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Spatial complexity
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In mathematics, spatial complexity is defined as the complexity of a spatial entity, whether it is a surface or a solid body, or even a spatial object of dimension two or higher. Whatever the spatial object, the description and assessment of its spatial complexity is eventually algorithmic, thus linking it to algorithmic complexity. Of particular interest is the spatial complexity of maps, satellite images, photographs, patterns, landscapes. According to spatial complexity theory, as introduced by Fivos Papadimitriou, spatial complexity is determined by three sets of factors: geometric, probabilistic and topological. Assessment For two dimensional surfaces, spatial complexity can be measured by two alternative metrics: one based on run-length encoding and another on edit distance. * Mechanics * Materials science * Software engineering * Geoinformatics, Geography and Cartography * Ecology * Landscape Ecology * Wildlife conservation * Forestry * Neurology * MRI * Urban design and urban planning * Non-linear dynamics and optics * Geology * Zoology * Lasers * Cosmology * COVID-19 
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