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Capability–expectations gap
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In 1993, Christopher Hill published an influential article on what he called Europe's "capability-expectations gap". In it, he analysed the international role of the European Communities (EC) and identified a gap between what it had been talked up to do and what the EC was actually able to deliver. saw the capability-expectations gap as having three primary components, namely, the ability to agree, resource availability, and the instruments at the European Communities' disposal. Hill took a pragmatic approach, choosing to conceptualize the patterns of activity - as opposed to the more ambitious task of theorizing Europe's international role. Leapfrogging questions of theoretical perspective and actorness, Hill directed the reader's attention to a gap between what the EC had been talked up to do and what it was able to deliver in terms of foreign policies, thereby sketching "a more realistic picture of what the Community ... does in the world". The alternative is to simply lower expectations. Over time, Hill's analysis has inspired a great many scholars making 'the capability-expectations gap' a staple of European Studies, a sub-discipline of International Relations.
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