Genetic algorithm, by computerized search and optimization methods, similar to the natural evolution, is used to find best and fittest design solutions which are otherwise difficult to find. It is based on Darwin's 'survival-of-fittest principle'. There are many challenging issues in solving complex engineering problems. Genetic Algorithms are proving to be very useful in engineering design, manufacturing and other such applications because they are easy to use and they are likely do find globally, best design or solution, which is superior to any other design or solution. In engineering design, many conflicting requirements have to be met to obtain a certain product. The complex engineering problems are generally broken up into segments into known areas. As a result of which,one aspect of one is lost in gaining other. Complex engineering problems are solved by algorithms by optimizing the entire system, rather than sub-components of the system.
The theme
Los Angeles, California.
:Los Angeles is the second most big city of the United States with 3 500 000 inhabitants. It is situated in the South of California, on the Pacific Coast.
:With its wide streets strewed with palm trees, itshighways which cross it throughout and the magnificent sunset on the ocean which offers itself to the city every evening, Los Angeles possesses a unique and particular atmosphere, deserving of a postcard.
:But far from rich neighborhoods, stars and glitter of the cinema of Hollywood, the South of the city consists of an incalculable number of dangerous hoods, ghettos and other barrios, almost all in the grip of street gangs and of criminality.
:According to the anti-gang unit of the L.A.P.D, the told of Los Angeles would shelter 1400 street gangs which include approximately 150 000 individuals. According to the same source, Los Angeles saw increasing in a important way acts of violence since the beginning 1990's, year 1991 was a record at this level with 72 667 crimes, among which 1096 manslaughters.
It is in this atmosphere so particular, made of smothering heat, of sun that taps hardly, of grime and poor areas completely neglected in one of the biggest city in the world that the story of INGLEPARK take place.
The story
InglePark, south of Los Angeles, California ; The beginning of the 1990's.
:Chicago Anderson is the leader of the Outlawz, one of the most important gangs of the InglePark district.
:A summer evening, while he cruise in the streets of his hood, he get shot in what seems to be a failed attempt of car-jacking...
:At his funeral, a shooting bursts again when Mexicans aboard an old Cadillac arrive and open fire on the persons present...
:But some weeks after these events, the ground begins trembling above the grave of Chicago... the thunder scolds in the sky and suddenly his hand goes out of underground! By we - do not know which miracle, he returns to the life and his enemies have now of the concern to be made.
The story of INGLEPARK mixs places and real events (Los Angeles, the street gangs...) with totally invented and fantastic elements (the district of InglePark which does not exist in the reality, the return to the life of Chicago).
According to the story, one learn who killed Chicago and why, who organized the shooting at the funeral and in which purpose... The scenario goes of treasons to surprising revelations, without counting a big dose of action and gunshots everywhere! (Chicago returned to take revenge, not to play a card game...and they are going to understand it soon!)
Los Angeles, California.
:Los Angeles is the second most big city of the United States with 3 500 000 inhabitants. It is situated in the South of California, on the Pacific Coast.
:With its wide streets strewed with palm trees, itshighways which cross it throughout and the magnificent sunset on the ocean which offers itself to the city every evening, Los Angeles possesses a unique and particular atmosphere, deserving of a postcard.
:But far from rich neighborhoods, stars and glitter of the cinema of Hollywood, the South of the city consists of an incalculable number of dangerous hoods, ghettos and other barrios, almost all in the grip of street gangs and of criminality.
:According to the anti-gang unit of the L.A.P.D, the told of Los Angeles would shelter 1400 street gangs which include approximately 150 000 individuals. According to the same source, Los Angeles saw increasing in a important way acts of violence since the beginning 1990's, year 1991 was a record at this level with 72 667 crimes, among which 1096 manslaughters.
It is in this atmosphere so particular, made of smothering heat, of sun that taps hardly, of grime and poor areas completely neglected in one of the biggest city in the world that the story of INGLEPARK take place.
The story
InglePark, south of Los Angeles, California ; The beginning of the 1990's.
:Chicago Anderson is the leader of the Outlawz, one of the most important gangs of the InglePark district.
:A summer evening, while he cruise in the streets of his hood, he get shot in what seems to be a failed attempt of car-jacking...
:At his funeral, a shooting bursts again when Mexicans aboard an old Cadillac arrive and open fire on the persons present...
:But some weeks after these events, the ground begins trembling above the grave of Chicago... the thunder scolds in the sky and suddenly his hand goes out of underground! By we - do not know which miracle, he returns to the life and his enemies have now of the concern to be made.
The story of INGLEPARK mixs places and real events (Los Angeles, the street gangs...) with totally invented and fantastic elements (the district of InglePark which does not exist in the reality, the return to the life of Chicago).
According to the story, one learn who killed Chicago and why, who organized the shooting at the funeral and in which purpose... The scenario goes of treasons to surprising revelations, without counting a big dose of action and gunshots everywhere! (Chicago returned to take revenge, not to play a card game...and they are going to understand it soon!)
Christian Schwabe (born 1930) is a professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the University of South Carolina's Chemistry faculty.
Education
Schwabe earned his PhD in 1965 in biochemistry from University of Iowa, Iowa. He was the assistant professor, of biochemistry at Harvard Medical School up until 1971.
Genomic Potential Hypothesis
Schwabe in writing a number of scientific papers on biochemistry began to criticise the modern evolutionary synthesis. After studying the formation of lysosomes, cytochromes and amino acids, Schwabe claims his research shows anomalies from the Darwinian evolutionary point of view. Instead, Schwabe maintains that all proteins had their present forms right from the start of life independently, he further claims that no intermediate form has been found between molecules.
Schwabe published a book titled The Genomic Potential Hypothesis: a Chemist's View of the Origins, Evolution and Unfolding of Life in 2001. In the book Schwabe maintained that evolutionary events are a consequence of chemical and biochemical principles rather than genetic mutation. Schwabe further contends that life on Earth has a multiplicity of origins, rather than all species evolving from one single cell. Schwabe rejects common descent and his hypothesis is that all species on earth have an independent but natural origin from chemical pools of nucleic acids, similar to the primordial soup theory.
List of publications
*Christian Schwabe and Gregory Warr, "A Polyphyletic View of Evolution: The Genetic Potential Hypothesis," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 27 (1984):465-85.
*Christian Schwabe, "On the validity of molecular evolution," Trends in Biochemical Sciences 11 (1986):280-3.
*C. Schwabe and E.E. Ballesbach, "Relaxin: structures, functions, promises, and nonevolution," FASEB Journal 8 (1994):1152-60.
*Christian Schwabe, "Theoretical limitations of molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of relaxins," Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 107B (1994):167-77.
*Christian Schwabe, "Genomic Potential Hypothesis of Evolution: A Concept of Biogenesis in Habitable Spaces of the Universe," The Anatomical Record 268 (2002):171—179.
*Christian Schwabe, "Chemistry and Biodiversity," Chemistry and Biodiversity 1 (2004):1584-9.
Education
Schwabe earned his PhD in 1965 in biochemistry from University of Iowa, Iowa. He was the assistant professor, of biochemistry at Harvard Medical School up until 1971.
Genomic Potential Hypothesis
Schwabe in writing a number of scientific papers on biochemistry began to criticise the modern evolutionary synthesis. After studying the formation of lysosomes, cytochromes and amino acids, Schwabe claims his research shows anomalies from the Darwinian evolutionary point of view. Instead, Schwabe maintains that all proteins had their present forms right from the start of life independently, he further claims that no intermediate form has been found between molecules.
Schwabe published a book titled The Genomic Potential Hypothesis: a Chemist's View of the Origins, Evolution and Unfolding of Life in 2001. In the book Schwabe maintained that evolutionary events are a consequence of chemical and biochemical principles rather than genetic mutation. Schwabe further contends that life on Earth has a multiplicity of origins, rather than all species evolving from one single cell. Schwabe rejects common descent and his hypothesis is that all species on earth have an independent but natural origin from chemical pools of nucleic acids, similar to the primordial soup theory.
List of publications
*Christian Schwabe and Gregory Warr, "A Polyphyletic View of Evolution: The Genetic Potential Hypothesis," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 27 (1984):465-85.
*Christian Schwabe, "On the validity of molecular evolution," Trends in Biochemical Sciences 11 (1986):280-3.
*C. Schwabe and E.E. Ballesbach, "Relaxin: structures, functions, promises, and nonevolution," FASEB Journal 8 (1994):1152-60.
*Christian Schwabe, "Theoretical limitations of molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of relaxins," Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 107B (1994):167-77.
*Christian Schwabe, "Genomic Potential Hypothesis of Evolution: A Concept of Biogenesis in Habitable Spaces of the Universe," The Anatomical Record 268 (2002):171—179.
*Christian Schwabe, "Chemistry and Biodiversity," Chemistry and Biodiversity 1 (2004):1584-9.
Initial Bipedalism is a pseudoscientific theory which suggests that the first mammals were originally aquatic bipeds. The theory is routed in Cryptozoology. The theory is based on a radical concept which most scientists do not accept.
According to the theory of Initial bipedalism, bipedalism remained in the human lineage, whereas other mammals, including monkeys and apes, have developed a mode of quadrupedal locomotion. Initial Bidpedalism claims the ancestor of all mammals were all biped in the past and bound to a marine environment. The evidence cited for this is based on an interpretation of embryology, anatomy and cryptozoological research. Initial bipedalism claims that the common ancestor of all species was a biped, linked to an aquatic habitat.
History
The theory of Initial bipedalism was first formulated in the 1920s by German anatomy professor Dr Max Westenhöfer, as well as later independently by the Belgian zoologist Serge Frechkop. The theory was further developed by the Belgian-French zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans in the 1950s, here the theory was mixed with cryptozoology. Bernard Heuvelmans's book On the Track of Unknown Animals discusses the theory in detail. The cryptozoologist Ivan T. Sanderson also discussed the theory in his bigfoot book Abominable Snowman, Legend come to Life Charles Fort also mentioned the theory.
The theory was also pursued in the 1980s by the French-German ichthyologist François de Sarre, who added his hypothesis of what he calls the "Marine homonculus", as a common ancestor to all vertebrates, which originally lived in the oceans. His hypothesis is that as a jellyfish, the ancestral creature swam in a vertical position. He claims "Natatory paddles" developed and were never used for locomotion on ground, thus according to De Sarre the human hand with five fingers has remained primitive as in early vertebrates.
At the root of the Initial bipedalism theory it is based on the work of Westenhöfer's who claimed that mammals had their roots in amphibious quadrupeds and humans are the most primitive of all the primates, he further explains that that apes are descended from human-like forms or "prototypes", and that the unusual features of the human body evolved for an aquatic life.
The theory of Initial bipedalism has very little in common with the aquatic ape idea and should not be confused with that theory. De Sarre the main proponent of the theory of Initial bipdalism has denounced the aquatic ape hypothesis.
Common ancestor
Initial bipedalism holds an extreme position on the identity of a the common ancestor which is considered a "prototype" of both animals and humans. According to this theory, not only do humans owe their anatomy to a direct aquatic ancestry, but so do all mammals and all tetrapods. All vertebrates evolved from aquatic bipedal human-like ancestor. The ancestor is called 'Marine homonculus'. De Sarre in a number of his publications has reconstructed what he calls the "Marine homonculus" the aquatic ancestor to all living species today, it is depicted as a floating bipedal embryo with a large brain which floats on the surface of the oceans, like a jellyfish, this organization was swimming upright according to De Sarre.
Initial bipedalism holds that the genus Homo originated from a lineage that came up from the ocean in remote times. According to this theory Humans are among the vertebrates, and are the least removed from the ancient prototype, both morphologically and anatomically. The theory claims that man preserved the original orthograde body position of his lineage. According to the theory a bipedal, former aquatic form which they call a "prototype" was not only man’s ancestor, but also the ancestor of all the today living including all species alive and extinct which includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and all of the water vertebrates.
Cryptozoology
According to Initial bipedalism, the alleged series of our ancestors : Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, etc, do not represent archaic human lineages evolving from a simian ancestry, but specialized lineages, whereas Homo sapiens has remained unspecialized. This lead to the study of cryptozoology, which studies certain legends and eyewitnesses’ reports on hidden hominid species. Proponents of the Initial bipedalism theory point to witness reports such as those of Bigfoot and other hominid cryptids as evidence for their theory.
According to the theory of Initial bipedalism, bipedalism remained in the human lineage, whereas other mammals, including monkeys and apes, have developed a mode of quadrupedal locomotion. Initial Bidpedalism claims the ancestor of all mammals were all biped in the past and bound to a marine environment. The evidence cited for this is based on an interpretation of embryology, anatomy and cryptozoological research. Initial bipedalism claims that the common ancestor of all species was a biped, linked to an aquatic habitat.
History
The theory of Initial bipedalism was first formulated in the 1920s by German anatomy professor Dr Max Westenhöfer, as well as later independently by the Belgian zoologist Serge Frechkop. The theory was further developed by the Belgian-French zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans in the 1950s, here the theory was mixed with cryptozoology. Bernard Heuvelmans's book On the Track of Unknown Animals discusses the theory in detail. The cryptozoologist Ivan T. Sanderson also discussed the theory in his bigfoot book Abominable Snowman, Legend come to Life Charles Fort also mentioned the theory.
The theory was also pursued in the 1980s by the French-German ichthyologist François de Sarre, who added his hypothesis of what he calls the "Marine homonculus", as a common ancestor to all vertebrates, which originally lived in the oceans. His hypothesis is that as a jellyfish, the ancestral creature swam in a vertical position. He claims "Natatory paddles" developed and were never used for locomotion on ground, thus according to De Sarre the human hand with five fingers has remained primitive as in early vertebrates.
At the root of the Initial bipedalism theory it is based on the work of Westenhöfer's who claimed that mammals had their roots in amphibious quadrupeds and humans are the most primitive of all the primates, he further explains that that apes are descended from human-like forms or "prototypes", and that the unusual features of the human body evolved for an aquatic life.
The theory of Initial bipedalism has very little in common with the aquatic ape idea and should not be confused with that theory. De Sarre the main proponent of the theory of Initial bipdalism has denounced the aquatic ape hypothesis.
Common ancestor
Initial bipedalism holds an extreme position on the identity of a the common ancestor which is considered a "prototype" of both animals and humans. According to this theory, not only do humans owe their anatomy to a direct aquatic ancestry, but so do all mammals and all tetrapods. All vertebrates evolved from aquatic bipedal human-like ancestor. The ancestor is called 'Marine homonculus'. De Sarre in a number of his publications has reconstructed what he calls the "Marine homonculus" the aquatic ancestor to all living species today, it is depicted as a floating bipedal embryo with a large brain which floats on the surface of the oceans, like a jellyfish, this organization was swimming upright according to De Sarre.
Initial bipedalism holds that the genus Homo originated from a lineage that came up from the ocean in remote times. According to this theory Humans are among the vertebrates, and are the least removed from the ancient prototype, both morphologically and anatomically. The theory claims that man preserved the original orthograde body position of his lineage. According to the theory a bipedal, former aquatic form which they call a "prototype" was not only man’s ancestor, but also the ancestor of all the today living including all species alive and extinct which includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and all of the water vertebrates.
Cryptozoology
According to Initial bipedalism, the alleged series of our ancestors : Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, etc, do not represent archaic human lineages evolving from a simian ancestry, but specialized lineages, whereas Homo sapiens has remained unspecialized. This lead to the study of cryptozoology, which studies certain legends and eyewitnesses’ reports on hidden hominid species. Proponents of the Initial bipedalism theory point to witness reports such as those of Bigfoot and other hominid cryptids as evidence for their theory.