on the master of which slaves files reside on is the authoritative source for information about the files. Items like lastModified, size, user, and group, are all kept on the master. The slave does however require exclusive write access to the storage area, otherwise it will become unsynced with the master filelist and errors can occur.
The slave is kept thin/dumb and isn't told anything about users. It simply processes the instructions that are given to the master and knows nothing about the ftp protocol. This is an advantage as it simplifies administration of the slaves.
Comparison to traditional FTPDs
Drftpd is fully distributed and has no working comparison. Msftpd is a work in progress and follows the PRET spec that drftpd has created. Drftpd is the only working implementation of PRET.
RaidenFTPD managed to get halfway toward PRET with what it calls VLS (Virtually Linked Servers). It does a remote mount of a directory, so you can put /movies on another FTP. It's just a convenience so that the ftp client doesn't need to connect to another FTP.
Pros & cons
Pros
*It is completely multi-platform running on any environment that supports Java.
*The userlist and filesystem in DrFTPD is completely virtual, and this server is among the few that do not require administrative privileges to run.
*The slave is kept thin/dumb and is not told anything about users. It simply transfers the files as instructed by the master. This has security and administration advantages.
Cons
*Because the master does not have any files locally, traditional external scripts will not work, so no compatibility can be made for them (unless O/S APIs can be wrapped to DrFTPD APIs).
DrFTPD can not only use master ↔ client for control connections and slave ↔ client for (most) data transfers, but it works with existing FTP software; regular FTP application can be used, and site-to-site (FXP) transfers can be made with normal FTP servers. The only exception is with passive (PASV) mode; for this the client needs to support the PRET protocol extension. PRET is already supported in several of the most widely used FTP applications. It often works without PASV mode unless the user is behind a firewall which he does not have access to or he needs to FXP with another DrFTPD server or a server which does not support PASV.
If you merge 10x100mbit sites, you don't get a 1gbit site but you get a 10x100mbit site. What this means is that the aggregate bandwidth is 1000 mbit but a single transfer will never go above 100mbit.
Distribution of assets
File system
DrFTPD has a novel approach to the file system and file transfers. Each file can, and will, end up on a different transfer slave.
DrFTPD uses transfer slaves for all file storage and transfers, it supports but doesn't require a file transfer slave to be run locally. The master therefore uses very little bandwidth. FTP control connection, data connections for file listings and instructions to the slaves, are the only operations that consume bandwidth on the master.
The master has a filelist that keeps track of which slaves have which files and information about those files. A file can exist on multiple slaves for redundancy and more bandwidth.
When a slave is started, it gathers a file list and sends the entire list to the master. The master merges this list with its existing file list and makes sure that it is in sync with its existing file list by adding and removing files to its own list.
Because the master does not have any files locally, modifications to the virtual filesystem cannot be done easily from outside of the drftpd application.
Neither the master or the slaves need root privileges. The virtual filesystem contained on the master of which slaves files reside on is the authoritative source for information about the files. Items like lastModified, size, user, and group, are all kept on the master. The slave does however require exclusive write access to the storage area, otherwise it will become unsynced with the master filelist and errors can occur.
The slave is kept thin/dumb and isn't told anything about users. It simply processes the instructions that are given to the master and knows nothing about the ftp protocol. This is an advantage as it simplifies administration of the slaves.
Comparison to traditional FTPDs
Drftpd is fully distributed and has no working comparison. Msftpd is a work in progress and follows the PRET spec that drftpd has created. Drftpd is the only working implementation of PRET.
RaidenFTPD managed to get halfway toward PRET with what it calls VLS (Virtually Linked Servers). It does a remote mount of a directory, so you can put /movies on another FTP. It's just a convenience so that the ftp client doesn't need to connect to another FTP.
Pros & cons
Pros
*It is completely multi-platform running on any environment that supports Java.
*The userlist and filesystem in DrFTPD is completely virtual, and this server is among the few that do not require administrative privileges to run.
*The slave is kept thin/dumb and is not told anything about users. It simply transfers the files as instructed by the master. This has security and administration advantages.
Cons
*Because the master does not have any files locally, traditional external scripts will not work, so no compatibility can be made for them (unless O/S APIs can be wrapped to DrFTPD APIs).