Joseph Charles Schriner (b. March 3, 1955, Cleveland, Ohio) (aka "average Joe" Schriner) is an Independent candidate for President of the United States. A resident of Bluffton, Ohio, Schriner ran in the 2000 and 2004 U.S. Presidential elections and has already begun campaigning for the 2008 race. In 2004 his running mate was Barbara A. Marlinski.
Schriner graduated from Bay Village High School in 1973. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Journalism from Bowling Green State University in 1978. He is married and has three children.
Among his ideas are the establishment of a United States Department of Peace, an idea proposed by others such as Rep. Dennis Kucinich.
Bibliography
* America's Best Town ISBN 1-932303-24-3
* America's Best Town 2 ISBN 1-59526-129-X
* Back Road to the White House ISBN 1-59526-277-6
Schriner graduated from Bay Village High School in 1973. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Journalism from Bowling Green State University in 1978. He is married and has three children.
Among his ideas are the establishment of a United States Department of Peace, an idea proposed by others such as Rep. Dennis Kucinich.
Bibliography
* America's Best Town ISBN 1-932303-24-3
* America's Best Town 2 ISBN 1-59526-129-X
* Back Road to the White House ISBN 1-59526-277-6
A Review of "Working Memory Constraints on the Resolution of Lexical Ambiguity: Maintaining Multiple Interpretations in Neutral Contexts" (Miyake, Just, & Carpenter, 1994)
Over the past few decades, researchers have continued to debate about how people process language. Much of the research has focused on how people resolve ambiguities. In 1977, Marslen-Wilson and Tyler conducted a study on syntactic ambiguity. The participants saw one of two sentence fragments: “If you walk too near the runway, landing planes…” or “If you’ve been trained as a pilot, landing planes…” In the first sentence, ‘landing planes’ is a noun phrase, whereas in the second sentence, ‘landing planes’ is a verb phrase. After hearing the fragment, either the word ‘are’ or ‘is’ appeared on a screen. ‘Are’ is an appropriate continuation of the former sentence; ‘is’ appropriately follows the second sentence. The results showed that the participants were slower to name the participle in the inappropriate context. This shows that we use context when processing syntax, which is counterevidence to the modularity theory, which posits that higher order processes cannot be influenced by lower level processes.
Swinney (1979) studied lexical ambiguity, and, contrasting Marslen-Wilson and Tyler (1977), his results supported modularity. Participants were aurally presented with a sentence such as “The man was not surprised when he found several bugs in the corner of his room.” In this sentence, ‘bugs’ is an ambiguous word – it could refer to an insect or a piece of spy technology. Immediately following the sentence, a three-letter word appeared on a screen that was either related to context one (ANT), context two (SPY), or unrelated to ‘bugs’ (SEW). While participants were slow at naming ‘SEW’ as a word, they named ‘ANT’ and ‘SPY’ as words equally quickly, suggesting that both meanings were primed. This held true even when the sentence was clear about the intended meaning (“The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of his room.”). This supports modularity in that context did not affect semantic processing.
Marslen-Wilson Tyler and Swinney’s findings were clearly in conflict. Therefore, Miyake, Just, and Carpenter (1994) chose to approach lexical ambiguity from a new angle. They sought to determine whether individual differences in working memory have an effect on the resolution of lexical ambiguity. In addition to supporting modularity, Swinney’s study supported the Many Meanings Theory, which says that when readers come across an ambiguous word, they hold both meanings in their head until they come across the disambiguating context that allows them to select the correct meaning. Using this as a starting point, Miyake et al. (1994) wondered if the amount of information and the length it is stored in one’s mind differs depending on their working memory capacity. Working memory, as defined by Miyake et al. (1994), “includes not only the storage but also the computational (original emphasis) component and is considered the site for both executing various language processes and storing intermediate and/or final products of comprehension” (p. 176). Therefore, those with a larger working memory span should be able to hold more items in their memory while still having resources available for computations such as resolving lexical ambiguities. Those with a smaller working memory capacity are less able to maintain information while performing computational tasks.
The capacity-constrained model of lexical ambiguity resolution has two components: (1) multiple meanings of an ambiguous word are activated simultaneously (as evidenced by Swinney), and (2) when there is no prior biasing context that informs the reader of the correct meaning, the level at which the meanings are activated is related to the frequency of the word in that language. Equibiased words are those in which both meanings of the word appear equally frequently in language. For example, ‘club’ equally means an organization/gang or a bat/weapon. Biased words have one meaning that is more prototypical of that word. ‘Boxer,’ for example, more often means an athletic fighter (dominant meaning) rather than a short-haired dog (subordinate meaning).
Experiment 1
In the present study, Miyake et al. (1994) hypothesized that people with smaller working memory spans will not be able to hold both meanings of an ambiguous word in their heads long enough (i.e., until they reach the disambiguating word), which in turn would slow down their comprehension. This result was not expected for people with larger working memories; the researchers anticipated that their comprehension would be significantly faster. More specifically, this effect was only expected when the correct meaning of the ambiguous word was the subordinate meaning. According to the capacity-constrained model, both low- and high-span readers activate both meanings upon reading the ambiguous word. The dominant meaning is activated at a much higher level than the subordinate meaning for both types of readers. Both meanings start to die out for both types of readers as time passes, but in low-span readers, the subordinate meaning dies out much more quickly than it does for the high-span readers. It is therefore believed to fall below the threshold before the reader reaches the disambiguating region. Thus, low-span readers must go back and re-retrieve the subordinate meaning, causing their comprehension to slow. Because the high-span readers still have the subordinate meaning in their working memory, they can immediately put it to use and quickly continue reading. Reading comprehension was not expected to differ between readers when the correct meaning was the dominant meaning, because they are more highly activated.
Method
Participants.
The participants were 96 college students. They were identified as low-, mid-, or high-span readers based on the Reading Span test (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; as cited in Miyake et al., 1994). The participants heard sets of unrelated sentences and were asked to recall the last word of each sentence. The first set had two sentences, with each set adding one more sentence until the participant was unable to recall two words from the set. Scores were based on the largest set size that participants could correctly remember every word from three of five sets. Those with a score of 2.5 or less were identified as low-span readers (N 36), 3.0-3.5 were mid-span readers (N 28), and 4.0 and above were high-span readers (N = 32).
Materials.
The 64 stimulus sentences differed in three ways in each condition. The words were either biased or equibiased (referred to as Disparity), the meanings were either dominant or subordinate (Dominance), and the target words were either ambiguous or unambiguous (Ambiguity). An example of a sentence with an ambiguous, biased target with the subordinate meaning is, “Since Ken really liked the boxer, he took a bus to the nearest pet store to buy the animal.” Each sentence could be divided into four parts. The first was the opening region, which was the same for each condition (Disparity, Dominance, Ambiguity) and was neutral in regards to the intended meaning of the ambiguous word. In the example, ‘Since Ken really liked the’ was the opening region. Next was the target word, the debatable word (‘boxer’). The seven-word intervening region (‘he took a bus to the nearest’) came after the target word and before the disambiguating region. It was the same in all conditions, and did not lend itself to either meaning of the target word. The disambiguating phrase is the last piece of the sentence (‘pet store to buy the animal’). The first word of the phrase (‘pet’) indicates the intended meaning of the ambiguous word. It is always the eighth word after the ambiguous word.
Procedure.
The sentences were presented in a moving window paradigm. This means that each word of the sentence was presented on a computer screen one at a time. The participants had to click a button in order for the next word to appear. In this way, the researchers could measure the speed of comprehension. This method was believed to be an adequate measure of working memory because without the ability to go back and re-read the words that were previously presented, the participants are forced to store the information in their working memory. Additionally, a true/false question spontaneously appeared after half of the sentences. Because the participants did not know which sentences would be followed with questions, they were motivated to fully comprehend every sentence, and thus keep their working memory engaged.
Results
For biased homographs, there was no difference in the speed of comprehension based on working memory capacity when the correct meaning was the dominant meaning. However, for subordinate meanings low-span and mid-span readers were slower in processing the ambiguous sentences than the unambiguous controls. The low-span readers spent 1537ms reading the unambiguous sentence and 1746ms for the ambiguous sentence (a difference of 209ms). The mid-span readers showed the same effect, with the ambiguous sentence taking longer than the unambiguous sentence (1435ms, 1340ms, respectively; 95ms difference). The ambiguous sentences were only processed 57ms slower than unambiguous sentences in high-span readers (1402 ms, 1345 ms, respectively). The low-span readers slowed down the most upon reaching the last word of the sentence, and to a lesser extent, at the first word after the disambiguating word. The mid-span readers slowed down at the same places as the low-span readers, but did not struggle nearly as much at the end of the sentence. The high-span readers were essentially unaffected across the disambiguating region.
The equibiased ambiguities were much easier for the participants to resolve. The only significant effect was that mid-span readers slowed down at the word after the disambiguating word.
An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that a significant interaction effect was found for Reading Span x Dominance x Ambiguity. In other words, the speed of comprehension differed based on reading span when the target word was ambiguous and the definition was the subordinate meaning. This effect was highlighted when the mid-span group was removed from the analysis.
Discussion
The results are consistent with the capacity-constrained model of lexical ambiguity. The participants with a high-reading span were able to maintain both meanings of the ambiguous word in their working memory, so the speed of processing was unaffected by the dominance of the word. However, low-span readers do not have the capacity to store both meanings in working memory for as long as the high-span readers can. They have a finite number of resources at their disposal, and therefore, to free up some extra space, one meaning rapidly dies out. Because the dominant meaning is initially activated at a higher level, and because prior knowledge tells us that the dominant meaning is more likely to be the appropriate meaning, it is the subordinate meaning that dies out. If this was in fact the intended meaning in that context, it would require a low-span reader to reevaluate the word and reactivate the subordinate meaning, thus causing the rate of comprehension to slow.
There are other possible explanations for the results of this study. One alternative is that neither low- nor high-span readers activate both meanings simultaneously, but that they only activate the dominant meaning initially. What distinguishes the high-span readers from the low-span readers is that they are better able to mentally backtrack and reassess the sentence and choose a new, appropriate meaning. However, this explanation is not entirely plausible because it fails to explain why low- and high-span readers performed equally quickly in the case of equibiased words. A second possibility is that high-span readers are also faster readers. This explanation can be refuted by the fact that high- and mid-span readers have equal reading rates, but high-span readers still had more rapid rates of comprehension in the biased homograph, subordinate meaning condition.
Experiment 2
The second study is essentially an extension of the first. Rather than comparing low- and high-span readers with each other, a within-subjects design was employed to compare each participant with him/herself. In this study, working memory was more directly assessed by varying the length of the neutral region. The shortened sentence, for example, was “Since Ken liked the boxer, he went to the pet store to buy the animal.” The neutral region is four words in the length (‘he went to the’). In the extended version, the sentence read, “Since Ken like the boxer very much, he went to the nearest pet store to buy the animal.” The neutral region in this sentence is seven words long. The model asserts that the shortened sentences will enhance the speed of comprehension. Not only do additional words consume more cognitive resources, but longer sentences leave more time for the subordinate meaning of a biased homograph to die out.
Method
Participants.
The participants were 22 college students. They were all identified as mid-span readers, according to the Reading Span test (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; as cited in Miyake et al., 1994).
Materials.
Twenty-four sentences with biased homographs and 24 with equibiased homographs were used in this experiment. For each type, 12 sentences had long neutral regions and the remaining 12 had shortened neutral regions. Only subordinate interpretations were used in this experiment. True/false statements followed one-third of the sentences.
Procedure.
The same procedure that was followed in Experiment 1 was utilized here.
Results
Once again, the results largely supported the hypotheses predicted by the model. In the case of equibiased homographs, the length of the neutral region did not affect processing. However, the mid-span readers experienced difficulty comprehending the subordinate biased homographs in the long sentences. An ANOVA revealed that in the short sentence in the biased condition, reaction time did not differ as a function of ambiguity; in the long sentence condition, the ambiguous sentences took longer to process (1737ms) than the unambiguous sentences (1552ms).
Discussion
That the longer sentences took longer to process is further evidence in favor of the lexical ambiguity resolution model. As the neutral region lengthens, so does the amount of time required to maintain both interpretations in working memory. Thus, it makes sense with the model that the shorter sentences had faster comprehension at the homograph – both interpretations were still being activated at that point.
The two experiments presented above shed light on the way we process information and how we resolve lexical ambiguities. The method is the same for all types of readers (high-, mid-, and low-span), but the level of success differs. When we come across an ambiguous homograph with two or more possible meanings, both meanings are activated, with the dominant meaning being activated more strongly than the subordinate meaning. Someone with a high-reading span is able to maintain both interpretations in working memory until he/she reaches the disambiguating context and can choose the appropriate meaning. One with a low-reading span, however, does not have the cognitive capacities to maintain both meanings, and thus the subordinate meaning rapidly dies out, often before reaching the disambiguating context. This is just one example of how individual differences influence the language comprehension process.
Over the past few decades, researchers have continued to debate about how people process language. Much of the research has focused on how people resolve ambiguities. In 1977, Marslen-Wilson and Tyler conducted a study on syntactic ambiguity. The participants saw one of two sentence fragments: “If you walk too near the runway, landing planes…” or “If you’ve been trained as a pilot, landing planes…” In the first sentence, ‘landing planes’ is a noun phrase, whereas in the second sentence, ‘landing planes’ is a verb phrase. After hearing the fragment, either the word ‘are’ or ‘is’ appeared on a screen. ‘Are’ is an appropriate continuation of the former sentence; ‘is’ appropriately follows the second sentence. The results showed that the participants were slower to name the participle in the inappropriate context. This shows that we use context when processing syntax, which is counterevidence to the modularity theory, which posits that higher order processes cannot be influenced by lower level processes.
Swinney (1979) studied lexical ambiguity, and, contrasting Marslen-Wilson and Tyler (1977), his results supported modularity. Participants were aurally presented with a sentence such as “The man was not surprised when he found several bugs in the corner of his room.” In this sentence, ‘bugs’ is an ambiguous word – it could refer to an insect or a piece of spy technology. Immediately following the sentence, a three-letter word appeared on a screen that was either related to context one (ANT), context two (SPY), or unrelated to ‘bugs’ (SEW). While participants were slow at naming ‘SEW’ as a word, they named ‘ANT’ and ‘SPY’ as words equally quickly, suggesting that both meanings were primed. This held true even when the sentence was clear about the intended meaning (“The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of his room.”). This supports modularity in that context did not affect semantic processing.
Marslen-Wilson Tyler and Swinney’s findings were clearly in conflict. Therefore, Miyake, Just, and Carpenter (1994) chose to approach lexical ambiguity from a new angle. They sought to determine whether individual differences in working memory have an effect on the resolution of lexical ambiguity. In addition to supporting modularity, Swinney’s study supported the Many Meanings Theory, which says that when readers come across an ambiguous word, they hold both meanings in their head until they come across the disambiguating context that allows them to select the correct meaning. Using this as a starting point, Miyake et al. (1994) wondered if the amount of information and the length it is stored in one’s mind differs depending on their working memory capacity. Working memory, as defined by Miyake et al. (1994), “includes not only the storage but also the computational (original emphasis) component and is considered the site for both executing various language processes and storing intermediate and/or final products of comprehension” (p. 176). Therefore, those with a larger working memory span should be able to hold more items in their memory while still having resources available for computations such as resolving lexical ambiguities. Those with a smaller working memory capacity are less able to maintain information while performing computational tasks.
The capacity-constrained model of lexical ambiguity resolution has two components: (1) multiple meanings of an ambiguous word are activated simultaneously (as evidenced by Swinney), and (2) when there is no prior biasing context that informs the reader of the correct meaning, the level at which the meanings are activated is related to the frequency of the word in that language. Equibiased words are those in which both meanings of the word appear equally frequently in language. For example, ‘club’ equally means an organization/gang or a bat/weapon. Biased words have one meaning that is more prototypical of that word. ‘Boxer,’ for example, more often means an athletic fighter (dominant meaning) rather than a short-haired dog (subordinate meaning).
Experiment 1
In the present study, Miyake et al. (1994) hypothesized that people with smaller working memory spans will not be able to hold both meanings of an ambiguous word in their heads long enough (i.e., until they reach the disambiguating word), which in turn would slow down their comprehension. This result was not expected for people with larger working memories; the researchers anticipated that their comprehension would be significantly faster. More specifically, this effect was only expected when the correct meaning of the ambiguous word was the subordinate meaning. According to the capacity-constrained model, both low- and high-span readers activate both meanings upon reading the ambiguous word. The dominant meaning is activated at a much higher level than the subordinate meaning for both types of readers. Both meanings start to die out for both types of readers as time passes, but in low-span readers, the subordinate meaning dies out much more quickly than it does for the high-span readers. It is therefore believed to fall below the threshold before the reader reaches the disambiguating region. Thus, low-span readers must go back and re-retrieve the subordinate meaning, causing their comprehension to slow. Because the high-span readers still have the subordinate meaning in their working memory, they can immediately put it to use and quickly continue reading. Reading comprehension was not expected to differ between readers when the correct meaning was the dominant meaning, because they are more highly activated.
Method
Participants.
The participants were 96 college students. They were identified as low-, mid-, or high-span readers based on the Reading Span test (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; as cited in Miyake et al., 1994). The participants heard sets of unrelated sentences and were asked to recall the last word of each sentence. The first set had two sentences, with each set adding one more sentence until the participant was unable to recall two words from the set. Scores were based on the largest set size that participants could correctly remember every word from three of five sets. Those with a score of 2.5 or less were identified as low-span readers (N 36), 3.0-3.5 were mid-span readers (N 28), and 4.0 and above were high-span readers (N = 32).
Materials.
The 64 stimulus sentences differed in three ways in each condition. The words were either biased or equibiased (referred to as Disparity), the meanings were either dominant or subordinate (Dominance), and the target words were either ambiguous or unambiguous (Ambiguity). An example of a sentence with an ambiguous, biased target with the subordinate meaning is, “Since Ken really liked the boxer, he took a bus to the nearest pet store to buy the animal.” Each sentence could be divided into four parts. The first was the opening region, which was the same for each condition (Disparity, Dominance, Ambiguity) and was neutral in regards to the intended meaning of the ambiguous word. In the example, ‘Since Ken really liked the’ was the opening region. Next was the target word, the debatable word (‘boxer’). The seven-word intervening region (‘he took a bus to the nearest’) came after the target word and before the disambiguating region. It was the same in all conditions, and did not lend itself to either meaning of the target word. The disambiguating phrase is the last piece of the sentence (‘pet store to buy the animal’). The first word of the phrase (‘pet’) indicates the intended meaning of the ambiguous word. It is always the eighth word after the ambiguous word.
Procedure.
The sentences were presented in a moving window paradigm. This means that each word of the sentence was presented on a computer screen one at a time. The participants had to click a button in order for the next word to appear. In this way, the researchers could measure the speed of comprehension. This method was believed to be an adequate measure of working memory because without the ability to go back and re-read the words that were previously presented, the participants are forced to store the information in their working memory. Additionally, a true/false question spontaneously appeared after half of the sentences. Because the participants did not know which sentences would be followed with questions, they were motivated to fully comprehend every sentence, and thus keep their working memory engaged.
Results
For biased homographs, there was no difference in the speed of comprehension based on working memory capacity when the correct meaning was the dominant meaning. However, for subordinate meanings low-span and mid-span readers were slower in processing the ambiguous sentences than the unambiguous controls. The low-span readers spent 1537ms reading the unambiguous sentence and 1746ms for the ambiguous sentence (a difference of 209ms). The mid-span readers showed the same effect, with the ambiguous sentence taking longer than the unambiguous sentence (1435ms, 1340ms, respectively; 95ms difference). The ambiguous sentences were only processed 57ms slower than unambiguous sentences in high-span readers (1402 ms, 1345 ms, respectively). The low-span readers slowed down the most upon reaching the last word of the sentence, and to a lesser extent, at the first word after the disambiguating word. The mid-span readers slowed down at the same places as the low-span readers, but did not struggle nearly as much at the end of the sentence. The high-span readers were essentially unaffected across the disambiguating region.
The equibiased ambiguities were much easier for the participants to resolve. The only significant effect was that mid-span readers slowed down at the word after the disambiguating word.
An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that a significant interaction effect was found for Reading Span x Dominance x Ambiguity. In other words, the speed of comprehension differed based on reading span when the target word was ambiguous and the definition was the subordinate meaning. This effect was highlighted when the mid-span group was removed from the analysis.
Discussion
The results are consistent with the capacity-constrained model of lexical ambiguity. The participants with a high-reading span were able to maintain both meanings of the ambiguous word in their working memory, so the speed of processing was unaffected by the dominance of the word. However, low-span readers do not have the capacity to store both meanings in working memory for as long as the high-span readers can. They have a finite number of resources at their disposal, and therefore, to free up some extra space, one meaning rapidly dies out. Because the dominant meaning is initially activated at a higher level, and because prior knowledge tells us that the dominant meaning is more likely to be the appropriate meaning, it is the subordinate meaning that dies out. If this was in fact the intended meaning in that context, it would require a low-span reader to reevaluate the word and reactivate the subordinate meaning, thus causing the rate of comprehension to slow.
There are other possible explanations for the results of this study. One alternative is that neither low- nor high-span readers activate both meanings simultaneously, but that they only activate the dominant meaning initially. What distinguishes the high-span readers from the low-span readers is that they are better able to mentally backtrack and reassess the sentence and choose a new, appropriate meaning. However, this explanation is not entirely plausible because it fails to explain why low- and high-span readers performed equally quickly in the case of equibiased words. A second possibility is that high-span readers are also faster readers. This explanation can be refuted by the fact that high- and mid-span readers have equal reading rates, but high-span readers still had more rapid rates of comprehension in the biased homograph, subordinate meaning condition.
Experiment 2
The second study is essentially an extension of the first. Rather than comparing low- and high-span readers with each other, a within-subjects design was employed to compare each participant with him/herself. In this study, working memory was more directly assessed by varying the length of the neutral region. The shortened sentence, for example, was “Since Ken liked the boxer, he went to the pet store to buy the animal.” The neutral region is four words in the length (‘he went to the’). In the extended version, the sentence read, “Since Ken like the boxer very much, he went to the nearest pet store to buy the animal.” The neutral region in this sentence is seven words long. The model asserts that the shortened sentences will enhance the speed of comprehension. Not only do additional words consume more cognitive resources, but longer sentences leave more time for the subordinate meaning of a biased homograph to die out.
Method
Participants.
The participants were 22 college students. They were all identified as mid-span readers, according to the Reading Span test (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; as cited in Miyake et al., 1994).
Materials.
Twenty-four sentences with biased homographs and 24 with equibiased homographs were used in this experiment. For each type, 12 sentences had long neutral regions and the remaining 12 had shortened neutral regions. Only subordinate interpretations were used in this experiment. True/false statements followed one-third of the sentences.
Procedure.
The same procedure that was followed in Experiment 1 was utilized here.
Results
Once again, the results largely supported the hypotheses predicted by the model. In the case of equibiased homographs, the length of the neutral region did not affect processing. However, the mid-span readers experienced difficulty comprehending the subordinate biased homographs in the long sentences. An ANOVA revealed that in the short sentence in the biased condition, reaction time did not differ as a function of ambiguity; in the long sentence condition, the ambiguous sentences took longer to process (1737ms) than the unambiguous sentences (1552ms).
Discussion
That the longer sentences took longer to process is further evidence in favor of the lexical ambiguity resolution model. As the neutral region lengthens, so does the amount of time required to maintain both interpretations in working memory. Thus, it makes sense with the model that the shorter sentences had faster comprehension at the homograph – both interpretations were still being activated at that point.
The two experiments presented above shed light on the way we process information and how we resolve lexical ambiguities. The method is the same for all types of readers (high-, mid-, and low-span), but the level of success differs. When we come across an ambiguous homograph with two or more possible meanings, both meanings are activated, with the dominant meaning being activated more strongly than the subordinate meaning. Someone with a high-reading span is able to maintain both interpretations in working memory until he/she reaches the disambiguating context and can choose the appropriate meaning. One with a low-reading span, however, does not have the cognitive capacities to maintain both meanings, and thus the subordinate meaning rapidly dies out, often before reaching the disambiguating context. This is just one example of how individual differences influence the language comprehension process.
Panda Sneeze is a viral video on the website YouTube that has (as of November 4th, 2007) over three million views. It is a short, 16 second video captured by a Chinese tourist in a visit to a zoo of a mother Panda eating with her cub laying down peacefully in front of her. Approximately fourteen seconds into the video the panda cub violently sneezes, causing the mother panda to jump in shock. The editing of the video was compared to vaudeville for its comedic timing. In February 2007, it reached the #1 most viewed video on YouTube.
Amersu, Xiaan
Xiaan Amersu was once the apprentice of Anx Jedi Master, J'Mikel. When Amersu was very young, the bounty hunter Aurra Sing murdered J'Mikel right in front of her. It was thought that she might be scarred for life. Amersu ascended to the rank of Jedi Knight by the time of the Clone Wars. During a battle with Aurra Sing, Aayla Secura recovered the J'Mikel's lightsaber. She returned it to Amersu just before her first battle as a general. At the end of the Clone Wars, Amersu was sent to Saleucami. During the battle, she mourned the loss of when he was killed by the Dark Jedi . Later on, she flew a Jedi Starfighter there with A'Sharad Hett. When she was hit, Hett told her to land. She didn't because she knew that she wasn't going to make it. She sacrificed herself for the good of the Galactic Republic, ultimately crashing her starfighter against the Separatist's main cannon and effectively destroying it, allowing for the Republic fleet to begin an orbital bombardment that helped turn the tide of the battle.
Anno, Klossi
Klossi Anno was a human female from Chalacta and a Padawan. Unlike her mentor, she survived Order 66.
She accompanied nine other survivors of the Jedi Purge in capturing a SX Troop Shuttle at Dellalt, although four of the Jedi died under fire from ARC-170s and a light cruiser that gave pursuit. The survivors were eventually rescued by the Drunk Dancer.
On Kashyyyk, she tried to fight Darth Vader after he killed Jedi Knights and Iwo Kulka, but the powerful Sith Lord merely sidestepped her and then slashed her across the back with his lightsaber. Klossi survived the encounter.
After the subjugation of Kashyyyk by the fledgling Galactic Empire, Anno committed herself to finding a way to subtly sabotage the Empire, perhaps in a construction project.
Appearances
*Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader
Bao-Dur
Bao-Dur and the Remote are Star Wars fictional characters in the video game Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords. The name "Bao-Dur" may be an homage to Baldur's Gate, a role-playing game developed by the same company that made the original Knights of the Old Republic.
Bao-Dur is a from , and a technician who fought under the Jedi Exile in the Mandalorian Wars, hence his insistence as referring to the Exile as "General". Bao-Dur is the inventor of the Mass Shadow Generator that ended the battle on Malachor V by completely obliterating the Mandalorian fleet and inadvertently killing many Republic soldiers on his own side of the battle, leading to a great deal of guilt later in his life. The Exile gave the command, which sent massive echoes in the Force throughout the galaxy.
Bao-Dur has a remote droid companion, who he built as a child and follows him throughout his adventures. He upgrades him at various points in the game. Remote is also a playable character when the player is on Malachor V.
At the time when he is introduced to the Jedi Exile in Knights of the Old Republic II, Bao-Dur is working as a technician on the surface of Telos, a world that had been destroyed prior to the events of Knights of the Old Republic. He is in charge of the shield system that cordons off areas on the Telosian surface and provides protection for any animals introduced there. He works there so that he might help to add back into the galaxy some of the life he took away at Malachor V. He hates Czerka Corporation, and generally wishes to see kindness spread throughout the galaxy. He is still an accomplished warrior, however, despite his pacifistic side and his long absence from combat.
Atris and her Handmaidens generally thought highly of Bao-Dur's skill with machinery and technology; in the words of the last Handmaiden, "his skill with machinery is something beyond what most can even aspire to." She then goes on to add that "his shield designs surpass even those of the best Echani power architects" - sublime praise coming from someone who was an Echani herself, and moreover a warrior.
Bao-Dur's arm was severed in the battle of Malachor V at the end of the Mandalorian Wars. He replaced it with a special arm with a laser-like elbow. His prosthetic arm allows him to disable personal shields and force fields by punching them.
Bao-Dur may become a Jedi Guardian or Dark Jedi Guardian, depending on the actions the player takes within the game. However, he cannot equip Jedi robes.
According to the cut content from the game, it appears as though Bao-Dur does not follow The exile to Malachor V. He is seen in a remote video. This is because in an earlier version of the game, Bao-Dur was planned to give up his life to save the Exile, thus explaining his non-existent presence and Kreia being unable to detect his future at the end of the game.
Remote
The Remote was a droid built by Bao-Dur when he was a child that follows him throughout the game. Bao-Dur upgrades it several times in the game, arming it with a laser that can both repair the other droids (HK-47, G0-T0 and T3-M4) and damage enemies. G0-T0 develops an instant dislike of The Remote for unexplained reasons. When the Jedi Exile goes to Malachor V, the Remote goes in search of and finds the mass shadow generator, Bao-Dur's old invention from the last battle of the Mandalorian War, in order to destroy Malachor V. G0-T0, not wanting Malachor V to be destroyed, abducts the Remote. This turns out to be futile, the planet's core explodes shortly after the Exile kills Darth Traya, destroying the planet, along with the Sith Academy, G0-T0, and the Remote. Cut content from the game suggests that originally, although G0-T0 managed to corner the Remote , HK-47 managed to arrive with several HK-50 droids , to stop G0-T0 from overwhelming Remote. And Remote did manage to destroy Malachor V by activating the Mass Shadow Generator.
Name
Bao-Dur's name can be seen with or without the hyphen. His name may derive from the Hindi word bahadur meaning brave. Another theory is that it is a homage to Baldur's Gate, a game made by BioWare, the company which developed the original KOTOR or it may even be homage to Barad-dûr the fortress of Sauron in The Lord of the Rings.
Baytes, Soon
Soon Baytes was a renowned Jedi in the years preceding the Great Jedi Purge. He originally appeared as an assistant to Yoda in Jedi Council: Acts of War. In the "Obsession" limited series, Obi-Wan Kenobi speaks well of him and reveals that they haven't met in years. He was slain by General Grievous. He seemed to be fully human. His hair was dark except at the temples, where it was colored white.
Bees, Nem
Nem Bees was a Jedi Knight during the time of the Clone Wars. He was an Ortolan from the planet Orto, which is where he was stationed at the time of the Separatist invasion of the planet. He was dispatched to his homeworld undercover as the deceased trader Ydde in response to reports of the neutral Ortolan government swearing allegiance to the Separatists. The Sluis sector was already war torn enough at this time and the Republic was fearing the loss of the Rimma Trade Route if the growing instability of this sector was not stopped.
He was too late. The government quickly declared allegiance to the Separatists shortly after his arrival, and that day battle droids stormed the capital city. Unwilling to blow his cover, Bees acted as a frightened civilian and helplessly watched as the droids marched. However, with the help of a Twi'lek servant employed by Financial Minister Belo Tusus, Bees was able to regain contact with Coruscant and arrange for a battalion of troops to come to the planet's aid. He and the servant sabotaged many key shield generators and other military devices as the troops arrived.
Bees then met with Clone Commander Deviss to prepare to remove the separatists from Orto. The Financial Minister fled Orto as the clones arrived. Unfortunately, a week into the campaign, Order 66 was issued and Deviss cut down Bees during the assault on the droid ranks.
Bok, Aidan
Aidan Bok is a Jedi in the Star Wars Expanded Universe. He was killed by Darth Vader on Nespis 8 and later became a ghost in the Jedi Archives. He appeared to Tash Arranda in the John Whitman novel Galaxy of Fear: Ghost of a Jedi. His spirit was put to rest after he helped Tash defeat Gog and free her brother and uncle (and many other people).
Brand, Empatojayos
Empatojayos Brand was a Jedi Knight during the waning days of the Old Republic. Brand was apprenticed to Jedi Master Yaddle. Empatojayos was very aggressive and vain, but he overcame his personality flaws to become a full fledged Jedi Knight. He survived the Great Jedi Purge, but was severely injured by Darth Vader, who sent him hurtling through a gas nebula near Nar Shadaa. The Ganathans saved him, gave him a cyborg body, and made him their king. He returned from his self-imposed exile when Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo, fleeing from bounty hunters, stumbled upon his hidden world, and informed him that Vader was dead. Brand decided that he should aid Luke Skywalker in his attempts to restore the Jedi Order; he proved instrumental during the events of Dark Empire in defeating Dark Siders on . Empatojayos died on Onderon when he sacrificed himself to save the baby Anakin Solo from being filled with the essence and mind of Emperor Palpatine's clone; Empatojayos intercepted Palpatine's spirit, preventing the Emperor from taking power from the infant Anakin Solo. As his soul connected to Palpatine's, the two died together, freeing the galaxy from the Emperor's reign forever.
Brandl, Adalric Cessius
Lord Adalric Cessius Brandl was a handsome former actor and Jedi Knight from the planet Trulalis during the Old Republic who went on to become one of the High Inquisitors of the Emperor's Inquisitors. During his service, he began to feel conflicted by his chosen path; the many deaths weighed on his mind, and the Dark side was not answering his questions. He went rogue, travelling from sector to sector, killing freely along the way, until he had returned to his home planet Trulalis. There, he encountered his old acting master, Master Otias, who refused him forgiveness for his many crimes, and his son, Jaalib. There, something changed inside Brandl, and he signaled the Imperial Starfleet his location. As the smuggler he had hired to transport him navigated his vessel out of the atmosphere, a Star Destroyer arrived and captured the Kierra. The smuggler was released with 10,000 credits (a tenth of the bounty on Brandl's head), and fled the doomed Star Destroyer mere moments before Brandl set off a number of thermal detonators, destroying the vessel, and (so the Empire and New Republic believed) himself.
In reality, he had escaped (with a number of wounds and scars), and had returned to Trulalis where he tutored his son in acting. There, he encountered Fable Astin, and trained her in lightsaber combat. Unbeknownst to Fable, Brandl had made arrangements with the Reborn Emperor on the planet Byss to bring him Fable as a gift, to redeem Brandl in the Emperor's eyes. His son, going through the ship's logs, discovered the trip, and warned Fable, calling her fellow Rebel Alliance crewmates to her aid. High Inquisitor Tremayne, whose apprentice Vialco Fable had killed with the aid of Brandl's teachings, received Jaalib as his new apprentice. Adalric arranged this to punish Jaalib for rescuing Fable.
Adalric's whereabouts afterwards are unknown, although an unpublished short story by Patricia A. Jackson suggests he went on to rule an Imperial Remnant state called the "Protectorate".
Bulq, Sora
Sora Bulq was a Jedi who fought in the Clone Wars. He was remembered as one of the greatest lightsaber duelists the order had ever known, having aided Master Windu in perfecting Vaapad. However, he had not mastered the form; rather it had mastered him, as he fell to the dark side.
Shortly after the Battle of Geonosis, Sora Bulq and Master Tholme engaged Count Dooku on Bakura. Dooku disarmed Sora and blasted him with Force Lightning. Tholme was defeated and lost his left eye. While Dooku trapped Tholme with rocks, he took Sora away and tended to his wounds. Sora Bulq was then corrupted by Dooku, turned to the dark side and joined the CIS.
Soon after Bakura, Mace Windu located him on the moon Ruul. He had arranged a meeting of Jedi dissidents including , Jeisel, Rhad Tarn, and Bulq's former Padawan, Mira. When Asajj Ventress attacked, Windu realized that Bulq had gone to the dark side. Windu was able to bring K'Kruhk and Jeisel back, but Bulq promised to get revenge on the Jedi.
Under the order of Dooku, Sora rescued Tholme and returned to the Jedi Temple as hero. During the Clone Wars, Bulq was Dooku's right-hand man. For a while, Quinlan Vos believed Bulq to be the Sith Lord Darth Sidious.
Sora Bulq assassinated Council Master and later defeated and disarmed Master Tholme. Bulq was later killed by Jedi Master Quinlan Vos after Vos' final internal battle with the dark side. Bulq's body was left by Vos and his Padawan Aayla Secura to be blown up in the internal explosions that followed.
As a Jedi, Bulq wielded two blue lightsabers, one of standard length, the other with a much shorter blade, sometimes known as a lightdagger. He initially retained the blue-coloured blades while having fallen to the Dark Side in order to maintain the pretence of being merely a Jedi dissident. Upon becoming revealed as a Dark Jedi in service to Darth Tyranus, Bulq's dual blades became red in color, presumably replaced with synthetic Sith crystals provided by his new master.
When Jedi Quinlan Vos went undercover in an attempt to infiltrate Tyrannus' Dark Jedi cabal, he became obsessed with discovering the identity of "The Second Sith", as Darth Sidious' existence was at that point only known to the Jedi by inference. After being tricked by Dooku into assassinating a Republic senator he thought was the Sith, Vos became convinced that Sora Bulq was in fact the true Dark Lord. He pursued this obsession almost to his own destruction.
The photograph above, a behind-the-scenes character portrait from Episode II depicts a Jedi dressed in a white tunic wielding a single blue blade, who is visible several times in the "Circle of survivors" scene during the climax of the arena battle in the finished film. However, it is reasonable to assume that this anonymous Jedi was, in fact, retroactively declared to be Bulq by Lucasfilm, as this image was added to his StarWars.com Databank file at a much later date, long after his introduction in the Dark Horse comics' series as a Jedi with two lightsabers and a much darker brown tunic (see comic book panel to the left).
Hasbro has released a white tunic-wearing and single lightsaber-wielding Sora Bulq action figure based on the photographic image rather than his comic-book appearance.
Chatak, Bol
Bol Chatak was a Jedi Knight who fought in the Clone Wars. She was stationed on the planet Murkhana with her padawan and fellow knight when Palpatine issued Order 66. In order to escape offworld and hopefully gather some information about why their clones had turned on them, all three knights discarded their robes and adopted mercenary disguises. They were arrested and imprisoned with hundreds of other mercenaries. Darth Vader arrived on the planet just as they were preparing to be transported to a prison colony, and Chatak drew her lightsaber to battle the Sith Lord. Chatak fought with grace and skill, while Vader's saber technique was clumsy (he was still adjusting to his new body inside the armor). But despite her finesse, Vader's sheer brute strength overcame her, and he decapitated the Jedi after cutting off her swordarm.
Charny, Kiel
Kiel Charny was a Human Jedi Knight, who served as a Jedi General for the Galactic Republic during the New Sith Wars. He was murdered by the Jedi initiate Darovit, who subsequently defected to the Brotherhood of Darkness.
Charny was the Padawan of Master Handa; he became the lover of another of Handa's students, Githany, who was only a year younger than Charny. Handa was outraged at their affair, and harshly rebuked them, one of many factors leading to Githany betraying the Jedi and joining the Brotherhood of Darkness. Charny refused to follow her on that path.
After completing his apprenticeship, Kiel Charny became a charismatic general in the Army of Light on Ruusan. Charny was killed by Darovit, the boy also known as Tomcat, by lightsaber decapitation under Githany's command during the Sixth Battle of Ruusan.
After his death, the planet Charny in the Ruusan system was named for him.
Chion, Olana
Olana Chion was a Human Jedi Knight from the planet Kegan during the time of the Clone Wars. She was found as an infant by Jedi Masters Qui-Gon Jinn and , along with their Padawans, Obi-Wan Kenobi and . The planet Kegan was very oppressive and her original name was O-Lana, the O representing her gender as every female had an O in front of their names and males had a V. The Jedi helped to topple the oppressive regime on Kegan and were allowed to take O-Lana back to the temple, where she was simply called Olana.
Olana greatly admired Obi-Wan and hoped to become his apprentice someday. However, when Obi-Wan returned from his mission to Naboo, he brought with him his new Padawan, Anakin Skywalker. Olana shared most of the misgivings many in the Order had of Skywalker, but hers seemed to be more personal.
She was later apprenticed to Avan Post and served with the Jedi Master for over a decade until he was killed during the Clone Wars. It was also during the Clone Wars that she was promoted to the rank of Jedi Knight. She kept a wary eye on Skywalker during the war, believing that he embraced war far too easily. Olana was first and foremost a peacekeeper and was unable to actively lead troops in the war. Instead she helped evacuation efforts on various worlds to save endangered populaces. She understood that it was necassary to stop the Separatists, which is likely why she was willing to stay and help in any way she could, instead of joining the growing number of dissident Jedi.
During the Separatist attack on Coruscant, Olana helped move millions to safety from the battle. She would spend the remainder of the war at the Temple. Her misgivings of Skywalker increased as more and more traditions were moved aside for the Knight, eventually leading to his ascent to the Council. Of course, only days later, her misgivings were proved true as Skywalker stormed the Temple with thousands of clones and slaughtered most of the Jedi. Olana worked with Cin Drallig in the Temple resistance and tried to save as many Padawans as possible, but it all proved to be futile. It is assumed she died there with so many of the Order, although her body was never conclusively identified.
Danva, Joclad
Joclad Danva was a male Human Jedi Knight during the Clone Wars known for his fighting prowess, both armed with two lightsabers (he was a practitioner of the Jar'Kai lightsaber technique) and with his bare hands as an experienced Teräs Käsi martial artist. Joclad often participated in Teräs Käsi matches on Bunduki, during which he refrained from using his Force abilities to give himself an unfair advantage. In one such match, right before the Battle of Geonosis, he was defeated by Phow Ji. Phow Ji took the opportunity to belittle the Force, despite Joclad's explanation that he had not been using it.
Joclad Danva accompanied Mace Windu and his Jedi strike team to rescue Obi-Wan Kenobi on Geonosis. Joclad fought in the battle that followed, wielding twin lightsabers in the execution arena. It is believed he was shot during the Battle of Geonosis, after the Republic gunships left the arena to continue battling the Separatist droid armies. His condition and final fate remained unknown, in part thanks to the chaos that the Clone Wars generated, even within the ranks of the Jedi Order.
Joclad Danva was portrayed by Kyle Rowling, who was Count Dooku's dueling and stunt double in Attack of the Clones.
Darté, Roblio
Roblio Darté was a Jedi Master during the Clone Wars. Sixteen months after the Battle of Geonosis, he fought on the densely forested Paracelus Minor. He used a strategy that was devised by , but it failed when the Separatist General, perhaps General Grievous, decided to bombard the planet. The forests caught fire, and Roblio lost ninety percent of his troopers. He later reported his failure to the Jedi Council, where the proceedings where watched by Senators Bail Organa, Mon Mothma and .
After the Great Jedi Purge, Roblio went to Shadday's meeting on Kessel. There, he fought with Darth Vader. Nearly all the others were dead, leaving only him, and Jastus Farr. They used rocks to defeat the Sith Lord, and were going to finish him when part of the 501st legion arrived on the scene. Roblio tried to delay them for Tsui to escape, but was shot down by the clones.
During the Clone Wars, Roblio wielded an interesting blade design, with a single hilt, but two blades coming out of it, making it look like a Y. When he died, he had a normal single blade.
Dinn, Nelani
Nelani Dinn was a female human Jedi, who had just completed her Jedi Knight trials. She was the only Jedi and the spokesperson for the Jedi Order on the planet Lorrd. Nelani was trying to stop Jacen Solo from turning to the Dark Side (and following the Sith Lumiya), stepped into their quarrel and was killed. Jacen believed that any timeline in which she remained alive would lead to mass confusion and war, and eventually the death of his master, Luke Skywalker. Jacen stabbed her through her heart with his lightsaber, and watched her die for the future of the Jedi and Galaxy.
Dorsk 81
Dorsk 81 is a Jedi Knight in the fictional Star Wars universe, originating from the clone world Khomm. All of Khomm's people are genderless and cannot support life, as their race reached a stage in their evolution that proved satisfactory and switched to a cloning-based society, in order to maintain this point in evolution. They have covered their planet's surface with cloning facilities. As a consequence, none of Dorsk 81's people can be Force-sensitive, because Khomm's first people were not.
Dorsk 81 was Force-sensitive, however, and because of this anomaly he was shunned by his people. Only Dorsk 82, Dorsk 81's clone, respected him, as both of them were strong in the ways of the Force. Dorsk 82 would later go on to become a respected Jedi Knight.
Seeking someone else who would respect him for who he was, Dorsk 81 sought out Jedi Master Luke Skywalker, and began to train under his Jedi Academy. Luke often gave special attention to Mara Jade and Kyp Durron, so Kam Solusar, an apprentice especially wise in the ways of the Force, helped train the rest of the students.
Dorsk 81 became acquainted with Kyp Durron, who became his best friend, and travelled with him back to Khomm, where he hoped his people would respect him now that he had become a Jedi Knight. His people, however were not very welcoming, so Dorsk 81 ventured elsewhere, and stumbled across Admiral Daala, who was at the time giving a speech about how she would devastate worlds.
Returning to the Jedi Academy, he found that Master Skywalker had gone off, and a group of seventeen Star Destroyers hung in orbit under the command of Vice Admiral Pellaeon, an Imperial who had once served under Grand Admiral Thrawn. Combining their efforts and channeling their power through Dorsk 81, the Jedi managed to damage all the Star Destroyers and repel them halfway across the star system. During this ordeal however, Dorsk 81 could not hold all the power in him, and was destroyed, even though he had saved the Jedi Academy from destruction. His memory is still held within the walls of the Jedi Temple, and in his companions' memories.
Xiaan Amersu was once the apprentice of Anx Jedi Master, J'Mikel. When Amersu was very young, the bounty hunter Aurra Sing murdered J'Mikel right in front of her. It was thought that she might be scarred for life. Amersu ascended to the rank of Jedi Knight by the time of the Clone Wars. During a battle with Aurra Sing, Aayla Secura recovered the J'Mikel's lightsaber. She returned it to Amersu just before her first battle as a general. At the end of the Clone Wars, Amersu was sent to Saleucami. During the battle, she mourned the loss of when he was killed by the Dark Jedi . Later on, she flew a Jedi Starfighter there with A'Sharad Hett. When she was hit, Hett told her to land. She didn't because she knew that she wasn't going to make it. She sacrificed herself for the good of the Galactic Republic, ultimately crashing her starfighter against the Separatist's main cannon and effectively destroying it, allowing for the Republic fleet to begin an orbital bombardment that helped turn the tide of the battle.
Anno, Klossi
Klossi Anno was a human female from Chalacta and a Padawan. Unlike her mentor, she survived Order 66.
She accompanied nine other survivors of the Jedi Purge in capturing a SX Troop Shuttle at Dellalt, although four of the Jedi died under fire from ARC-170s and a light cruiser that gave pursuit. The survivors were eventually rescued by the Drunk Dancer.
On Kashyyyk, she tried to fight Darth Vader after he killed Jedi Knights and Iwo Kulka, but the powerful Sith Lord merely sidestepped her and then slashed her across the back with his lightsaber. Klossi survived the encounter.
After the subjugation of Kashyyyk by the fledgling Galactic Empire, Anno committed herself to finding a way to subtly sabotage the Empire, perhaps in a construction project.
Appearances
*Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader
Bao-Dur
Bao-Dur and the Remote are Star Wars fictional characters in the video game Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords. The name "Bao-Dur" may be an homage to Baldur's Gate, a role-playing game developed by the same company that made the original Knights of the Old Republic.
Bao-Dur is a from , and a technician who fought under the Jedi Exile in the Mandalorian Wars, hence his insistence as referring to the Exile as "General". Bao-Dur is the inventor of the Mass Shadow Generator that ended the battle on Malachor V by completely obliterating the Mandalorian fleet and inadvertently killing many Republic soldiers on his own side of the battle, leading to a great deal of guilt later in his life. The Exile gave the command, which sent massive echoes in the Force throughout the galaxy.
Bao-Dur has a remote droid companion, who he built as a child and follows him throughout his adventures. He upgrades him at various points in the game. Remote is also a playable character when the player is on Malachor V.
At the time when he is introduced to the Jedi Exile in Knights of the Old Republic II, Bao-Dur is working as a technician on the surface of Telos, a world that had been destroyed prior to the events of Knights of the Old Republic. He is in charge of the shield system that cordons off areas on the Telosian surface and provides protection for any animals introduced there. He works there so that he might help to add back into the galaxy some of the life he took away at Malachor V. He hates Czerka Corporation, and generally wishes to see kindness spread throughout the galaxy. He is still an accomplished warrior, however, despite his pacifistic side and his long absence from combat.
Atris and her Handmaidens generally thought highly of Bao-Dur's skill with machinery and technology; in the words of the last Handmaiden, "his skill with machinery is something beyond what most can even aspire to." She then goes on to add that "his shield designs surpass even those of the best Echani power architects" - sublime praise coming from someone who was an Echani herself, and moreover a warrior.
Bao-Dur's arm was severed in the battle of Malachor V at the end of the Mandalorian Wars. He replaced it with a special arm with a laser-like elbow. His prosthetic arm allows him to disable personal shields and force fields by punching them.
Bao-Dur may become a Jedi Guardian or Dark Jedi Guardian, depending on the actions the player takes within the game. However, he cannot equip Jedi robes.
According to the cut content from the game, it appears as though Bao-Dur does not follow The exile to Malachor V. He is seen in a remote video. This is because in an earlier version of the game, Bao-Dur was planned to give up his life to save the Exile, thus explaining his non-existent presence and Kreia being unable to detect his future at the end of the game.
Remote
The Remote was a droid built by Bao-Dur when he was a child that follows him throughout the game. Bao-Dur upgrades it several times in the game, arming it with a laser that can both repair the other droids (HK-47, G0-T0 and T3-M4) and damage enemies. G0-T0 develops an instant dislike of The Remote for unexplained reasons. When the Jedi Exile goes to Malachor V, the Remote goes in search of and finds the mass shadow generator, Bao-Dur's old invention from the last battle of the Mandalorian War, in order to destroy Malachor V. G0-T0, not wanting Malachor V to be destroyed, abducts the Remote. This turns out to be futile, the planet's core explodes shortly after the Exile kills Darth Traya, destroying the planet, along with the Sith Academy, G0-T0, and the Remote. Cut content from the game suggests that originally, although G0-T0 managed to corner the Remote , HK-47 managed to arrive with several HK-50 droids , to stop G0-T0 from overwhelming Remote. And Remote did manage to destroy Malachor V by activating the Mass Shadow Generator.
Name
Bao-Dur's name can be seen with or without the hyphen. His name may derive from the Hindi word bahadur meaning brave. Another theory is that it is a homage to Baldur's Gate, a game made by BioWare, the company which developed the original KOTOR or it may even be homage to Barad-dûr the fortress of Sauron in The Lord of the Rings.
Baytes, Soon
Soon Baytes was a renowned Jedi in the years preceding the Great Jedi Purge. He originally appeared as an assistant to Yoda in Jedi Council: Acts of War. In the "Obsession" limited series, Obi-Wan Kenobi speaks well of him and reveals that they haven't met in years. He was slain by General Grievous. He seemed to be fully human. His hair was dark except at the temples, where it was colored white.
Bees, Nem
Nem Bees was a Jedi Knight during the time of the Clone Wars. He was an Ortolan from the planet Orto, which is where he was stationed at the time of the Separatist invasion of the planet. He was dispatched to his homeworld undercover as the deceased trader Ydde in response to reports of the neutral Ortolan government swearing allegiance to the Separatists. The Sluis sector was already war torn enough at this time and the Republic was fearing the loss of the Rimma Trade Route if the growing instability of this sector was not stopped.
He was too late. The government quickly declared allegiance to the Separatists shortly after his arrival, and that day battle droids stormed the capital city. Unwilling to blow his cover, Bees acted as a frightened civilian and helplessly watched as the droids marched. However, with the help of a Twi'lek servant employed by Financial Minister Belo Tusus, Bees was able to regain contact with Coruscant and arrange for a battalion of troops to come to the planet's aid. He and the servant sabotaged many key shield generators and other military devices as the troops arrived.
Bees then met with Clone Commander Deviss to prepare to remove the separatists from Orto. The Financial Minister fled Orto as the clones arrived. Unfortunately, a week into the campaign, Order 66 was issued and Deviss cut down Bees during the assault on the droid ranks.
Bok, Aidan
Aidan Bok is a Jedi in the Star Wars Expanded Universe. He was killed by Darth Vader on Nespis 8 and later became a ghost in the Jedi Archives. He appeared to Tash Arranda in the John Whitman novel Galaxy of Fear: Ghost of a Jedi. His spirit was put to rest after he helped Tash defeat Gog and free her brother and uncle (and many other people).
Brand, Empatojayos
Empatojayos Brand was a Jedi Knight during the waning days of the Old Republic. Brand was apprenticed to Jedi Master Yaddle. Empatojayos was very aggressive and vain, but he overcame his personality flaws to become a full fledged Jedi Knight. He survived the Great Jedi Purge, but was severely injured by Darth Vader, who sent him hurtling through a gas nebula near Nar Shadaa. The Ganathans saved him, gave him a cyborg body, and made him their king. He returned from his self-imposed exile when Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo, fleeing from bounty hunters, stumbled upon his hidden world, and informed him that Vader was dead. Brand decided that he should aid Luke Skywalker in his attempts to restore the Jedi Order; he proved instrumental during the events of Dark Empire in defeating Dark Siders on . Empatojayos died on Onderon when he sacrificed himself to save the baby Anakin Solo from being filled with the essence and mind of Emperor Palpatine's clone; Empatojayos intercepted Palpatine's spirit, preventing the Emperor from taking power from the infant Anakin Solo. As his soul connected to Palpatine's, the two died together, freeing the galaxy from the Emperor's reign forever.
Brandl, Adalric Cessius
Lord Adalric Cessius Brandl was a handsome former actor and Jedi Knight from the planet Trulalis during the Old Republic who went on to become one of the High Inquisitors of the Emperor's Inquisitors. During his service, he began to feel conflicted by his chosen path; the many deaths weighed on his mind, and the Dark side was not answering his questions. He went rogue, travelling from sector to sector, killing freely along the way, until he had returned to his home planet Trulalis. There, he encountered his old acting master, Master Otias, who refused him forgiveness for his many crimes, and his son, Jaalib. There, something changed inside Brandl, and he signaled the Imperial Starfleet his location. As the smuggler he had hired to transport him navigated his vessel out of the atmosphere, a Star Destroyer arrived and captured the Kierra. The smuggler was released with 10,000 credits (a tenth of the bounty on Brandl's head), and fled the doomed Star Destroyer mere moments before Brandl set off a number of thermal detonators, destroying the vessel, and (so the Empire and New Republic believed) himself.
In reality, he had escaped (with a number of wounds and scars), and had returned to Trulalis where he tutored his son in acting. There, he encountered Fable Astin, and trained her in lightsaber combat. Unbeknownst to Fable, Brandl had made arrangements with the Reborn Emperor on the planet Byss to bring him Fable as a gift, to redeem Brandl in the Emperor's eyes. His son, going through the ship's logs, discovered the trip, and warned Fable, calling her fellow Rebel Alliance crewmates to her aid. High Inquisitor Tremayne, whose apprentice Vialco Fable had killed with the aid of Brandl's teachings, received Jaalib as his new apprentice. Adalric arranged this to punish Jaalib for rescuing Fable.
Adalric's whereabouts afterwards are unknown, although an unpublished short story by Patricia A. Jackson suggests he went on to rule an Imperial Remnant state called the "Protectorate".
Bulq, Sora
Sora Bulq was a Jedi who fought in the Clone Wars. He was remembered as one of the greatest lightsaber duelists the order had ever known, having aided Master Windu in perfecting Vaapad. However, he had not mastered the form; rather it had mastered him, as he fell to the dark side.
Shortly after the Battle of Geonosis, Sora Bulq and Master Tholme engaged Count Dooku on Bakura. Dooku disarmed Sora and blasted him with Force Lightning. Tholme was defeated and lost his left eye. While Dooku trapped Tholme with rocks, he took Sora away and tended to his wounds. Sora Bulq was then corrupted by Dooku, turned to the dark side and joined the CIS.
Soon after Bakura, Mace Windu located him on the moon Ruul. He had arranged a meeting of Jedi dissidents including , Jeisel, Rhad Tarn, and Bulq's former Padawan, Mira. When Asajj Ventress attacked, Windu realized that Bulq had gone to the dark side. Windu was able to bring K'Kruhk and Jeisel back, but Bulq promised to get revenge on the Jedi.
Under the order of Dooku, Sora rescued Tholme and returned to the Jedi Temple as hero. During the Clone Wars, Bulq was Dooku's right-hand man. For a while, Quinlan Vos believed Bulq to be the Sith Lord Darth Sidious.
Sora Bulq assassinated Council Master and later defeated and disarmed Master Tholme. Bulq was later killed by Jedi Master Quinlan Vos after Vos' final internal battle with the dark side. Bulq's body was left by Vos and his Padawan Aayla Secura to be blown up in the internal explosions that followed.
As a Jedi, Bulq wielded two blue lightsabers, one of standard length, the other with a much shorter blade, sometimes known as a lightdagger. He initially retained the blue-coloured blades while having fallen to the Dark Side in order to maintain the pretence of being merely a Jedi dissident. Upon becoming revealed as a Dark Jedi in service to Darth Tyranus, Bulq's dual blades became red in color, presumably replaced with synthetic Sith crystals provided by his new master.
When Jedi Quinlan Vos went undercover in an attempt to infiltrate Tyrannus' Dark Jedi cabal, he became obsessed with discovering the identity of "The Second Sith", as Darth Sidious' existence was at that point only known to the Jedi by inference. After being tricked by Dooku into assassinating a Republic senator he thought was the Sith, Vos became convinced that Sora Bulq was in fact the true Dark Lord. He pursued this obsession almost to his own destruction.
The photograph above, a behind-the-scenes character portrait from Episode II depicts a Jedi dressed in a white tunic wielding a single blue blade, who is visible several times in the "Circle of survivors" scene during the climax of the arena battle in the finished film. However, it is reasonable to assume that this anonymous Jedi was, in fact, retroactively declared to be Bulq by Lucasfilm, as this image was added to his StarWars.com Databank file at a much later date, long after his introduction in the Dark Horse comics' series as a Jedi with two lightsabers and a much darker brown tunic (see comic book panel to the left).
Hasbro has released a white tunic-wearing and single lightsaber-wielding Sora Bulq action figure based on the photographic image rather than his comic-book appearance.
Chatak, Bol
Bol Chatak was a Jedi Knight who fought in the Clone Wars. She was stationed on the planet Murkhana with her padawan and fellow knight when Palpatine issued Order 66. In order to escape offworld and hopefully gather some information about why their clones had turned on them, all three knights discarded their robes and adopted mercenary disguises. They were arrested and imprisoned with hundreds of other mercenaries. Darth Vader arrived on the planet just as they were preparing to be transported to a prison colony, and Chatak drew her lightsaber to battle the Sith Lord. Chatak fought with grace and skill, while Vader's saber technique was clumsy (he was still adjusting to his new body inside the armor). But despite her finesse, Vader's sheer brute strength overcame her, and he decapitated the Jedi after cutting off her swordarm.
Charny, Kiel
Kiel Charny was a Human Jedi Knight, who served as a Jedi General for the Galactic Republic during the New Sith Wars. He was murdered by the Jedi initiate Darovit, who subsequently defected to the Brotherhood of Darkness.
Charny was the Padawan of Master Handa; he became the lover of another of Handa's students, Githany, who was only a year younger than Charny. Handa was outraged at their affair, and harshly rebuked them, one of many factors leading to Githany betraying the Jedi and joining the Brotherhood of Darkness. Charny refused to follow her on that path.
After completing his apprenticeship, Kiel Charny became a charismatic general in the Army of Light on Ruusan. Charny was killed by Darovit, the boy also known as Tomcat, by lightsaber decapitation under Githany's command during the Sixth Battle of Ruusan.
After his death, the planet Charny in the Ruusan system was named for him.
Chion, Olana
Olana Chion was a Human Jedi Knight from the planet Kegan during the time of the Clone Wars. She was found as an infant by Jedi Masters Qui-Gon Jinn and , along with their Padawans, Obi-Wan Kenobi and . The planet Kegan was very oppressive and her original name was O-Lana, the O representing her gender as every female had an O in front of their names and males had a V. The Jedi helped to topple the oppressive regime on Kegan and were allowed to take O-Lana back to the temple, where she was simply called Olana.
Olana greatly admired Obi-Wan and hoped to become his apprentice someday. However, when Obi-Wan returned from his mission to Naboo, he brought with him his new Padawan, Anakin Skywalker. Olana shared most of the misgivings many in the Order had of Skywalker, but hers seemed to be more personal.
She was later apprenticed to Avan Post and served with the Jedi Master for over a decade until he was killed during the Clone Wars. It was also during the Clone Wars that she was promoted to the rank of Jedi Knight. She kept a wary eye on Skywalker during the war, believing that he embraced war far too easily. Olana was first and foremost a peacekeeper and was unable to actively lead troops in the war. Instead she helped evacuation efforts on various worlds to save endangered populaces. She understood that it was necassary to stop the Separatists, which is likely why she was willing to stay and help in any way she could, instead of joining the growing number of dissident Jedi.
During the Separatist attack on Coruscant, Olana helped move millions to safety from the battle. She would spend the remainder of the war at the Temple. Her misgivings of Skywalker increased as more and more traditions were moved aside for the Knight, eventually leading to his ascent to the Council. Of course, only days later, her misgivings were proved true as Skywalker stormed the Temple with thousands of clones and slaughtered most of the Jedi. Olana worked with Cin Drallig in the Temple resistance and tried to save as many Padawans as possible, but it all proved to be futile. It is assumed she died there with so many of the Order, although her body was never conclusively identified.
Danva, Joclad
Joclad Danva was a male Human Jedi Knight during the Clone Wars known for his fighting prowess, both armed with two lightsabers (he was a practitioner of the Jar'Kai lightsaber technique) and with his bare hands as an experienced Teräs Käsi martial artist. Joclad often participated in Teräs Käsi matches on Bunduki, during which he refrained from using his Force abilities to give himself an unfair advantage. In one such match, right before the Battle of Geonosis, he was defeated by Phow Ji. Phow Ji took the opportunity to belittle the Force, despite Joclad's explanation that he had not been using it.
Joclad Danva accompanied Mace Windu and his Jedi strike team to rescue Obi-Wan Kenobi on Geonosis. Joclad fought in the battle that followed, wielding twin lightsabers in the execution arena. It is believed he was shot during the Battle of Geonosis, after the Republic gunships left the arena to continue battling the Separatist droid armies. His condition and final fate remained unknown, in part thanks to the chaos that the Clone Wars generated, even within the ranks of the Jedi Order.
Joclad Danva was portrayed by Kyle Rowling, who was Count Dooku's dueling and stunt double in Attack of the Clones.
Darté, Roblio
Roblio Darté was a Jedi Master during the Clone Wars. Sixteen months after the Battle of Geonosis, he fought on the densely forested Paracelus Minor. He used a strategy that was devised by , but it failed when the Separatist General, perhaps General Grievous, decided to bombard the planet. The forests caught fire, and Roblio lost ninety percent of his troopers. He later reported his failure to the Jedi Council, where the proceedings where watched by Senators Bail Organa, Mon Mothma and .
After the Great Jedi Purge, Roblio went to Shadday's meeting on Kessel. There, he fought with Darth Vader. Nearly all the others were dead, leaving only him, and Jastus Farr. They used rocks to defeat the Sith Lord, and were going to finish him when part of the 501st legion arrived on the scene. Roblio tried to delay them for Tsui to escape, but was shot down by the clones.
During the Clone Wars, Roblio wielded an interesting blade design, with a single hilt, but two blades coming out of it, making it look like a Y. When he died, he had a normal single blade.
Dinn, Nelani
Nelani Dinn was a female human Jedi, who had just completed her Jedi Knight trials. She was the only Jedi and the spokesperson for the Jedi Order on the planet Lorrd. Nelani was trying to stop Jacen Solo from turning to the Dark Side (and following the Sith Lumiya), stepped into their quarrel and was killed. Jacen believed that any timeline in which she remained alive would lead to mass confusion and war, and eventually the death of his master, Luke Skywalker. Jacen stabbed her through her heart with his lightsaber, and watched her die for the future of the Jedi and Galaxy.
Dorsk 81
Dorsk 81 is a Jedi Knight in the fictional Star Wars universe, originating from the clone world Khomm. All of Khomm's people are genderless and cannot support life, as their race reached a stage in their evolution that proved satisfactory and switched to a cloning-based society, in order to maintain this point in evolution. They have covered their planet's surface with cloning facilities. As a consequence, none of Dorsk 81's people can be Force-sensitive, because Khomm's first people were not.
Dorsk 81 was Force-sensitive, however, and because of this anomaly he was shunned by his people. Only Dorsk 82, Dorsk 81's clone, respected him, as both of them were strong in the ways of the Force. Dorsk 82 would later go on to become a respected Jedi Knight.
Seeking someone else who would respect him for who he was, Dorsk 81 sought out Jedi Master Luke Skywalker, and began to train under his Jedi Academy. Luke often gave special attention to Mara Jade and Kyp Durron, so Kam Solusar, an apprentice especially wise in the ways of the Force, helped train the rest of the students.
Dorsk 81 became acquainted with Kyp Durron, who became his best friend, and travelled with him back to Khomm, where he hoped his people would respect him now that he had become a Jedi Knight. His people, however were not very welcoming, so Dorsk 81 ventured elsewhere, and stumbled across Admiral Daala, who was at the time giving a speech about how she would devastate worlds.
Returning to the Jedi Academy, he found that Master Skywalker had gone off, and a group of seventeen Star Destroyers hung in orbit under the command of Vice Admiral Pellaeon, an Imperial who had once served under Grand Admiral Thrawn. Combining their efforts and channeling their power through Dorsk 81, the Jedi managed to damage all the Star Destroyers and repel them halfway across the star system. During this ordeal however, Dorsk 81 could not hold all the power in him, and was destroyed, even though he had saved the Jedi Academy from destruction. His memory is still held within the walls of the Jedi Temple, and in his companions' memories.