Speed Scrabble (also known as Take Two or Scribble) is Scrabble variant which is played without a board. Tiles are placed face down in the middle of the table. Players draw from these communal letters trying to build words with their personal tiles in front of them. Words can be built by rearranging tiles already there and by playing through pre-existing words as if they were playing Solitaire Scrabble. Play continues rapidly until there are no more tiles left to draw.
Rules
Players & Materials
1 scrabble set per every two players is ideal - multiple sets may be and are often used. 1 set may accommodate up to four players, but each round will be shortened. Other materials needed: 1 dictionary, paper and pencil to keep score, and ample flat table space.
Setup
Take the tiles from a standard Scrabble set (100 tiles in English); the board is not used. Agree on a target score (250, 1000, etc.). Spread the tiles upside down in the center of the table. Make certain that each player has plenty of room to work. Each player chooses 7 tiles and leaves them upside down in front of them.
The Play
When all players have 7 tiles and are ready, a person signals everyone (by shouting "3, 2, 1, Go" or other means) to start. All players turn over their tiles and begin making words, attempting to use all of their letters in a single crossword layout. The players boards do not interact in any way. Rearranging the existing words is allowed. When one player has used all of their letters in complete words that cross each other, with no letters left over, that player calls out "Take Two!".
Take Two
When a player calls "Take Two!", every player takes two tiles and continues working.
This means that at all times, all players should have the same number of tiles. If two people call "Take Two!" simultaneously it is treated as only one "Take Two!".
End of a Round
When the number of remaining tiles is not enough to allow for everyone to take two, the person calling take two instead calls “Take One!”. When all the letters are gone, the next person to call "Take Two!" instead says "I'm Out" or "Done" and play immediately stops. No one may add, change or append words after play stops.
Scoring
Points are scored just as in normal scrabble, normally counting all points of horizontal words then all points of vertical words. Those players with letters left over that are not part of words, subtract these points from their score (letters part of incomplete words are similarly removed from the crossword and counted against the score). Words of 7 letters or more or more worth a bonus of 10 points. The person that was first to go out gets a bonus of 10 points for finishing first.
Usually at this point everyone compares words and looks for style. The players also check to make certain that all of the individual boards/words that each person used are legal. The players record all scores on a piece of paper. First person to reach the agreed upon score wins, or in case of more than one player reaching the score in the same round, the player with the higher score wins.
Creating Words
In normal play, regular Scrabble rules apply: No abbreviations or proper nouns, no slang, no hyphenated words, no apostophized words, and no foreign words (unless they have been fully assimilated into the English language, or are frequently used in English because they have no English equivalent).
Normally, a dictionary is made available to look up and verify words and shared around the table - preferably an official Scrabble dictionary. Using the dictionary usually wastes too much time and is used only if a player is stuck. If there is no dictionary and a word is in question, the player should call it out and the group of players will vote on whether it is allowed. People may ask the group about spellings too.
Rules
Players & Materials
1 scrabble set per every two players is ideal - multiple sets may be and are often used. 1 set may accommodate up to four players, but each round will be shortened. Other materials needed: 1 dictionary, paper and pencil to keep score, and ample flat table space.
Setup
Take the tiles from a standard Scrabble set (100 tiles in English); the board is not used. Agree on a target score (250, 1000, etc.). Spread the tiles upside down in the center of the table. Make certain that each player has plenty of room to work. Each player chooses 7 tiles and leaves them upside down in front of them.
The Play
When all players have 7 tiles and are ready, a person signals everyone (by shouting "3, 2, 1, Go" or other means) to start. All players turn over their tiles and begin making words, attempting to use all of their letters in a single crossword layout. The players boards do not interact in any way. Rearranging the existing words is allowed. When one player has used all of their letters in complete words that cross each other, with no letters left over, that player calls out "Take Two!".
Take Two
When a player calls "Take Two!", every player takes two tiles and continues working.
This means that at all times, all players should have the same number of tiles. If two people call "Take Two!" simultaneously it is treated as only one "Take Two!".
End of a Round
When the number of remaining tiles is not enough to allow for everyone to take two, the person calling take two instead calls “Take One!”. When all the letters are gone, the next person to call "Take Two!" instead says "I'm Out" or "Done" and play immediately stops. No one may add, change or append words after play stops.
Scoring
Points are scored just as in normal scrabble, normally counting all points of horizontal words then all points of vertical words. Those players with letters left over that are not part of words, subtract these points from their score (letters part of incomplete words are similarly removed from the crossword and counted against the score). Words of 7 letters or more or more worth a bonus of 10 points. The person that was first to go out gets a bonus of 10 points for finishing first.
Usually at this point everyone compares words and looks for style. The players also check to make certain that all of the individual boards/words that each person used are legal. The players record all scores on a piece of paper. First person to reach the agreed upon score wins, or in case of more than one player reaching the score in the same round, the player with the higher score wins.
Creating Words
In normal play, regular Scrabble rules apply: No abbreviations or proper nouns, no slang, no hyphenated words, no apostophized words, and no foreign words (unless they have been fully assimilated into the English language, or are frequently used in English because they have no English equivalent).
Normally, a dictionary is made available to look up and verify words and shared around the table - preferably an official Scrabble dictionary. Using the dictionary usually wastes too much time and is used only if a player is stuck. If there is no dictionary and a word is in question, the player should call it out and the group of players will vote on whether it is allowed. People may ask the group about spellings too.
This is a list of renewable energy equipment manufacturers, primarily those that are developing new technologies. Where possible, technology descriptions, references, and external links are provided. Startup companies are included on the list if they have been reported on in the media, have a source of financing, and have engineers developing prototypes. Non-manufacturers, such as utility companies and equipment installers are not included. A firm that make two or more broadly different technologies may be listed more than once.
Solar power
Photovoltaics
Monocrystalline silicon
Polycrystalline silicon
*Aleo Solar: Make of modules. (Link)
Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
Copper indium gallium selenide
Amorphous silicon
Unsorted or other
*Amonix-
*Advent Solar-
*Arise Technologies-
*Axitec
*BP Solar
*Canrom
*
*Centro solar
*
* CSG Solar
* Cyrium Technologies
*
* Daystar Technologies
*Denmark Solar Industry
*Deutsche Cell
*EDTEK
*Emcore
*Energy Innovations
*Energy Photovoltaics
*ErSol
*E-Ton Solar
*Evergreen Solar
*First Solar
*Fitcraft Prod.
*Flexcell
*Free Energy Europe
*GE Solar
*Global Photonic Energy
*Global Solar
*Gratings, Inc
*GreatCell Solar
*Guascor
*Hae Sung Solar
*Heliovolt
*Helios Technology
*Honda (Solar)
*Int. Auto. Sys.
*ICP Solar
*IMEC Solar
*Innovalight
*ISET
*Isofoton
*JuMao Photonics
*JSC "Kvazar"
*JX Crystals
*Kaneka Silicon PV
*Konarka
*Kyocera Solar
*Kyosemi
*Maharishi Solar
*
*Microsol Power
*Mitsubishi H.I. (Solar)
*Motech Industries
*Nanosolar
*Nanosys
*[http://www.originenergy.com.au/environment/environment_subnav.php?pageid=1233# Origin Energy Australia]
*Pacific Solar
*Photovolt
*Photowatt
*PowerFilm
*Q-Cells
*REC
*Rose Street Labs
*RWE SCHOTT Solar
*Sanyo Solar Products
*Shanghai LiLei Elect.
*Sharp Solar
*Shell Solar
*Solar Systems
*SolFocus
*Solterra
*Solyndra Solar
*Spectrolab
*Spheral Solar
*SRI
*Stellaris Corp
*Sun Power
*Suntech Power
*Sunways
*Sustainable Tech. Int.
*Tata BP Solar India
*United Solar Ovonic
*Sunseap Solar
Concentrated photovoltaics
Concentrated solar power
Parabolic trough
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector
Dish stirling
Solar power tower
Solar hot water
Evacuated thermal tube
Other solar thermal
Other solar technologies
Wind power
Large wind
Large 3-bladed wind turbines
*Clipper Windpower
*Enercon
*Gamesa
*GE Energy (Wind)
*
*Mitsubishi Power Sys. (Wind)
*Nordex
*Siemens Power Gen. (Wind)
*REpower Systems
*Sustainable Energy Tech.
*Suzlon
Other large wind turbines
*Vestas
*Wind Turbine Company
*Windflow Technology
*
*Mass Megawatts Wind Power
*TMA - Global Wind Energy Sys.
Floating wind turbine platforms
Small wind
Small 3-bladed wind turbines
Small savonius
Small darrius
Other or unsorted small wind turbines
*Ampair
*Bergey Windpower
*Cleanfield Energy
*Eclectic Energy
*Eurowind (UK)
*Iskra
*Kestrel Wind
*LVM Ltd
*Mag-Wind
*Marlec Eng.(Rutland)
*Proven Energy Ltd
*Renewable Devices (Swift)
*Ropatec
*Samrey
*Shield Innov. (Shield Oy)
*Solwind
*Turbex
*Turby
*Southwest Windpower
*Windsave
*Windside Productions
*Winglette
Wave power
*Aerovironment -- A buoy is attached to a cable, and the buoy sits several meters underwater. The buoy rises and falls in response to pressure changes from waves passing overhead. (Although the buoy's design is unclear, it probably includes a flexible, gas-filled bladder.) The bottom of the cable is connected (through an unspecified mechanism) to a generator on the seabed.
*AquaEnergy Group Ltd (AquaBuOYs) -- A buoy is attached to a long piston, which pumps water to a common (shared by a number of buoys) hydroelectric generator on the seabed. Electricity is transmitted ashore.
*BioPower Systems -- Oscillating flexible arms, based on kelp fronds, drive an electrical generator via a proprietary gear system.
*Bourne Energy -- Technology is not specified.
*Brooke Ocean Technology Ltd (SeaHorse -- Wave-Powered Moored Ocean Profiler) -- (This device is not suitable for electricity generation.) A suitcase-sized ocean sensor is attached to a rope between a buoy and a seabed anchor. It uses the motion of waves to power a ratchet mechanism. This mechanism drives the device up and down the rope to programmed depths. Water density, temperature, and turpidity data is gathered.
*C-Wave Ltd -- Two or more vertical plates sit underwater and normal to the direction of wave propagation. Wave forces cause the plates to be alternately drawn together and forced apart. Hydraulic pistons utilize these forces.
*Energetech -- A parabolic face focuses waves into an inverted basin, and the rising and falling of the water moves an air column. The air column drives a special air turbine generator, one whose vanes rotate to maintain generator direction when the air column reverses. (See article on "Tom's Turbine".)
* Gyro-Gen, developed by Aaron Goldin -- The device includes a spinning gyroscope and a power generator inside a buoy. As the buoy travels over a wave, it tilts, first one way and then the other, and this motion causes the gyro to undergo precession. The gyro resists the rocking motion, not by tilting in the opposite direction, but by turning on the axis of the tilting force. This action is harnessed to move a crank that turns a generator.
*Ing Arvid Nesheim (Oscillating device) -- A floating column is fitted into a sleeve (to enable sliding) and through a large hole in the center of a buoy. The sleeve is attached to the buoy by means of a universal joint, which enables more active (adaptive) up-and-down movement of the buoy. The movement powers an hydraulic electrical generator. (The column has a sea anchor attached to its bottom to reduce vertical movement.)
*Independent Natural Resources Inc (SEADOG Pump) -- A buoyancy block moves up and down in a buoyancy chamber, which rests on a water tank on the seabed. Movement of the buoyancy block drives a piston, which pumps pressurized water into the tank and from there to a reservoir onshore. Water from the reservoir runs through hydroelectric turbines and back into the sea.
*Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) (Mighty Whale) -- A large steel raft has a work deck aft and a vertical grill that faces the waves. The device uses an oscillating water column to move air in each of three pneumatic chambers. The turbines that convert the pneumatic energy to electrical energy are self-reciprocating. Specifically, the vanes are fixed pitch and have reflective symmetry normal to the direction of airflow, creating bidirectional equivalent lift and drag. (See image of "Wells Turbine".)
*Ocean Power Technologies (PowerBuoy) -- A mostly-submerged buoy connects to a generator on the sea floor.
*Kneider's Sea Wave Energy Propulsion Technology -- (This device is not suitable for electricity generation.) Wave action on flexible flippers forces a boat through the water.
*Ocean Motion International -- Buoys are suspended from a platform (like a fixed oil platform) and are able to move up and down. The buoys are quite heavy (even though buoyant), and they work (pumping water) as they descend into wave troughs. The pressurized water is intended for hydroelectric use or water purification.
*Ocean Power Delivery (Pelamis Wave Energy Converter) -- The machine is long and narrow (snake-like) and points into the waves; it attenuates the waves, gathering more energy than its narrow profile suggests. Its articulating sections drive internal hydraulic generators (through the use of pumps and accumulators).
*OWECO Ocean Wave Energy Company -- The Ocean Wave Energy Converter (OWEC®) is a system of quick-connectable modules that form neutrally-buoyant arrays stabilized and sea-anchored by damper sheets. The system may be slack-moored. Large wave-following buoys convert reciprocal motion to counter-rotating, direct-drive electrical generators located in submerged chambers. Sensors control ballast volume and generator resistance. Electricity from multiple modules is combined through linking tubes to output terminals. Major components are shaped to permit volume manufacturing, shipping, and deployment. The electricity produced can be used to desalt water or produce hydrogen.
*Ocean Wave Energy Conversion System (SARA) -- A surfboard-shaped buoy is attached to a long rod. The rod is embedded with magnets, and it moves up and down within a linear generator housing, which is stabilized by an anchored damping plate. A ballast is connected to the bottom of the rod, to pull the rod down after each wave.
*Renewable Energy Holdings Plc (CETO) -- A gas-filled tank has rigid sides and base and a flexible (bellows-like) top. The center of the top, which is attached to a lever, rises and falls in response to pressure changes from the waves passing (about 10 meters) overhead. The lever drives pistons, which pump pressurized water ashore, for hydroelectricity or reverse osmosis.
*Sea Electrical Generators Ltd -- A wave power device is made of polyethylene tubes. Details are not specified.
*S.D.E. (Sea Wave Power Plant) -- A buoyant metal plate is attached at one side to a concrete seawall. Waves press the plate up (in a cantilever action) and drive an hydraulic ram. The hydraulic system is connected to a hydroelectric system.
*Seabased AB -- A buoy pulls on a rope attached to a linear electromagnetic generator on the seabed. Permanent magnets (NdFeB) are used. The device is claimed ideal for calmer seas. The mechanism for adjusting the generator housing in sympathy with tidal sea levels is not specified.
*Seavolt (Wave Rider) -- A cam shaped buoy rolls with the passing of waves. The rolling action drives hydraulics, which run a hydroelectric generator.
*Sperboy (Embley Energy) -- A large cylinder contains an oscillating water column. The cylinder is kept in place by buoyancy and ballasts tanks and by about 12 vertical anchor lines. The water column drives air in and out of 4 horizontal ducts that radiate out from the top of the main cylinder. The ducts contain self-reciprocating turbines that convert the pneumatic energy to electrical energy.
*Vortex Oscillation Technology -- Claims involve discussion of theoretical hydrodynamic concepts. Details are not specified.
*Wavebob The device is a point absorber that is designed for rough, winter conditions. The top of the unit rests at or just below the surface. The incorporated linear generator uses adaptive electronics to match the wave conditions.
*Wave Dragon -- A parabolic face focuses waves onto a ramp. Waves overtop the ramp and spill into a low dam. Water from the low dam flows through hydroelectric turbines into the sea beneath the floating structure. See also Wave Dragon.
*WAVEenergy AS (Seawave Slot-Cone Generator) -- Waves wash up a slotted ramp (over swept-back louvers) into tiered basins, which drain into a multi-stage hydroelectric system.
*Wavegen (Limpet) -- A shore-side inverted basin contains an oscillating water column, which moves an air column. The turbines that convert the pneumatic energy to electrical energy are self-reciprocating. Specifically, the vanes are fixed pitch and have reflective symmetry normal to the direction of airflow, creating bidirectional equivalent lift and drag. (See image of "Wells Turbine".)
*Wavemill Energy Corp -- Water flows up a ramp, which is on a modular concrete structure. A system of valves captures the water and uses it hydroelectrically.
*WavePlane Production A/S -- A raft shaped like an obtuse angle is anchored (by chain or cable) in the middle. The point of the angle is designed to self-orient into the waves. Horizontal damping plates reduce vertical movement. Waves spill into guide vanes ("funnels"), which direct water towards a cylindrical tube. The water enters the tube tangential to the curved surface, creating a spinning cylinder of water ("fly wheel tube"). The type of turbine appropriate for utilizing that spinning energy is not specified.
*Wave Star Energy -- A long truss is mounted on steel piles. Articulating arms are attached to the truss, and buoys are attached to the ends of the arms. Movement of the arms forces fluid into a central hydraulic accumulator and through a generator turbine.
*A.W.S. BV (Wave Swing) -- A large buoyant cylinder is open at the bottom. The cylinder surrounds and slides up and down on a cylindrical framework, which is attached to a platform on the seabed. The cylinder is mostly full of gas, and it rises and falls as the gas pressure equalizes with the sea pressure, which changes as the wave peaks and troughs pass overhead. The whole assembly is a linear electrical generator.
*Waveberg -- A central float is connected to 3 bent lattice arms, each of which has another float on its outer end. Vertical movement of the outer floats drives hydraulic rams, which pump high-pressure water to shore. This high-pressure water can then be used for hydroelectric generation.
Ocean thermal energy technology
Hydroelectricity
New solutions for large hydro
Small hydro
Water current power (from tides, ocean currents, and rivers)
Geothermal energy
Geothermal electricity
Drilling
Fracking
Steam power
Geothermal heat and cooling
Heat pumps
Biomass
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Steam reforming (of sustainable raw materials)
Fuel from algae
Clean wood combustion
Fuel cells
Energy Storage
*Active Power (Flywheel Energy Storage)
*[http://www.betard.co.uk/ Beta Research & Development Ltd (Zebra Rechargeable Battery)]
*Vanadium Redox Battery
*Vanadium Redox Battery
*Zinc Bromide Battery
*Sodium Sulfur Battery
*Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
*Lithium Battery
Solar power
Photovoltaics
Monocrystalline silicon
Polycrystalline silicon
*Aleo Solar: Make of modules. (Link)
Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
Copper indium gallium selenide
Amorphous silicon
Unsorted or other
*Amonix-
*Advent Solar-
*Arise Technologies-
*Axitec
*BP Solar
*Canrom
*
*Centro solar
*
* CSG Solar
* Cyrium Technologies
*
* Daystar Technologies
*Denmark Solar Industry
*Deutsche Cell
*EDTEK
*Emcore
*Energy Innovations
*Energy Photovoltaics
*ErSol
*E-Ton Solar
*Evergreen Solar
*First Solar
*Fitcraft Prod.
*Flexcell
*Free Energy Europe
*GE Solar
*Global Photonic Energy
*Global Solar
*Gratings, Inc
*GreatCell Solar
*Guascor
*Hae Sung Solar
*Heliovolt
*Helios Technology
*Honda (Solar)
*Int. Auto. Sys.
*ICP Solar
*IMEC Solar
*Innovalight
*ISET
*Isofoton
*JuMao Photonics
*JSC "Kvazar"
*JX Crystals
*Kaneka Silicon PV
*Konarka
*Kyocera Solar
*Kyosemi
*Maharishi Solar
*
*Microsol Power
*Mitsubishi H.I. (Solar)
*Motech Industries
*Nanosolar
*Nanosys
*[http://www.originenergy.com.au/environment/environment_subnav.php?pageid=1233# Origin Energy Australia]
*Pacific Solar
*Photovolt
*Photowatt
*PowerFilm
*Q-Cells
*REC
*Rose Street Labs
*RWE SCHOTT Solar
*Sanyo Solar Products
*Shanghai LiLei Elect.
*Sharp Solar
*Shell Solar
*Solar Systems
*SolFocus
*Solterra
*Solyndra Solar
*Spectrolab
*Spheral Solar
*SRI
*Stellaris Corp
*Sun Power
*Suntech Power
*Sunways
*Sustainable Tech. Int.
*Tata BP Solar India
*United Solar Ovonic
*Sunseap Solar
Concentrated photovoltaics
Concentrated solar power
Parabolic trough
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector
Dish stirling
Solar power tower
Solar hot water
Evacuated thermal tube
Other solar thermal
Other solar technologies
Wind power
Large wind
Large 3-bladed wind turbines
*Clipper Windpower
*Enercon
*Gamesa
*GE Energy (Wind)
*
*Mitsubishi Power Sys. (Wind)
*Nordex
*Siemens Power Gen. (Wind)
*REpower Systems
*Sustainable Energy Tech.
*Suzlon
Other large wind turbines
*Vestas
*Wind Turbine Company
*Windflow Technology
*
*Mass Megawatts Wind Power
*TMA - Global Wind Energy Sys.
Floating wind turbine platforms
Small wind
Small 3-bladed wind turbines
Small savonius
Small darrius
Other or unsorted small wind turbines
*Ampair
*Bergey Windpower
*Cleanfield Energy
*Eclectic Energy
*Eurowind (UK)
*Iskra
*Kestrel Wind
*LVM Ltd
*Mag-Wind
*Marlec Eng.(Rutland)
*Proven Energy Ltd
*Renewable Devices (Swift)
*Ropatec
*Samrey
*Shield Innov. (Shield Oy)
*Solwind
*Turbex
*Turby
*Southwest Windpower
*Windsave
*Windside Productions
*Winglette
Wave power
*Aerovironment -- A buoy is attached to a cable, and the buoy sits several meters underwater. The buoy rises and falls in response to pressure changes from waves passing overhead. (Although the buoy's design is unclear, it probably includes a flexible, gas-filled bladder.) The bottom of the cable is connected (through an unspecified mechanism) to a generator on the seabed.
*AquaEnergy Group Ltd (AquaBuOYs) -- A buoy is attached to a long piston, which pumps water to a common (shared by a number of buoys) hydroelectric generator on the seabed. Electricity is transmitted ashore.
*BioPower Systems -- Oscillating flexible arms, based on kelp fronds, drive an electrical generator via a proprietary gear system.
*Bourne Energy -- Technology is not specified.
*Brooke Ocean Technology Ltd (SeaHorse -- Wave-Powered Moored Ocean Profiler) -- (This device is not suitable for electricity generation.) A suitcase-sized ocean sensor is attached to a rope between a buoy and a seabed anchor. It uses the motion of waves to power a ratchet mechanism. This mechanism drives the device up and down the rope to programmed depths. Water density, temperature, and turpidity data is gathered.
*C-Wave Ltd -- Two or more vertical plates sit underwater and normal to the direction of wave propagation. Wave forces cause the plates to be alternately drawn together and forced apart. Hydraulic pistons utilize these forces.
*Energetech -- A parabolic face focuses waves into an inverted basin, and the rising and falling of the water moves an air column. The air column drives a special air turbine generator, one whose vanes rotate to maintain generator direction when the air column reverses. (See article on "Tom's Turbine".)
* Gyro-Gen, developed by Aaron Goldin -- The device includes a spinning gyroscope and a power generator inside a buoy. As the buoy travels over a wave, it tilts, first one way and then the other, and this motion causes the gyro to undergo precession. The gyro resists the rocking motion, not by tilting in the opposite direction, but by turning on the axis of the tilting force. This action is harnessed to move a crank that turns a generator.
*Ing Arvid Nesheim (Oscillating device) -- A floating column is fitted into a sleeve (to enable sliding) and through a large hole in the center of a buoy. The sleeve is attached to the buoy by means of a universal joint, which enables more active (adaptive) up-and-down movement of the buoy. The movement powers an hydraulic electrical generator. (The column has a sea anchor attached to its bottom to reduce vertical movement.)
*Independent Natural Resources Inc (SEADOG Pump) -- A buoyancy block moves up and down in a buoyancy chamber, which rests on a water tank on the seabed. Movement of the buoyancy block drives a piston, which pumps pressurized water into the tank and from there to a reservoir onshore. Water from the reservoir runs through hydroelectric turbines and back into the sea.
*Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) (Mighty Whale) -- A large steel raft has a work deck aft and a vertical grill that faces the waves. The device uses an oscillating water column to move air in each of three pneumatic chambers. The turbines that convert the pneumatic energy to electrical energy are self-reciprocating. Specifically, the vanes are fixed pitch and have reflective symmetry normal to the direction of airflow, creating bidirectional equivalent lift and drag. (See image of "Wells Turbine".)
*Ocean Power Technologies (PowerBuoy) -- A mostly-submerged buoy connects to a generator on the sea floor.
*Kneider's Sea Wave Energy Propulsion Technology -- (This device is not suitable for electricity generation.) Wave action on flexible flippers forces a boat through the water.
*Ocean Motion International -- Buoys are suspended from a platform (like a fixed oil platform) and are able to move up and down. The buoys are quite heavy (even though buoyant), and they work (pumping water) as they descend into wave troughs. The pressurized water is intended for hydroelectric use or water purification.
*Ocean Power Delivery (Pelamis Wave Energy Converter) -- The machine is long and narrow (snake-like) and points into the waves; it attenuates the waves, gathering more energy than its narrow profile suggests. Its articulating sections drive internal hydraulic generators (through the use of pumps and accumulators).
*OWECO Ocean Wave Energy Company -- The Ocean Wave Energy Converter (OWEC®) is a system of quick-connectable modules that form neutrally-buoyant arrays stabilized and sea-anchored by damper sheets. The system may be slack-moored. Large wave-following buoys convert reciprocal motion to counter-rotating, direct-drive electrical generators located in submerged chambers. Sensors control ballast volume and generator resistance. Electricity from multiple modules is combined through linking tubes to output terminals. Major components are shaped to permit volume manufacturing, shipping, and deployment. The electricity produced can be used to desalt water or produce hydrogen.
*Ocean Wave Energy Conversion System (SARA) -- A surfboard-shaped buoy is attached to a long rod. The rod is embedded with magnets, and it moves up and down within a linear generator housing, which is stabilized by an anchored damping plate. A ballast is connected to the bottom of the rod, to pull the rod down after each wave.
*Renewable Energy Holdings Plc (CETO) -- A gas-filled tank has rigid sides and base and a flexible (bellows-like) top. The center of the top, which is attached to a lever, rises and falls in response to pressure changes from the waves passing (about 10 meters) overhead. The lever drives pistons, which pump pressurized water ashore, for hydroelectricity or reverse osmosis.
*Sea Electrical Generators Ltd -- A wave power device is made of polyethylene tubes. Details are not specified.
*S.D.E. (Sea Wave Power Plant) -- A buoyant metal plate is attached at one side to a concrete seawall. Waves press the plate up (in a cantilever action) and drive an hydraulic ram. The hydraulic system is connected to a hydroelectric system.
*Seabased AB -- A buoy pulls on a rope attached to a linear electromagnetic generator on the seabed. Permanent magnets (NdFeB) are used. The device is claimed ideal for calmer seas. The mechanism for adjusting the generator housing in sympathy with tidal sea levels is not specified.
*Seavolt (Wave Rider) -- A cam shaped buoy rolls with the passing of waves. The rolling action drives hydraulics, which run a hydroelectric generator.
*Sperboy (Embley Energy) -- A large cylinder contains an oscillating water column. The cylinder is kept in place by buoyancy and ballasts tanks and by about 12 vertical anchor lines. The water column drives air in and out of 4 horizontal ducts that radiate out from the top of the main cylinder. The ducts contain self-reciprocating turbines that convert the pneumatic energy to electrical energy.
*Vortex Oscillation Technology -- Claims involve discussion of theoretical hydrodynamic concepts. Details are not specified.
*Wavebob The device is a point absorber that is designed for rough, winter conditions. The top of the unit rests at or just below the surface. The incorporated linear generator uses adaptive electronics to match the wave conditions.
*Wave Dragon -- A parabolic face focuses waves onto a ramp. Waves overtop the ramp and spill into a low dam. Water from the low dam flows through hydroelectric turbines into the sea beneath the floating structure. See also Wave Dragon.
*WAVEenergy AS (Seawave Slot-Cone Generator) -- Waves wash up a slotted ramp (over swept-back louvers) into tiered basins, which drain into a multi-stage hydroelectric system.
*Wavegen (Limpet) -- A shore-side inverted basin contains an oscillating water column, which moves an air column. The turbines that convert the pneumatic energy to electrical energy are self-reciprocating. Specifically, the vanes are fixed pitch and have reflective symmetry normal to the direction of airflow, creating bidirectional equivalent lift and drag. (See image of "Wells Turbine".)
*Wavemill Energy Corp -- Water flows up a ramp, which is on a modular concrete structure. A system of valves captures the water and uses it hydroelectrically.
*WavePlane Production A/S -- A raft shaped like an obtuse angle is anchored (by chain or cable) in the middle. The point of the angle is designed to self-orient into the waves. Horizontal damping plates reduce vertical movement. Waves spill into guide vanes ("funnels"), which direct water towards a cylindrical tube. The water enters the tube tangential to the curved surface, creating a spinning cylinder of water ("fly wheel tube"). The type of turbine appropriate for utilizing that spinning energy is not specified.
*Wave Star Energy -- A long truss is mounted on steel piles. Articulating arms are attached to the truss, and buoys are attached to the ends of the arms. Movement of the arms forces fluid into a central hydraulic accumulator and through a generator turbine.
*A.W.S. BV (Wave Swing) -- A large buoyant cylinder is open at the bottom. The cylinder surrounds and slides up and down on a cylindrical framework, which is attached to a platform on the seabed. The cylinder is mostly full of gas, and it rises and falls as the gas pressure equalizes with the sea pressure, which changes as the wave peaks and troughs pass overhead. The whole assembly is a linear electrical generator.
*Waveberg -- A central float is connected to 3 bent lattice arms, each of which has another float on its outer end. Vertical movement of the outer floats drives hydraulic rams, which pump high-pressure water to shore. This high-pressure water can then be used for hydroelectric generation.
Ocean thermal energy technology
Hydroelectricity
New solutions for large hydro
Small hydro
Water current power (from tides, ocean currents, and rivers)
Geothermal energy
Geothermal electricity
Drilling
Fracking
Steam power
Geothermal heat and cooling
Heat pumps
Biomass
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Steam reforming (of sustainable raw materials)
Fuel from algae
Clean wood combustion
Fuel cells
Energy Storage
*Active Power (Flywheel Energy Storage)
*[http://www.betard.co.uk/ Beta Research & Development Ltd (Zebra Rechargeable Battery)]
*Vanadium Redox Battery
*Vanadium Redox Battery
*Zinc Bromide Battery
*Sodium Sulfur Battery
*Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
*Lithium Battery
Barrie Needham (1942) is an emeritus professor of Spatial Planning at the Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. He also is the editor of the Journal of Property Research and Planning Practice and Research and used to teach several courses for students of Human Geography and Spatial Planning.
Needham studied economics at Cambridge University, where he graduated in 1964. He has worked from 1978 at the Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, achieved his promotion 1982 and was appointed in 1994 as lecturer of Spatial Planning. His research, embedded into the Institute for Management Research, focuses on the connection between spatial policy and the market for land and real estate. Needham gained significant attention amongst the Dutch scientific community as the co-introducer of the residual ground worth calculation and publications about policy and spatial planning.
Publications
* Dutch land use planning: Planning and managing land use in the Netherlands, the principles and the practice. Den Haag, Sdu Uitgevers, 2007
* Planning, Law and Economics: The rules we make for using land. London and New York, Routledge, 2006
Needham studied economics at Cambridge University, where he graduated in 1964. He has worked from 1978 at the Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, achieved his promotion 1982 and was appointed in 1994 as lecturer of Spatial Planning. His research, embedded into the Institute for Management Research, focuses on the connection between spatial policy and the market for land and real estate. Needham gained significant attention amongst the Dutch scientific community as the co-introducer of the residual ground worth calculation and publications about policy and spatial planning.
Publications
* Dutch land use planning: Planning and managing land use in the Netherlands, the principles and the practice. Den Haag, Sdu Uitgevers, 2007
* Planning, Law and Economics: The rules we make for using land. London and New York, Routledge, 2006
Anya Sweilam (born on 27 August 1994) is an English model, known mainly for her modelling campaign with Gap in 1998 and American Apparel in 2007.
Career
Modelling
With no prior modelling experience, at the age of 4, Anya appeared as the face of Gap Kids for a year and a half, where she appeared on advertisements and billboards, mainly in branches of Gap in London. While her modelling was minimal at this stage, in 2004 she was offered a campaign with H&M, which she turned down in the hope of "concentrating on her studies". In 2007, Anya appeared on a double spread in the January edition of the American Apparel magazine, in which she modelled high-waisted shorts and thigh length socks.
Other work
Anya made her film debut in the science fiction film Moon as an extra, which premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival, garnering positive reviews.
Personal Life
Speaking fluent Egyptian, Anya was born in Paddington, London in 1994, to an Irish mother and Egyptian father.
Career
Modelling
With no prior modelling experience, at the age of 4, Anya appeared as the face of Gap Kids for a year and a half, where she appeared on advertisements and billboards, mainly in branches of Gap in London. While her modelling was minimal at this stage, in 2004 she was offered a campaign with H&M, which she turned down in the hope of "concentrating on her studies". In 2007, Anya appeared on a double spread in the January edition of the American Apparel magazine, in which she modelled high-waisted shorts and thigh length socks.
Other work
Anya made her film debut in the science fiction film Moon as an extra, which premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival, garnering positive reviews.
Personal Life
Speaking fluent Egyptian, Anya was born in Paddington, London in 1994, to an Irish mother and Egyptian father.