The Posture Theory is a concept used to explain why many people experience a variety of backaches, chest and stomach pains, and other symptoms without any particular diagnoses.
Previously, the symptoms had been regarded as the imaginary complaints of those with hypochondria, because there was no x-ray evidence of disease.
Causes
The actual cause of many of these symptoms remained a mystery until the publication of a 1980 essay entitled "The Matter Of Framework." In it, author M. A. Banfield first described how leaning forward with a stooped spine compresses the chest and abdomen resulting in stomach and chest pains, palpitations and breathlessness. In addition, the pressure on air and blood vessels in the chest can result in faintness and fatigue. After years of crooked posture, he postulates, the stooped spine alters the shape of the body’s organs, causing a multitude of symptoms.
The cause remained a mystery because
1. there was no immediate link between cause and effect, and
2. not everyone with poor posture develops such symptoms.
Why? Because other factors contribute, such as a stooped spine, sedentary work (which involves leaning toward a desk), and tight corsets or blets which reduce the chest and the abdominal space.
According to Banfield, slouching pushes the stomach into a vertical rather than horizontal position. Reformed this way, the stomach functions less efficiently, and can result in impaired digestion.
Palpitations can be felt when the chest in pushed back against the heart so the beating is more readily felt on the chest wall.
Banfield goes on to say people with sideways curvature of the spine, have one shoulder lower than the other. When such a person leans toward a desk, as to write, for instance, the spine twists, and the lower tip of their breastbone stabs the stomach, producing pain, weakness, and tenderness.
Another example is low quality vocal sounds that are produced when the a stooped head compresses the throat. For this, postural improvement methods, such as “The Alexander Technique,” have been used by both singers and radio announcers to straighten and strengthen the vocal cords for clear vocal quality.
Pressure on the lungs makes it difficult to take a full breath so the person will tend to take several quick deep breaths every few minutes.
The effect of leaning toward a desk is subtle, but patients find it difficult to sit still and constantly move about in their chairs or get up often to walk about. They seem to be generally restless and ultimately develop insomnia.
PREGNANCY PRESSURES
Symptoms are more common during pregnancy when the enlarging womb presses against the heart and lungs, and when the increasing weight of the baby puts pressure on the abdominal veins. Women have reported relief when laying down and rolling from side to side.
SHAKESPEARE SAW THE CONNECTION
In his play RICHARD III, Shakespeare seems to have seen the connection between pressure and symptoms when he wrote: "Oh, cut laces in sunder, that my pent heart may have some scope to beat, or else I swoon."
Translated into modern English and Posture Theory context would be: " Oh, cut the laces of my corset to relieve the pressure on my heart which is confined to such a small chest, so that it can have room to beat, and allow the blood to flow from my feet to my brain, or else I will faint."
Indeed, the symptoms were more commonly reported by corseted city girls than loosely- clothed country girls.
The corset compressed the waist and was responsible for countless illnesses and the fainting spells that were so common in the nineteenth century. Women typically relieved the faint by unlacing their corsets, which reduced the pressure on their waists, and by laying down on chaise lounges to allow the free flow of blood between their feet and their brains.
However, women did not believe the connection because they could not see the distorting affect the corsets had on their internal organs.
Only an anatomist could see the horrendous effects the corset had on deforming the insides of a woman.
Anatomists often cut open a woman after she died and saw the compressed and twisted stomach, liver and womb. Statistics showed that women who wore the tightest corsets had the shortest life expectancy.
Fortunately, the corset era came to an end during World War I. The men went to war while the women went to work in munitions factories. There, they could not get enough air into their lungs to do the heavy manual work until they discarded their corsets in favor of loose factory clothing.
The impetus of the theory was Banfield's own healing of his Da Costa's syndrome.
Between 1991 and 2000, he expanded the theory into a 1000-page book with more than 100 references and 300 illustrations. Now in its 11th edition, the book is carried in public, school, and university libraries worldwide.
Previously, the symptoms had been regarded as the imaginary complaints of those with hypochondria, because there was no x-ray evidence of disease.
Causes
The actual cause of many of these symptoms remained a mystery until the publication of a 1980 essay entitled "The Matter Of Framework." In it, author M. A. Banfield first described how leaning forward with a stooped spine compresses the chest and abdomen resulting in stomach and chest pains, palpitations and breathlessness. In addition, the pressure on air and blood vessels in the chest can result in faintness and fatigue. After years of crooked posture, he postulates, the stooped spine alters the shape of the body’s organs, causing a multitude of symptoms.
The cause remained a mystery because
1. there was no immediate link between cause and effect, and
2. not everyone with poor posture develops such symptoms.
Why? Because other factors contribute, such as a stooped spine, sedentary work (which involves leaning toward a desk), and tight corsets or blets which reduce the chest and the abdominal space.
According to Banfield, slouching pushes the stomach into a vertical rather than horizontal position. Reformed this way, the stomach functions less efficiently, and can result in impaired digestion.
Palpitations can be felt when the chest in pushed back against the heart so the beating is more readily felt on the chest wall.
Banfield goes on to say people with sideways curvature of the spine, have one shoulder lower than the other. When such a person leans toward a desk, as to write, for instance, the spine twists, and the lower tip of their breastbone stabs the stomach, producing pain, weakness, and tenderness.
Another example is low quality vocal sounds that are produced when the a stooped head compresses the throat. For this, postural improvement methods, such as “The Alexander Technique,” have been used by both singers and radio announcers to straighten and strengthen the vocal cords for clear vocal quality.
Pressure on the lungs makes it difficult to take a full breath so the person will tend to take several quick deep breaths every few minutes.
The effect of leaning toward a desk is subtle, but patients find it difficult to sit still and constantly move about in their chairs or get up often to walk about. They seem to be generally restless and ultimately develop insomnia.
PREGNANCY PRESSURES
Symptoms are more common during pregnancy when the enlarging womb presses against the heart and lungs, and when the increasing weight of the baby puts pressure on the abdominal veins. Women have reported relief when laying down and rolling from side to side.
SHAKESPEARE SAW THE CONNECTION
In his play RICHARD III, Shakespeare seems to have seen the connection between pressure and symptoms when he wrote: "Oh, cut laces in sunder, that my pent heart may have some scope to beat, or else I swoon."
Translated into modern English and Posture Theory context would be: " Oh, cut the laces of my corset to relieve the pressure on my heart which is confined to such a small chest, so that it can have room to beat, and allow the blood to flow from my feet to my brain, or else I will faint."
Indeed, the symptoms were more commonly reported by corseted city girls than loosely- clothed country girls.
The corset compressed the waist and was responsible for countless illnesses and the fainting spells that were so common in the nineteenth century. Women typically relieved the faint by unlacing their corsets, which reduced the pressure on their waists, and by laying down on chaise lounges to allow the free flow of blood between their feet and their brains.
However, women did not believe the connection because they could not see the distorting affect the corsets had on their internal organs.
Only an anatomist could see the horrendous effects the corset had on deforming the insides of a woman.
Anatomists often cut open a woman after she died and saw the compressed and twisted stomach, liver and womb. Statistics showed that women who wore the tightest corsets had the shortest life expectancy.
Fortunately, the corset era came to an end during World War I. The men went to war while the women went to work in munitions factories. There, they could not get enough air into their lungs to do the heavy manual work until they discarded their corsets in favor of loose factory clothing.
The impetus of the theory was Banfield's own healing of his Da Costa's syndrome.
Between 1991 and 2000, he expanded the theory into a 1000-page book with more than 100 references and 300 illustrations. Now in its 11th edition, the book is carried in public, school, and university libraries worldwide.
"Slapsgiving" is the 9th episode in the third season of the television series How I Met Your Mother. It originally aired on November 19, 2007.
Plot
Ted begins with a flashback about a running joke between him and Robin when they were dating each other, which included saluting whenever they heard a military rank such as "General" or "Major". But, they no longer carried on with the joke as they were uncomfortable around each other. The gang plan the upcoming Thanksgiving, which Marshall refers to as "Slapsgiving". Barney thinks that there are only 30 days in October and the slap countdown ends at 3 p.m the day after Thanksgiving. Barney claims he is not scared, as he now knows exactly when he is going to be slapped. Robin then introduces Bob, a 41 year old guy she's been dating, who is portrayed as a much older person(Orson Bean) through the eyes of Ted.
Lily wants the gang to bake pies at Robin's due to Marshall's "sleep-eating" condition. When Ted arrives at Robin's at 9.30, though he was supposed to be there at 7.30, he discovers that nobody else made it there, thus leaving Ted & Robin alone for the first time since they broke up. The next day, Ted confesses to Marshall & Barney just as Robin confesses to Lily what really happened the previous night. Ted discovers they were baking a pie for Bob and they start arguing. Ted tries to leave but Robin says it's Thanksgiving and they should not be fighting at all. They hug each other and end up making out and sleeping together. Lily orders Ted & Robin to sort out matters by talking about the previous night, since they never really talked about it. Marshall puts on the slap countdown, which is supposedly in it's last hour to freak Barney out. This time, Barney cracks, confessing that he does not like being slapped, even losing 10 pounds in the process. He tries to storm out but Lily stops him and as Slap Bet Commissioner, declares that there will be no slaps on Thanksgiving.
Meanwhile, Ted & Robin sort out things and join the others for dinner. Lily is still angry that nobody helped her for Thanksgiving while Barney jokes around the fact that Marshall can no longer slap him. Marshall gives a toast to Lily, cheering her up. Bob, while talking about his own Thanksgiving, says "major buzzkill" following which Ted & Robin salute to "Major Buzzkill," acknowledging that they're still friends in spite of their difficulty with each other.
With just 20 seconds left on the slap bet countdown, which Barney refers to as "Marshall's countdown to nothing," Lily gets angry at Barney and allows Marshall to slap him. Marshall then sings a song he wrote for the occasion called "You Just Got Slapped," during which Barney adds a harmonic effect by moaning in pain.
Continuity
* In this episode, Barney receives the third of the five slaps that Marshall may give him for losing a bet in "Slap Bet".
* Barney adds another high-five to his list. In this episode, he calls for a "Relapse-Five!", which includes a high-five, followed by an awkward pause, followed by another high-five.
Errors
* Marshall states that the slap countdown is in it's final hour, but in reality the computer screen reads "2 hours, 45 minutes, 20 seconds."
* When Ted reminds his kids about the slaps Marshall has already used, the first slap shown is actually not the real first slap. The slap shown was actually a "pre-mature" slap which was given by Marshall and then was penalized for it. The actual slap is at the end of "Slap Bet" episode and takes place at Ted and Marshall's apartment.
Plot
Ted begins with a flashback about a running joke between him and Robin when they were dating each other, which included saluting whenever they heard a military rank such as "General" or "Major". But, they no longer carried on with the joke as they were uncomfortable around each other. The gang plan the upcoming Thanksgiving, which Marshall refers to as "Slapsgiving". Barney thinks that there are only 30 days in October and the slap countdown ends at 3 p.m the day after Thanksgiving. Barney claims he is not scared, as he now knows exactly when he is going to be slapped. Robin then introduces Bob, a 41 year old guy she's been dating, who is portrayed as a much older person(Orson Bean) through the eyes of Ted.
Lily wants the gang to bake pies at Robin's due to Marshall's "sleep-eating" condition. When Ted arrives at Robin's at 9.30, though he was supposed to be there at 7.30, he discovers that nobody else made it there, thus leaving Ted & Robin alone for the first time since they broke up. The next day, Ted confesses to Marshall & Barney just as Robin confesses to Lily what really happened the previous night. Ted discovers they were baking a pie for Bob and they start arguing. Ted tries to leave but Robin says it's Thanksgiving and they should not be fighting at all. They hug each other and end up making out and sleeping together. Lily orders Ted & Robin to sort out matters by talking about the previous night, since they never really talked about it. Marshall puts on the slap countdown, which is supposedly in it's last hour to freak Barney out. This time, Barney cracks, confessing that he does not like being slapped, even losing 10 pounds in the process. He tries to storm out but Lily stops him and as Slap Bet Commissioner, declares that there will be no slaps on Thanksgiving.
Meanwhile, Ted & Robin sort out things and join the others for dinner. Lily is still angry that nobody helped her for Thanksgiving while Barney jokes around the fact that Marshall can no longer slap him. Marshall gives a toast to Lily, cheering her up. Bob, while talking about his own Thanksgiving, says "major buzzkill" following which Ted & Robin salute to "Major Buzzkill," acknowledging that they're still friends in spite of their difficulty with each other.
With just 20 seconds left on the slap bet countdown, which Barney refers to as "Marshall's countdown to nothing," Lily gets angry at Barney and allows Marshall to slap him. Marshall then sings a song he wrote for the occasion called "You Just Got Slapped," during which Barney adds a harmonic effect by moaning in pain.
Continuity
* In this episode, Barney receives the third of the five slaps that Marshall may give him for losing a bet in "Slap Bet".
* Barney adds another high-five to his list. In this episode, he calls for a "Relapse-Five!", which includes a high-five, followed by an awkward pause, followed by another high-five.
Errors
* Marshall states that the slap countdown is in it's final hour, but in reality the computer screen reads "2 hours, 45 minutes, 20 seconds."
* When Ted reminds his kids about the slaps Marshall has already used, the first slap shown is actually not the real first slap. The slap shown was actually a "pre-mature" slap which was given by Marshall and then was penalized for it. The actual slap is at the end of "Slap Bet" episode and takes place at Ted and Marshall's apartment.
In leadership development and management development, upward feedback (also known as manager feedback and subordinate appraisal) is a structured process of delivering feedback from subordinates to managers, intended to identify ways to increase management effectiveness and enhance organizational performance.
Basic idea: You are only as good a manager as your subordinate thinks you are.
Through the mechanism of "upward feedback," employees in an organization can influence the behaviour of managers. The feedback is intended create two-way communication between employees and managers that can assist in developing leadership skills.
Because of the complexity of this process, there are a number of important factors, including:
*Top-level support - Upper management generally provides visible support for the process, communicating its importance to managers and employees.
*Clear purpose - Upward feedback is usually positioned as developmental. It is not a classic appraisal, originally it is not designed to be tied to compensation. That is, the aim of upward feedback is to improve managerial effectiveness.
*Training - Upward feedback is most effective when embedded in a leadership/management development program.
*Backend support - Once managers get their feedback report, follow-up support is usually available for report interpretation, action planning, and follow through.
*Confidentiality - Raters and ratees must be confident in the anonymity. In order for upward feedback to be confidentially facilitated, it can be managed external to the organization.
Basic idea: You are only as good a manager as your subordinate thinks you are.
Through the mechanism of "upward feedback," employees in an organization can influence the behaviour of managers. The feedback is intended create two-way communication between employees and managers that can assist in developing leadership skills.
Because of the complexity of this process, there are a number of important factors, including:
*Top-level support - Upper management generally provides visible support for the process, communicating its importance to managers and employees.
*Clear purpose - Upward feedback is usually positioned as developmental. It is not a classic appraisal, originally it is not designed to be tied to compensation. That is, the aim of upward feedback is to improve managerial effectiveness.
*Training - Upward feedback is most effective when embedded in a leadership/management development program.
*Backend support - Once managers get their feedback report, follow-up support is usually available for report interpretation, action planning, and follow through.
*Confidentiality - Raters and ratees must be confident in the anonymity. In order for upward feedback to be confidentially facilitated, it can be managed external to the organization.
This is a list of characters from the American animated television series Chowder. Most of their names are foods.
Main Characters
Chowder
Chowder is a small and eccentric child. He wants to become a great chef, but he is always hungry and eats anything, even a customer's order. Chowder can make inedible objects he eats come out of his mouth, and thus can be used as a sort of storage container. He is the apprentice of Mung Daal, living with him and his family. Chowder has a pet stink cloud named Kimchi. Chowder is an adopted orphan. According to C.H. Greenblatt, the creator of the show, Chowder is a composite of a cat, a bear and a rabbit. He is named after the soups, chowder.
Mung Daal
A master chef, food inventor and Chowder's teacher. He invents rare food like the "No fruit" and has a personal, eccentric cooking style, often refusing to resort to traditional methods. Mung is more than 100 years old; in the episode "Certifrycation Class", he says he had cooked for more than 386 years. He often claims to be a ladiesman, despite being married. He is named after the beans, mung beans.
Truffles
Truffles is Mung Daal's wife, who handles the business side of Mung's catering business. She has a foul temper and easily loses patience with both her husband and their customers, causing intense fear and terror among the rest of the show's cast. She has wings on her back that allow her to fly, often convincing people she is a fairy. She is most likely named after the chocolate truffles.
Shnitzel
A professional chef who works at Mung Daal's Catering. His vocabulary consists of one word, "Radda", repeated over and over, although nobody has difficulty understanding him. He is frequently agitated, often getting stuck with menial labor or cleanup duty, and is easily angered by Chowder's antics (even to the point where he suggested chucking him in the furnace). He is referred to as a "rock monster", most likely due to his immense strength and appearance. He is named after the Jewish cuisine Shnitzel
Secondary Characters
Panini
A girl who has a crush on Chowder (who does not return the feelings), and lets him know this at every opportunity. However, when Chowder announces that he wishes to get married, she turns him away, although she has evidently since resumed her crush. She is Ms. Endive's apprentice, notably making better progress than Mung Daal with Chowder. According to the creator, she is of the same species as Chowder, although notably more fit than him. She is named after the Italian sandwiches, Panino.
Ms.Endive
A tall and pudgy chef who teaches cooking to Panini with strict discipline. She is the thorn in Mung Daal's side, berating his cooking style at every turn. A meticulous mountain of a woman who insists on perfection in everything she does, her cooking style is the complete opposite of Mung's; precise and textbook-perfect. She is often unkind, and considers Mung Daal to be her inferior rival. The creator describes her as Martha Stewart with Oompa-Loompa colors. She is named after the vegetable plant, Endive.
Gazpacho
A mammoth-like storekeeper, selling strange food and playing pranks on his customers. He does his best to offer advice to Chowder when needed. He is often seen talking or selling to a certain customer. He is named after the cold Spanih soups, gazpacho.
Gorgonzola
An apprentice candle holder with a surly attitude. He has an issue with Chowder due to him having a better job(partly because Chowder doesn't have to wear a candle on his head. He appears to be a rat-type creature. He is named after the cheese, gorgonzola.
Kimchi
Chowder's pet and best friend, who lives in a bird cage next to his bed. Kimchi is a cloud of offensive odor with tiny eyes (an anthropomorphized flatus). He "talks" by blowing raspberries. He is named after the korean dish, kimchi.
Main Characters
Chowder
Chowder is a small and eccentric child. He wants to become a great chef, but he is always hungry and eats anything, even a customer's order. Chowder can make inedible objects he eats come out of his mouth, and thus can be used as a sort of storage container. He is the apprentice of Mung Daal, living with him and his family. Chowder has a pet stink cloud named Kimchi. Chowder is an adopted orphan. According to C.H. Greenblatt, the creator of the show, Chowder is a composite of a cat, a bear and a rabbit. He is named after the soups, chowder.
Mung Daal
A master chef, food inventor and Chowder's teacher. He invents rare food like the "No fruit" and has a personal, eccentric cooking style, often refusing to resort to traditional methods. Mung is more than 100 years old; in the episode "Certifrycation Class", he says he had cooked for more than 386 years. He often claims to be a ladiesman, despite being married. He is named after the beans, mung beans.
Truffles
Truffles is Mung Daal's wife, who handles the business side of Mung's catering business. She has a foul temper and easily loses patience with both her husband and their customers, causing intense fear and terror among the rest of the show's cast. She has wings on her back that allow her to fly, often convincing people she is a fairy. She is most likely named after the chocolate truffles.
Shnitzel
A professional chef who works at Mung Daal's Catering. His vocabulary consists of one word, "Radda", repeated over and over, although nobody has difficulty understanding him. He is frequently agitated, often getting stuck with menial labor or cleanup duty, and is easily angered by Chowder's antics (even to the point where he suggested chucking him in the furnace). He is referred to as a "rock monster", most likely due to his immense strength and appearance. He is named after the Jewish cuisine Shnitzel
Secondary Characters
Panini
A girl who has a crush on Chowder (who does not return the feelings), and lets him know this at every opportunity. However, when Chowder announces that he wishes to get married, she turns him away, although she has evidently since resumed her crush. She is Ms. Endive's apprentice, notably making better progress than Mung Daal with Chowder. According to the creator, she is of the same species as Chowder, although notably more fit than him. She is named after the Italian sandwiches, Panino.
Ms.Endive
A tall and pudgy chef who teaches cooking to Panini with strict discipline. She is the thorn in Mung Daal's side, berating his cooking style at every turn. A meticulous mountain of a woman who insists on perfection in everything she does, her cooking style is the complete opposite of Mung's; precise and textbook-perfect. She is often unkind, and considers Mung Daal to be her inferior rival. The creator describes her as Martha Stewart with Oompa-Loompa colors. She is named after the vegetable plant, Endive.
Gazpacho
A mammoth-like storekeeper, selling strange food and playing pranks on his customers. He does his best to offer advice to Chowder when needed. He is often seen talking or selling to a certain customer. He is named after the cold Spanih soups, gazpacho.
Gorgonzola
An apprentice candle holder with a surly attitude. He has an issue with Chowder due to him having a better job(partly because Chowder doesn't have to wear a candle on his head. He appears to be a rat-type creature. He is named after the cheese, gorgonzola.
Kimchi
Chowder's pet and best friend, who lives in a bird cage next to his bed. Kimchi is a cloud of offensive odor with tiny eyes (an anthropomorphized flatus). He "talks" by blowing raspberries. He is named after the korean dish, kimchi.