This is a list of close elections for President of the United States.
*United States presidential election, 1800 was close in that the House had to decide the winner. This election was so close that it caused the Twelfth Amendment.
*United States presidential election, 1824 was close in that Jackson won both the popular and the electoral vote, but did not get a majority. The House decided that Adams would be the president.
*United States presidential election, 1876 was close in that the winner of certain states was uncertain. They had to have an Electoral Commission decide the outcome three days before the inauguration. Although Tilden won the popular vote, the Commission ruled all the disputed states for Hayes, allowing him to win by one electoral vote.
*United States presidential election, 1880 Garfield won the election by 59 electoral votes and less than 7000 popular votes. Had Hancock won 10,500 more votes from Garfield in NY, he would have won by 11 EV.
*United States presidential election, 1884 Cleveland won because he won the state of NY. Had Blaine gotten 525 more votes from Cleveland in that state, he would have won. Cleveland won the PV by 30,000 votes.
*United States presidential election, 1888 Harrison lost the popular vote by 90,000 votes and won the electoral vote by 65 votes. Had Cleveland won 8,000 more votes from Harrison in NY, he would have won by 7 EV.
*United States presidential election, 1916 Wilson only won the election by 23 electoral votes and less than 500,000 popular votes.
*United States presidential election, 1960 Kennedy won by less than 100,000 popular votes and the states of Illinois and Texas.
*United States presidential election, 1976 Carter won the election with the states of Wisconsin and Ohio.
*United States presidential election, 2000 Gore won a plurality of popular, but lost Florida and the election to Bush by only 537 votes.
*United States presidential election, 2004 Had Kerry won the state of Ohio, he would have won without the popular vote.
*United States presidential election, 1800 was close in that the House had to decide the winner. This election was so close that it caused the Twelfth Amendment.
*United States presidential election, 1824 was close in that Jackson won both the popular and the electoral vote, but did not get a majority. The House decided that Adams would be the president.
*United States presidential election, 1876 was close in that the winner of certain states was uncertain. They had to have an Electoral Commission decide the outcome three days before the inauguration. Although Tilden won the popular vote, the Commission ruled all the disputed states for Hayes, allowing him to win by one electoral vote.
*United States presidential election, 1880 Garfield won the election by 59 electoral votes and less than 7000 popular votes. Had Hancock won 10,500 more votes from Garfield in NY, he would have won by 11 EV.
*United States presidential election, 1884 Cleveland won because he won the state of NY. Had Blaine gotten 525 more votes from Cleveland in that state, he would have won. Cleveland won the PV by 30,000 votes.
*United States presidential election, 1888 Harrison lost the popular vote by 90,000 votes and won the electoral vote by 65 votes. Had Cleveland won 8,000 more votes from Harrison in NY, he would have won by 7 EV.
*United States presidential election, 1916 Wilson only won the election by 23 electoral votes and less than 500,000 popular votes.
*United States presidential election, 1960 Kennedy won by less than 100,000 popular votes and the states of Illinois and Texas.
*United States presidential election, 1976 Carter won the election with the states of Wisconsin and Ohio.
*United States presidential election, 2000 Gore won a plurality of popular, but lost Florida and the election to Bush by only 537 votes.
*United States presidential election, 2004 Had Kerry won the state of Ohio, he would have won without the popular vote.
Alexander Stoll was born in Watford, UK, in 1989. At the age of 5 he started classical piano lessons. His classical lessons continued until the age of 11 when he changed teacher, coinciding with a move to secondary school. Alexander demonstrated a great aptitude towards jazz from an early age, often altering classical pieces to a 'jazzier' feel. Alexander's new teachers, a father and son, taught him theory and jazz respectively for the rest of his school career. His first professional appearances were in 2003, at the age of 14.
Alexander moved to the Royal Veterinary College in 2007 to begin a Veterinary Medicine course. This did not stop his music career. Alongside studying for a degree in Veterinary Medicine, he continues to perform frequently and recorded a CD in 2011.
Distribution of music
Alexander has had downloads from across the world. Fans are from countries including Mexico, China, Italy , UK, Indonesia, Denmark, Korea, Japan, France, Canada, USA, Germany, Armenia, Portugal, Cyprus, Poland, Phillipenes, Australia, Serbia, Jamaica, India, Belgium, Turkey, Slovakia, Colombia, Goergia, Switzerland, Ireland, Israel, Croatia, Latvia and Romania.
Compositions
Alexander writes music for film and television. Pieces include 'Winter Daydream' and 'Tireless'
Activities
Alexander has a number of interests, including music.
* He plays the piano, piano accordion, bass guitar and is learning the trumpet and blues harp.
* He is studying a number of languages including Italian, French, German, Spanish and Mandarin
* Alexander was an extra in the films
* Alexander has a Private Pilot's licence
* Alexander undertook a degree in Veterinary Pathology at the RVC and completed a research project at the University of Cambridge into Prion diseases
Alexander moved to the Royal Veterinary College in 2007 to begin a Veterinary Medicine course. This did not stop his music career. Alongside studying for a degree in Veterinary Medicine, he continues to perform frequently and recorded a CD in 2011.
Distribution of music
Alexander has had downloads from across the world. Fans are from countries including Mexico, China, Italy , UK, Indonesia, Denmark, Korea, Japan, France, Canada, USA, Germany, Armenia, Portugal, Cyprus, Poland, Phillipenes, Australia, Serbia, Jamaica, India, Belgium, Turkey, Slovakia, Colombia, Goergia, Switzerland, Ireland, Israel, Croatia, Latvia and Romania.
Compositions
Alexander writes music for film and television. Pieces include 'Winter Daydream' and 'Tireless'
Activities
Alexander has a number of interests, including music.
* He plays the piano, piano accordion, bass guitar and is learning the trumpet and blues harp.
* He is studying a number of languages including Italian, French, German, Spanish and Mandarin
* Alexander was an extra in the films
* Alexander has a Private Pilot's licence
* Alexander undertook a degree in Veterinary Pathology at the RVC and completed a research project at the University of Cambridge into Prion diseases
Neorutter is a term increasingly used to describe late 20th and early 21st century Choral music which has a wide commercial and popular appeal. It is noted for its affectivity and sentimentality.
Genesis
The term directly references the work of english composer John Rutter, whose works, though well known and accessible, are seen by more professional choristers as technically facile. There is a certain tongue-in-cheek to the quips as Rutter's choral works, like the Gaelic Blessing, or The Lord Bless you and Keep you, are sound pieces from a compositional stand point. Despite the chagrin that many choristers have for such works (given their popularity at weddings), there is recognition that these works, as well as his numerous arrangements, have been largely successful for Rutter. They have made him a well recognized name within community choral settings. For this reason alone there is a certain elitist element at play in the views of Rutter's work, which has direct bearing on the coinage of the term Neorutter.
In addition to Rutter's works, the advent of emotive late 20th century choral music exemplified by long melodic lines with evocative homophonic structures aimed at representationalist aesthetics fleshes out the other components of Neorutterian choral music. While Rutter's compositional style is no longer followed by populist choral composers, the success of minimalist composers like Arvo Part, Henryk Gorecki and neo-orthodox minimalism seen in the works of John Tavener, have lead to an exploration of emotive and evocative choral compositional forms. These, in many ways, have taken up Rutter's mantle and place in popular choral settings. Like Rutter's works, they are compositionally sound and accessible. In contrast their aesthetic and musical worth is often an object of contestation among trained and professional singers.
Form
For a piece to be considered a work of Neorutter, certain basic criteria have to be met:
# Compositionally it must be sound, yet not too adventurous. Simple core melodic lines with basic modulations and homophony, with perhaps some basic counterpoint are hallmarks.
# It must be technically suited to a wide range of choral settings, but somewhat challenging for untrained, yet musically literate choristers.
# In order to be considered 'neo', there is often the a wide use of dominant chords containing second intervals.
# Evocative of tonal spatialities
# Structurally repetitive, possible use of faux-chant
Sentimentality
An important element of Neorutterian music is its emotionality. Not only are highly emotive (yet simplistic) texts employed by composers, in literary terms they are often not well-known works or verge on affected. Compositionally the works follow the internal dramatic and emotive logic of their texts - word painting is a frequent technique, especially words such as 'love', 'spirit', 'amazing'. 'Light' frequently sees the use of cluster chords, evocatively suggesting the clash of colours as a clash of tones. Often the Latin texts employed are simplistic, lending the piece, perhaps in the eyes of its populist audience, a certain 'faux-elitist' cache.
Compositional and Emotive Narrative
Frequently composers of such works seek to explore the compositional process itself as a emotive journey. Neorutterian works are often accompanied by emotive narratives - as a preface or elsewhere - that characterize the discovery of the text, its spiritual importance to the composer, and subsequent exploration through composition as a sentimental exercise. Coupled with the music itself, this narrative aims to deepen the performer's appreciation of the work. Nevertheless, it could easily be seen as part of a composer's own marketing and branding strategy.
Neorutterian Composers
* Eric Whitacre
* Morten Lauridsen
* Jonathan Dove
* Joby Talbot
Genesis
The term directly references the work of english composer John Rutter, whose works, though well known and accessible, are seen by more professional choristers as technically facile. There is a certain tongue-in-cheek to the quips as Rutter's choral works, like the Gaelic Blessing, or The Lord Bless you and Keep you, are sound pieces from a compositional stand point. Despite the chagrin that many choristers have for such works (given their popularity at weddings), there is recognition that these works, as well as his numerous arrangements, have been largely successful for Rutter. They have made him a well recognized name within community choral settings. For this reason alone there is a certain elitist element at play in the views of Rutter's work, which has direct bearing on the coinage of the term Neorutter.
In addition to Rutter's works, the advent of emotive late 20th century choral music exemplified by long melodic lines with evocative homophonic structures aimed at representationalist aesthetics fleshes out the other components of Neorutterian choral music. While Rutter's compositional style is no longer followed by populist choral composers, the success of minimalist composers like Arvo Part, Henryk Gorecki and neo-orthodox minimalism seen in the works of John Tavener, have lead to an exploration of emotive and evocative choral compositional forms. These, in many ways, have taken up Rutter's mantle and place in popular choral settings. Like Rutter's works, they are compositionally sound and accessible. In contrast their aesthetic and musical worth is often an object of contestation among trained and professional singers.
Form
For a piece to be considered a work of Neorutter, certain basic criteria have to be met:
# Compositionally it must be sound, yet not too adventurous. Simple core melodic lines with basic modulations and homophony, with perhaps some basic counterpoint are hallmarks.
# It must be technically suited to a wide range of choral settings, but somewhat challenging for untrained, yet musically literate choristers.
# In order to be considered 'neo', there is often the a wide use of dominant chords containing second intervals.
# Evocative of tonal spatialities
# Structurally repetitive, possible use of faux-chant
Sentimentality
An important element of Neorutterian music is its emotionality. Not only are highly emotive (yet simplistic) texts employed by composers, in literary terms they are often not well-known works or verge on affected. Compositionally the works follow the internal dramatic and emotive logic of their texts - word painting is a frequent technique, especially words such as 'love', 'spirit', 'amazing'. 'Light' frequently sees the use of cluster chords, evocatively suggesting the clash of colours as a clash of tones. Often the Latin texts employed are simplistic, lending the piece, perhaps in the eyes of its populist audience, a certain 'faux-elitist' cache.
Compositional and Emotive Narrative
Frequently composers of such works seek to explore the compositional process itself as a emotive journey. Neorutterian works are often accompanied by emotive narratives - as a preface or elsewhere - that characterize the discovery of the text, its spiritual importance to the composer, and subsequent exploration through composition as a sentimental exercise. Coupled with the music itself, this narrative aims to deepen the performer's appreciation of the work. Nevertheless, it could easily be seen as part of a composer's own marketing and branding strategy.
Neorutterian Composers
* Eric Whitacre
* Morten Lauridsen
* Jonathan Dove
* Joby Talbot
Complex adaptive system is a means of classifying special type of systems which consist of a large number of components interacting nonlinearly. There are two key factors which imply that a system would be a cas:
#
# The system is made up of a large number of components
# The components interact nonlinearly
#
Modern Communication Networks such as Wireless Sensor Networks, Peer-to-peer, Swarm robotics and multiagent systems are gradually growing in size and complexity. Although there exist a set of modeling and simulation tools which assist in developing models of most small-scale systems, it can get extremely difficult to develop models of very large scale communication networks such as internet scale systems. As such, they are nowadays commonly considered to behave as and are modeled in a similar manner to Complex Adaptive Systems. These communication networks thus require special modeling and simulation skills to comprehend emergent behavior and other attributes.
Background
Although the domain has not been named previously, it has actually been emerging over a period of several years for now. Complex Adaptive Communication Network and Environments (CACOONS) is thus a modeling approach which allows the unification of various types of communication networks based on their similarity to the complex adaptive systems approach common in complexity theory. Examples include the examination of complex network approaches to cascading power failures such as . Other examples include . Similar approaches to networks have been demonstrated in other systems such as and . The web has been regarded recently as a complex adaptive system in
Problems associated with CACOONS
Because of the large scale nature of modern-day CACOONS, traditional means of modeling and simulation fail to model situations such as the Amazon.com web services Cloud Failure. Other examples include the effects of modeling torrent traffic on the internet.
Examples of CACOONS
A recent special issue is being proposed in the SAGE Journal "Simulation". Original ideas of self-organization can be found in the book .
Dressler first describe the various concepts of complex systems. Then he correlated these self-organization concepts and associates them with Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks. He takes all commonly well-known WSN algorithms and correlates them with self-organization in general and self-* in particular.
In , Beal et al. from MIT present CRF-Gradient, a self-healing gradient algorithm that provably reconfigures in O(diameter) time. Beal et al. in subsequently extend their previous work and propose Flex-Gradient, a new self-healing gradient algorithm which has a tunable trade-off between precision and communication cost.
While there are articles on these topics taken separately, CACOONS is basically an area which serves to assist modeling and simulation of these complex communication networks (as opposed to complex networks in general, which can even be correlated with Biological networks or Social Network analysis).
Another common modeling approach in complex systems is the agent-based modeling approach. Again, while there are Wiki pages dedicated only to agent-based modeling, the specific telecommunication aspect of using agent-based modeling is lacking in general. As a result, it is apparent on mailing lists such as for agent-based modelers (e.g. netlogo-users) that a large number of interested people need ready reference for specifically agent-based modeling in the domain of communication networks.
Fault Tolerance
Fault tolerant computer systems have, at times, been considered to be complex adaptive systems. The basic idea is to develop a joint industry-government initiative for developing mathematical and practical tools for improving the security, performance, reliability and robustness of energy, financial, telecommunications and transportation networks.
A related area is Autonomic Computing which basically differs from CACOONS with its focus only on the self-* aspects of the network components. Whereas CACOONS approach is open to any new ideas that might emerge in the domain of complex adaptive systems, so that they may be applicable for use by practitioners in this domain. In addition, another key difference is the focus on developing simulation and network models in this domain for detecting emergent behavior specifically in contrast to Autonomic Computing, which is focused more on engineering the actual systems.
#
# The system is made up of a large number of components
# The components interact nonlinearly
#
Modern Communication Networks such as Wireless Sensor Networks, Peer-to-peer, Swarm robotics and multiagent systems are gradually growing in size and complexity. Although there exist a set of modeling and simulation tools which assist in developing models of most small-scale systems, it can get extremely difficult to develop models of very large scale communication networks such as internet scale systems. As such, they are nowadays commonly considered to behave as and are modeled in a similar manner to Complex Adaptive Systems. These communication networks thus require special modeling and simulation skills to comprehend emergent behavior and other attributes.
Background
Although the domain has not been named previously, it has actually been emerging over a period of several years for now. Complex Adaptive Communication Network and Environments (CACOONS) is thus a modeling approach which allows the unification of various types of communication networks based on their similarity to the complex adaptive systems approach common in complexity theory. Examples include the examination of complex network approaches to cascading power failures such as . Other examples include . Similar approaches to networks have been demonstrated in other systems such as and . The web has been regarded recently as a complex adaptive system in
Problems associated with CACOONS
Because of the large scale nature of modern-day CACOONS, traditional means of modeling and simulation fail to model situations such as the Amazon.com web services Cloud Failure. Other examples include the effects of modeling torrent traffic on the internet.
Examples of CACOONS
A recent special issue is being proposed in the SAGE Journal "Simulation". Original ideas of self-organization can be found in the book .
Dressler first describe the various concepts of complex systems. Then he correlated these self-organization concepts and associates them with Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks. He takes all commonly well-known WSN algorithms and correlates them with self-organization in general and self-* in particular.
In , Beal et al. from MIT present CRF-Gradient, a self-healing gradient algorithm that provably reconfigures in O(diameter) time. Beal et al. in subsequently extend their previous work and propose Flex-Gradient, a new self-healing gradient algorithm which has a tunable trade-off between precision and communication cost.
While there are articles on these topics taken separately, CACOONS is basically an area which serves to assist modeling and simulation of these complex communication networks (as opposed to complex networks in general, which can even be correlated with Biological networks or Social Network analysis).
Another common modeling approach in complex systems is the agent-based modeling approach. Again, while there are Wiki pages dedicated only to agent-based modeling, the specific telecommunication aspect of using agent-based modeling is lacking in general. As a result, it is apparent on mailing lists such as for agent-based modelers (e.g. netlogo-users) that a large number of interested people need ready reference for specifically agent-based modeling in the domain of communication networks.
Fault Tolerance
Fault tolerant computer systems have, at times, been considered to be complex adaptive systems. The basic idea is to develop a joint industry-government initiative for developing mathematical and practical tools for improving the security, performance, reliability and robustness of energy, financial, telecommunications and transportation networks.
A related area is Autonomic Computing which basically differs from CACOONS with its focus only on the self-* aspects of the network components. Whereas CACOONS approach is open to any new ideas that might emerge in the domain of complex adaptive systems, so that they may be applicable for use by practitioners in this domain. In addition, another key difference is the focus on developing simulation and network models in this domain for detecting emergent behavior specifically in contrast to Autonomic Computing, which is focused more on engineering the actual systems.