The House of Erbach is an ancient German noble family of historically sovereign rank, originating in the Odenwald region of Hesse, Germany, with roots traceable to the 12th century. It became a notable comital (countly) dynasty in the Holy Roman Empire, holding imperial immediacy and ruling various territories in the surrounding region.
History
The earliest documented ancestor of the family is Eberhard I of Erbach, who is first mentioned in records dating to 1172. He held estates in the Odenwald region and is considered the progenitor of the later counts of Erbach, from whom the family line descends.
Erbach’s ancestral seat is Erbach Palace (Schloss Erbach), originally a medieval fortress later transformed into a Renaissance and Baroque residence. The palace became the cultural and political center of the family’s domains and today preserves extensive collections reflecting the counts’ historical interests.
In 1532, the Erbach territories were elevated to a direct Imperial County (Reichsgrafschaft) within the Holy Roman Empire, granting the family sovereignty over their lands and placing them among the empire’s immediate nobility. Over the following centuries, the county’s rulers often divided and recombined their lands through inheritance, creating several cadet branches.
Prominent members of the family played active roles in regional political and military affairs. For example, George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg reunited the family’s possessions in the late 16th century and oversaw expansions of Fürstenau Castle, while his sons shared rule of various districts upon his death in 1605.
Counts like Frederick Magnus of Erbach-Fürstenau held territories such as Fürstenau and Reichenberg, though died without male heirs, leading to further redistribution of lands within the dynasty. John Casimir, Count of Erbach-Breuberg, ruled Breuberg and Wildenstein but also left no surviving issue, prompting consolidation of his holdings by other brothers. Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach ruled multiple districts through successive inheritances and was known by the epithet Der Ritter (“The Knight”).
In the cultural sphere, Franz I, Count of Erbach-Erbach became a notable art collector and patron. He assembled an encyclopedic collection of antiquities, arms, paintings, and natural history specimens that form the core of the Gräfliche Sammlungen preserved at Erbach Palace today.
Additionally, the family’s engagement with the arts extended into craftsmanship: Count Franz I helped establish a tradition of ivory carving in the region, a legacy now showcased in the palace’s German Ivory Museum.
The mediatization of 1806, part of the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire under Napoleonic restructuring, resulted in the loss of the House of Erbach’s territorial sovereignty as their counties were integrated into larger states like the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Members of the family retained their noble titles and some landed properties thereafter.
The House of Erbach continues as part of Germany’s historic mediatized nobility. The Erbach-Schönberg line received princely recognition (Fürst) in the early 20th century, and several branches remain connected to heritage sites and cultural institutions linked to the family’s past.
Branches
The early branches Erbach‑Erbach and Erbach‑Michelstadt became extinct in the 16th century. The surviving branches of the House of Erbach largely descend from Erbach‑Fürstenau, from which the re‑established lines later emerged. By the 17th century the House of Erbach had formally divided into distinct lines including Erbach-Erbach, Erbach-Fürstenau, and Erbach-Schönberg, each administering specific territories such as Erbach, Freienstein, Michelstadt, and Breuberg.
Notable members
- Frederick Magnus, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (1575-1618), ruling Count of Erbach-Fürstenau
- John Casimir, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (1584-1627), ruling Count of Erbach-Breuberg
- Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1579-1643), ruling Count of Erbach-Erbach
- George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg (1597-1647), ruling Count of Erbach-Schönberg
- George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1643-1693), ruling Count of Erbach-Erbach
- Franz I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1754-1823), art collector and patron
- Marie, Princess of Erbach-Schönberg (1852-1923), a writer and translator, by birth member of the House of Battenberg
- Alexander, Prince of Erbach-Schönberg (1872-1944), 2nd Prince of Erbach-Schönberg
- Elisabeth, Princess of Erbach-Schönberg (1873-1961), younger sister of Queen Emma of the Netherlands
References
Category:Monarchy in Germany Category:1170s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire Category:1172 establishments in Europe
Dholpur Karauli Tiger Reserve is a tiger reserve located in the eastern part of the Indian state of Rajasthan, spanning the Dholpur and Karauli districts. It is India's 54th tiger reserve and Rajasthan’s fifth, established in August 2023 after approval by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). The proposal for the reserve was initiated to strengthen tiger conservation efforts in eastern Rajasthan. With a total area of 599.64 km², the reserve was officially notified in 2023, becoming part of India's larger strategy to preserve its growing tiger population. The reserve covers a landscape characterized by dry deciduous forests, scrublands, and riverine ecosystems. It lies within the semi-arid region of Rajasthan and supports diverse flora and fauna. The topography is marked by low hills, seasonal rivers, and grasslands, providing a conducive environment for large carnivores such as the tiger.
The Tiger reserve include Parts of National Chambal Sanctuary in Dholpur and Karauli district, Dholpur wildlife sanctuary and Parts of Kaila Devi Wildlife Sanctuary. The Dholpur Karauli Tiger Reserve is demarcated into a core area of 599.64 km² and a surrounding buffer zone of 495 km², as approved by the NTCA. This zonation follows India’s standard core–buffer model, where the core area is strictly protected as a national park or sanctuary to minimise human disturbance, while the buffer zone allows regulated activities to support sustainable livelihoods and maintain landscape connectivity.
See also
- Project Tiger
- Ranthambore National Park
- Sariska Tiger Reserve
- National Tiger Conservation Authority
- List of tiger reserves in India
References
Category:Tiger reserves of India
The Leader of the Opposition () is an elected member of the Bagmati Provincial Assembly who leads the official opposition in the assembly. This role is held by the parliamentary party leader of the provincial assembly's second-largest political party, which has the most seats after the governing party, and is responsible for representing the opposition and holding the government accountable in the legislature. The post is held by Shalikram Jamkattel.
Qualification
The person selected as the leader of the opposition party (parliamentary party) must be remembered as follows:
(1) The party with the most members in the Provincial Assembly, excluding the party that forms or supports the formation of the Council of Ministers.
(2) If there are equal members from more than one party in the Provincial Assembly, the party mutually agreed upon by those parties as their representative.
(3) If mutual agreement as per subsection (2) is not reached, the party with the most members in the Provincial Assembly, excluding the party that forms or supports the formation of the Council of Ministers, and has written consent from the majority of members, will select the leader of the opposition party.
(4) If written consent as per subsection (3) is not provided, or if there is no party in the Provincial Assembly with at least ten percent or more members, excluding the party that forms or supports the formation of the Council of Ministers, the Speaker of the Provincial Assembly will designate a party for the Assembly.
(5) If a person is already the leader of the opposition party and, for any reason, a party gains more than ten percent of the members in the Provincial Assembly and becomes the party with the most members, that party will be considered.
(6) For the purpose of this section, the concerned party or member must provide mutual agreement as per subsection (2) within fifteen days from the date of the first session of the Provincial Assembly after the election of its members, and if mutual agreement is not reached, written consent as per subsection (3) must be provided within fifteen days
List of leaders of the opposition
Portrait |
Name |
Term of office |
Assembly (election) |
Chief Minister's |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Indra Bahadur Baniya |
February 8, 2018 |
April 6, 2021 |
1st |
|
2 |
|
Shalikram Jamkattel |
April 6, 2021 |
October 27, 2021 |
|
3 |
Astalaxmi Shakya |
October 27, 2021 |
September 17, 2022 |
||
4 |
Bahadur Singh Lama |
January 9, 2023 |
April 9, 2023 |
2nd |
|
5 |
|
Jagannath Thapaliya |
April 9, 2023 |
March 6, 2024 |
|
(4) |
Bahadur Singh Lama |
March 6, 2024 |
July 24, 2024 |
||
(2) |
|
Shalikram Jamkattel |
July 24, 2024 |
Incumbent |
|
See also
- Leader of the Opposition in the Koshi Provincial Assembly
Notes
References
Bagmati Provincial Assembly
The Ireland Israel Alliance (IIA) is an Irish non-governmental organization that advocates for stronger relations between Ireland and Israel. The IIA engages in advocacy, public events, and media outreach to support its mission of promoting a balanced perspective on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and combating antisemitism.
History
The Ireland Israel Alliance was established as a Company Limited by Guarantee on April 5, 2019, in Dublin, Ireland. The organization was founded by Jackie Goodall, who serves as its executive director. The IIA emerged in response to what its founders viewed as a one-sided narrative in Ireland regarding the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, particularly in light of Ireland’s historically complex relationship with Israel and strong public support for Palestinian causes.
In May 2024, the IIA organized its first pro-Israel rally in Dublin following the October 7, 2023, Hamas-led attack on Israel. The event, held outside the Irish parliament, was attended by various groups, including the Irish branch of the International Christian Embassy Jerusalem, Irish Christian Friends of Israel, SEX, All Nations Church, and Betania Church. Notable speakers included former Irish government minister Alan Shatter.
The organization has actively opposed bills seeking to restrict trade with Israeli settlements in Judea and Samaria (the West Bank). In particular, the IIA argued that the Occupied Territories Bill and subsequent initiatives could effectively criminalize the activities of pilgrims and tourists who purchase souvenirs or take part in guided tours in those areas.
See also
- Ireland–Israel relations
References
External links
Category:Ireland–Israel relations Category:Jewish organizations Category:Israel friendship associations