Revolutionizing Events Timeline

Revolutionizing events timeline outlines the rapid changes in the history of the earth beginning its focus from origin of earth and its weather, Evolution of life and gradually shifting its attention to the rise of Human species, its dominating impacts and eventual Modernization of the the globe.
Any and every event which has changed the course of history is considered revolutionary (natural or artificial) and is considered part of this timeline.

The Beginning: Hadean Period
*4600,000,000 BC - Hadean period begins with the formation of earth & iron sinking into the crust- formation of crust & gases like ammonia, water,carbon dioxide,
nitrogen and Oxygen..
*4000,000,000 BC - First protein or amino acid is developed either by fall of Murchison meteorite organic compounds of amines reached here which are the basic building blocks of life or by Miller- Urey experiment where lightning converted inorganic compds to organic compounds or by underwater hydrothermal vents which created amines & then shot them up to surface. Achaean period begins with single continent Rodinia.
*3500,000,000 BC - evolution of prokaryotic cell (most basic cell)
*2500,000,000 BC - evolution of eukaryotic cell (RNA turns DNA & organelles in it have DNA) RNA can read information while DNA can store information and give characteristics to a being.
2000,000,000 BC - evolution of cyanobacteria (Blue-Green algae) supposed to be initiate photosynthesis and oxidation of atmosphere
1200,000,000 BC - evolution of multi cellular algae & bacteria species from prokaryotes evolve
750,000,000 BC - Rodinia land mass breaks up due to freezing climate change from hot earth to cold temp.
550,000,000 BC - pannotia(single land mass) formed again
570,000,000 BC - Vendian period when first soft bodied animals appear.
540,000,000 BC - Cambrian period when flowering & predator-prey relationship begins. The soft bodied animals have now spread around in the water
500,000,000 BC - Ordovician period- Rise of the Fish when Gondwana & other land masses begin formation for Pangaea as most of the land mass is at the South Pole half submerged.
450,000,000 BC - Silurian period when animals & plants come out to colonize lands for first time trying to adapt with exchange of gases, reproduction, water loss.
400,000,000 BC - Amphibians are formed when fish like creature enter land area & plants occupy far places. First tree archaeopteris formed with wood & learns to store water & nutrients, amphibians learn to prey. This is Devonian Explosion when suddenly land gets active with wooden trees and animals.
350,000,000 BC - Carboniferous period when burial & decomposition occurs as First vertebrates appear when reptiles are formed from amniotic eggs enabling them to be born on land.
250,000,000 BC - Pangae formed and mass extinction of some species happens due to volcanism or asteroid fall.
240,000,000 BC - Mesazoic era begins. First bird Protoavis flies from a reptile to a bird with the dawn of the dinosaurs.
220,000,000 BC - Jurassic period when Dinosaurs dominate air and sea like plesiosaurs in oceans and pterosaurs in air while mammals of sizes of rats move around.
200,000,000 BC - Pangae breaks up due to heat from the earth causing cracks to form Laurasia(N America, Greenland, Asia, Europe) and S Gondwana land(Africa, S America, Australia, India, Antartica).
140,000,000 BC - Cretaceaous period - the end of dinosaurs and the mesazoic era and beginning of mammals.
130,000,000 BC - Gondwana breaks of to S America moving west and Australia and Antartica moving away from each other.
120,000,000 BC - India moves towards Asia to form Himalayas.
65,000,000 BC - Triceratops the last of dinosaurs becomes extinct. Palaeocene period begins where nectar producing flowers evolve and Insects and small mammals appear. Smart and organised insects like bees and ants arrive initially uncivilised.
55,000,000 BC - end of Palaeocene period when first primates such as Lemurs begin to appear.
45,000,000 BC - India collides with Asia to form the Himalayas and oceans are open by now while the climate gets cold to 10C as Antartica freezes. Glaciers formed packing fresh water and reducing oceans forming more land area.
35,000,000 BC - Climate becomes warmer and whales and horses are introduced where horse had began as 4 toed animals.
25,000,000 BC - Grasses, grazing herds and primates like orangutans, chimps appear (Miocene epoch).
7,000,000 BC - Hominidae the family of apes appear. After which chimpanzees and humans part ways into evolution. Holocene epoch begins.
5,000,000 BC - Hominids begin to walk on two legs and use hands for other tasks like carrying food, stone weapons, etc.
2,600,000 BC (2.6 million bc) - Stone Age- use of stone tools begins with stone tools from east Africa.
18,00,000 BC (18 lakh bc) - Atmosphere begins to cool down to modern conditions & glaciers begin to form at north & south poles releasing latent heat of fusion thus moderating the atmosphere.
7,80,000 BC - Last Polar reversal (Brunhes-Matuyama reversal)
6,00,000 BC - Neanderthal man appears (larger brains and non-erect bodies with no chin) to part ways in evolution from the yet to appear homo sapiens.
5,00,000 BC - First shelter construction.
2,50,000 BC - First controlled fire used for cooking and boiling.
2,00,000 BC - Early Homosapiens i.e.- the Cro-Magnon people appear with the first modern woman (Mitochondrial Eve)
1,00,000 BC - Neanderthals spread all over Eurasia as well as Sri Lanka.
90,000 BC - Cro-Magnon people develop into modern humans.
75,000 BC - First modern man appears with (Y-Chromosomal Adam)
45,000 BC - Homosapiens settle everywhere in Europe, Asia &
Africa.
43,000 BC - First Flute and signs of mining.
40,000 BC - Boats used by settlers of Australia to reach there from Indonesia. Settlers in Egypt make tools.
36,000 BC - First Cloth woven.
32,000 BC - Cave paintings & invention of bow and arrow prove intellectual development of humans.
25,000 BC - Straight hair and disappearance of body hair on homosapiens.
23,000 BC - Neanderthals disappear totally due to multiple reasons.
20,000 BC - Humans are now all over the globe (as cave men) including Americas as hunter gatherers preying on huge animals like ice age mammoths with spears and arrows.
18,000 BC - Culture groups begin to form all over especially in Egypt with the Halfan culture first.
16,000 BC - First Pottery.
10,000 BC - By this time hunter-gatherers settled and found out that they could grow crops.
8000 BC - Satya yug is said to begin with Manu and Vishnu’s first form matsya (fish). Metal working and animal breeding begins in Mesopotamia.
7000 BC - Humans learn farming and settle down to form herds.
6000 BC - Learn organised farming, milking, irrigation, pottery and form villages. First Village of Catal Huyuk formed. First Beer invented discovering alcohol in Mesopotamia.
5300 BC - Mesopotamia develops one of the first urban societies during the Ubaid period.
5000 BC - By now have idle time to wonder and communicate and so develop communication form of writing like Vinca script. Beer and Bread invented in Egypt. Sailing invented in Mesopotamia. Bronze metal work in Iran.
4000 BC - The great deluge occurs according to Indian myths in this millennium and Treta yug begins after this millennium with Vishnu’s 5th avatar the dwarf Brahmin Vamana. Gold and silver mining begin.
3700 BC - Antediluvian period before the great flood and after creation according to Book of Genesis (BOG).
3300 BC - Tribes arrive at Indus valley & begin to settle down near Indus River and begin food producing era and villages.
3200 BC -Kingdoms are established in Egypt and Mesopotamia. First proper war erupts in Mesopotamia over land and canal issues, Sahara turns from little habitable region to barren desert due to inter glacial effect of warming.
3114 BC - The first date for historic calendar of Mayans made of the bakhtun cycles to prophesize that every bakhtun cycle is a new beginning and the 13th bakhtun cycles is the cataclysmic end.
3102 BC - Kaliyug begins according to Aryabhatta’s calculations. Krishna considered to have died on this date. Ved Vyasa is said to have been born around this millennium and so the occurrence of Mahabharata is possible might be even till 3138 BC (traditional considered date).
3000 BC - The first perfect civilisation forms- Sumer which has all basic civil amenities like writing systems, law, government, builders, architecture, religion, caste system, labour division, farming, granaries, technical developments, rituals, cremation, facilities, etc. Maps invented.
2900 BC - Development of mathematics for taxation, counting, numbering system, multiplication tables, area and volume, division and geometry of shapes by 2300 BC.
2700 BC - Minoan civilisation develops at Crete Island whereas Athenian civilization develops in Greece. Gilgamesh becomes the 5th king of Uruk dynasty ruling Sumer.
2600 BC - Indus valley civilisation of Dravidians now is a strong civilisation with proper settlement and town planning.
2500 BC - Huge structures like Pyramids of Egypt are built for the first time. The Gilgamesh flood of Sumerians with king shuruppak and his boat occurs in their myths.
2348 BC - Deluge of China occurs.
2300 BC - Bronze age begins.
2104-2102 BC - Biblical flood occurs and Noah leads his people in his arc.
2000 BC - Gods and temples built, Horses are now tamed for the first time beginning from Eurasia and mid east.
1900 BC - Babylonia is established. Babylonians learn arithmetic, exponents and algebra introducing alphabets to maths for unknown values beginning formation of formulas by 1600 BC.
1875 BC - The Astrological age of Aries or (Arian age) begins as the Age of War, Fire, and the invention of Ram to last up to 100 AD.
1700 BC - Indus valley civilisation deteriorates. Vedic period begins with the formation of Rigveda which shows resemblance to Indo-Iranian culture through language roots. Hindu Religion is born out of the Vedas becoming the world’s oldest surviving religion by the 21st century.
1630 BC - Climate of Earth begins to cool.
1600 BC - Babylonians rise as astronomers documenting motion of celestial bodies. Mycenaean civilization flourishes and they begin worshipping ancient Greek gods like Poseidon.
1500 BC - Mycenaeans, influenced by war culture develop chariots, horse riding, and fortified walls for wars. And Maya civilization begins at central Americas.
1440 BC - Torah, the holy book of the Jews is believed by some scholars to be written by Moses in this year.
1400 BC - Rigveda is composed by now. Aryan kings battle Dravid kings for the land with victory of Aryans later. Rise of Indian astronomers. Suryavansha dynasty’s rise and Ramayana is said to have occurred in this millennium.
NOTE: Here Aryan denotes Aryan speaking people originating from the same race as the Dravidian people (i.e. - The Caucasian race) but settled in the north western region of India.
1300 BC - Bhagvat Gita is written implying that Krishna is present and the Mahabharata must have occurred in this period. Samveda is formed.
1200 BC - Devanagri script formed, as well as Yajurveda is formed
1274 BC - First ever known Peace treaty between Egyptians & Syrians.
1200 BC - Moses leads the people to the Promised Land (BOG).
1100 BC - Babylonian astronomers discover a planet for the first time (FFT) i.e. - the Venus. Evidence of proper & organised farming in Kenya high lands with harvesting, sowing, willowing and storage. Atharvaveda is also formed.
1000 BC - Iron Age begins in India. Trading, ports, boats, sailors, sea navigation, markets and vendor systems begun by Phoenicians. Treta yug ends with Ram the 7th avatar of Vishnu as Dvapara yug begins with Krishna as the 8th. Krishna was born between 1000 & 900 BC.
971 BC - Solomon comes to reign.
957 BC - First temple of Judaism is built according to the Hebrew Bible by King Solomon This indicates that Judaism existed little before the time of Solomon which scholars date only as far as the 11th century.
900 BC - Pre Columbian Americans develop writing systems for themselves. Sage Yajnavalkya (Pupil of Vaishampayana who in turn was the pupil of Ved Vyasa) from India writes Shatapatha Brahamana (astronomy).
850 BC - Period of Homer when he wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey depicting the Trojan war. This period also refers to the reference of works about Greek gods like Zeus, Hercules, and the Titans etc. Homer a scholar of literature described Earth as a flat disc encircled by ocean.
800 BC - Mahabharata occurs before this date for sure. It is possible that Ved Vyasa dictated the verses of Mahabharata to Ganesha during or after this period. (Elephant headed God)
800 BC - Ancient Mesopotamia thought earth as flat deriving from the Hebrew Bible.
700 BC - Zodiac and 360 degrees invented by Babylonians to chart motion of sun, moon, planets and stars. Also the Upanishads are composed.
680 BC - Kingdom of Magadha is established first among small provinces of 16 mahajanapadas, in Indian subcontinent which will conquer all later.
660 BC - Navy warfare begins with first battle between Greek states.
650 BC - Climate change affects Europe and causes north European people to move south due to wetter and colder climates.
600 BC - Civilisations continue warring capturing, losing and again retaking cities. First money forms. Solon, lawmaker and statesman of Athens visits Egypt and learns of the story of Atlantis from Egyptians priests.
580 BC - Nihon Shoki or chronicles of Japan is a mythology book which says that Earth is flat where dry land floats on water. Chinese also believed in a flat earth like the yolk in an egg in which the white shell represents heavens as circular or elliptic.
570-495 BC - Pythagoras and his students find the first proof to the Pythagoras theorem. His school was an intellectual hub for producing philosophers and influence Plato in the future.
563 BC - Gautam Buddha (9th avatar of Vishnu according to Hindus) born.
530 BC - Immune system studied by Thucydides.
500 BC - Mythology of Hyperboreans existing at Npole as supernatural beings. Catapult, lever and compass invented. Krishna worshipped as a deity or local hero in Indian Subcontinent. Puranas are found in oral form across India. During this period Indians believe in a flat disc shaped earth with outer oceans and inner mountains.
470-400 BC - Socrates teached students like Plato and was one of the first philosophers who encouraged both scholars and citizens to pay attention to the condition of human kind, true knowledge and the importance of self knowledge, morality without asserting ever origins from god. The common belief among philosophers still is that the earth is flat.
420 BC - Hippocrates is the first physician to write about illness and its cures without asserting them as God’s wrath.
410 BC - First Hydraulic engineering done in china for irrigation and canals.
400 BC - Nanda dynasty comes to power with Mahapadma Nanda as destroyer of kshatriyas. The suryavansha dynasty ends. At this time Valmiki is born and thus Ramayana must have occurred around this period.
Note- Alexander is student of > Aristotle > Plato => Socrates.
384-322 BC - Aristotle writes about Philosophy covering various subjects like natural elements, scientific method, biology, classification of living, logical reasoning, optics, probability, motion as well as ethics. He creates the theory of four causes to explain any change in the universe. These causes are material cause (table is the way it is because of wood), formal cause (arrangement of particles or shape like cone on its tip falls when placed), efficient cause or movement through work and then the final cause which explains any change occurring without the above three causes asserting that the object tended to this natural end (Seed is formed to grow into a plant, ball unstable at top slope falls down to its final rest place as it tends to be stable). The elements composing the world were thought to be fire, water, earth and air. This was the basic view of almost all humans.
373 BC - City of Helike sinks at midnight into the sea.
360 BC - Plato writes about Atlantis in his dialogue Critias.
336 BC - Alexander begins his conquest of the world.
326 BC - Alexander invades Indian subcontinent and after crossing Indus River, is forced to return as his soldiers are tired.
320 BC - Chandragupta Maurya establishes Mauryan Empire.
300 BC - Greek traveller Megasthenes arrives in India.
330 BC - Euclid father of geometry forms locus and formulas of geometry of types of triangles and proofs with Equilateral, Isosceles, and scalene triangles.
250 BC - Archimedes writes his paper of Archimedes’ principle and invents catapult, and the Archimedes screw.
240 BC - Eratosthenes invents system of latitudes and longitudes, and accurately calculates the circumference of earth, tilt of it’s axis and distance from sun and moon, when in Egypt.
275 BC - Babylon history ends
270 BC - Ashoka comes to power uniting all of India.
Aristarchus of Samos creates the first heliocentric universe theory by calculating the sun’s size relative to earth and states that the earth should move around the sun as the sun is larger of the two. But his theory is rejected in favour of geocentric theories of Aristotle.
200 BC - Silk route begins. Indian traders now regularly visit Arabia.
185 BC - Sunga dynasty comes to power in India.
150 BC - Seleucus of Seleucia discovers tides being caused by moon. Antikythera mechanism invented, an astronomical positions calculator using more than 30-40 miniature gears giving precise value in the reader, it was like an ancient computer automatically giving values with little input.
140 BC - Hipparchus forms first trigonometry tables as well as discovers precession of earth’s axis.
0 BC - Birth of Christ
0 AD - Stepped pyramids are being built at Americas like Great pyramid of Cholula in Mexico.
100 AD - Christian Bible is formed with inclusion of the New Testament by Fathers of the church by adding Gospels and letters of apostles. This constituted the major beliefs of Christians through stories of angels and God.
140 AD - Ptolemy creates the geocentric model of the universe (earth centre) which becomes the widely accepted model for our world.
200 AD - Chinese create Junk ships which hold a capacity of 600-700 passengers.
320 AD - Gupta Empire comes in power. During this time are found the earliest dated evidence of the Puranas in written.
400 AD - The corrosion resistant Iron pillar of Delhi is built during the reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya of Gupta Dynasty.
499 AD - Aryabhatiya is written by Aryabhatta giving decimal systems, the integer zero, forming heliocentric model of earth (second in history but widely accepted by Indians), prediction of eclipses, tilt of axis, indeterminate equation giving integers, algebra, trigonometry, sine & cosine tables and value of pi
560 AD - Buddhism has spread all over Asia.
600 AD - Puranas, considered as almost 5th composition of Vedas, are composed completely by now with mention of Ganesha. Ganesha now becomes 1 of the five important deities of Hinduism to be worshipped. The Puranas try to explain the creation of universe for the first time with legends of Gods which have been compiled and dictated by Ved Vyasa over the years before.
600 AD - Prophet Muhammad establishes the religion of Islam as the final messenger of God.
610 AD- Quran is written by companions of Islam founder Muhammad.
632 AD - With death of Muhammad, Muslim conquests begin with expansion from Nubia to as far as India. The Muslims were divided in to two sects Shias and Sunnis; Shias followed the next successor Ali while Sunnis followed companions of Muhammad. Shias believed that God will select the next caliph while Sunnis elected their caliph. Sunnis were cited as the more orthodox of the 2 sects and went on to be the major denomination of the two being 80-90% of Muslims.
By end of 700 AD - Religions seem to dominate the world with Muslim conquests, spread of Buddhism over Japan and Asia, composition of Hindu Puranas and the beginning of the Christian crusades to take back their east Mediterranean kingdoms.
800 AD - Muslim traders settle at Madagascar. Arab civilizations provide facilities like psychiatric hospitals, pharmaceuticals, alcohol etc.
810 AD - Byzantine Empire is defeated by Bulgarians.
870 AD - Banu Musa (3 Brothers) from Arab invent oil lamps, automatic flute, gas mask. Arab chemists discover distillation methods and invent petrol.
900 AD - Maya civilization reaches its peak.
900 AD - Arab merchant reports of Chinese junk ship arriving at Euphrates river (modern day Iraq).
950 AD - Chinese Taoist alchemist invent gunpowder.
1000 AD - Kaliyug is said to begin giving Vishnu’s last avatar Kalki in the end of the millennium.
1001 AD - Mahmud of Ghazni is the first Muslim invader in India who loots the rich Somnath temple. Vikings settle in small establishments in North America.
1088 AD - First reference by Chinese polymath scholar Shen Kuo of the magnetic compass. He also write about processes of land formation, theorizes climate change over past decades and hypothesized that sun
& moon are spherical from eclipses.
1095 AD - First Crusade begins with pope calling all Christians to help defend Byzantine Empire and to recapture holy city of Jerusalem.
1099 AD - Kingdom of Jerusalem established.
1100 AD - Demand for charcoal of Chinese iron industry leads to huge amounts of deforestation until they find how to use Bituminous coal.
1104 AD - Venice Arsenal of Italy is formed which begins the first mass production of ships in large assembly lines.
1145 AD - Second Crusade launched where the Christians are defeated by Turks and capture only Lisbon.
1180 AD - First record of Windmills in Persia.
1189 AD - Third Crusade which successfully captured many cities but failed in its ultimate goal of recapturing Jerusalem by a treaty with Saladin by King Richard where muslims would rule Jerusalem but would allow Christian pilgrims.
1193 AD - First Muslim empire established in India by Mohammad Ghori by defeating Prithviraj Chauhan.
1202 AD - Fourth Crusade originally intended to Win back Jerusalem via Egypt, but instead resulted in capturing of Constantinople of the eastern orthodox church by the western Roman Catholic church.
1217 AD - Fifth Crusade captures Egyptian Ayubbid port city of Damietta, but ultimately the crusaders withdraw with a 7 yr peace deal.
1219 AD - Chinese and Indians adopt windmills from Persia.
1228 AD - Sixth crusade involving less fighting and more diplomacy giving temporary control over Jerusalem other small areas after 5 crusades and 133 years.
1232 AD - By now Chinese employ gunpowder by inventing rockets, landmines, and handguns.
1248 AD - Seventh Crusade involved some of the biggest armies which captured the Egyptian port city of Damietta but later got defeated by the Ayyubid dynasty who were later overthrown by the Mameluks.
1260 AD - Cannons invented for the first time by Egyptian muslims using gunpowder.
1270 AD - The eighth and ninth crusades take place which are the last crusades as the spirit of crusade begins to die. Jerusalem is captured, sacked and retaken many times over 175 years.
1280 AD - Eyeglasses are invented in Italy.
1298 AD - Movable printing invented by Chinese.
1326 AD - First real handgun invented in Florence.
1375 AD - Landmine, naval mine, rocket launcher and bombard are referred in Huolongjing written by Liu Ji.
1400 AD - Renaissance begins with realistic art, science and humanism and attention shifting from godly matters to earthly matters. It begins mixing art with science and philosophy becomes a much organized science. Influential people during this period were Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Copernicus, Galileo and many more spread their influence all over Europe revolutionizing many aspects of human life and beginning a new era.
The scientific method is invented, a process of discovery through empirical evidence, predictions and mathematics finally discarding Aristotelian method of “Final Cause” which says that every object tends towards its “natural place” or final end.
Modern English language arises from Middle English.
The Age of Discovery begins during which Europeans began exploring the oceans intensively.
Psychiatric hospitals open for serious and scientific treatment of patients.
1441 AD - Portuguese arrive at West Africa and re-establish slave trade.
1488 AD - Bartolomeu Dias reaches the southern tip of Africa and finds a passage of water leading eastward which becomes the future route to India.
1492 AD - Columbus arrives in the Americas from Spain beginning European colonization of the Americas first settling along the Caribbean coasts of Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.
1497-95 AD - Vasco Da Gama finds new route from Europe to India via the southern tip of Africa later named the Cape of Good Hope.
1499 AD - Amerigo Vespucci explored eastern coasts of South America. Treaty of Tordesillas is signed between Spain and Portugal to divide new found lands out of Europe in which the west would be for Spain and East for Portugal.
1500 AD - Spain and Portugal explore oceans wherein Spain control the major trade routes from Americas while Portuguese control Asia-Africa trade routes. Spain opens trade routes from Americas to India via the Pacific Ocean.
European politics ruled by religious conflicts.
China evacuates coastal areas due to Japanese piracy.
1500 AD - Columbus is dismissed from governorship due to strained relations with Spanish crown and is arrested and taken back to Europe. Spanish navigator Vicente Yanez Pinzon encounters Brazil but is prevented from claiming it because of the treaty of Tordesillas which divided new found lands equally between Portugal and Spain.
1502 AD - African slaves are reported for the first time in New World.
1504 AD - Drought period with famine in Spain.
1507 AD - First recorded epidemic of small pox occurs in New World in Hispaniola decimating the native Taino population.
1509 AD - Portuguese win the Battle of Diu against the Mamluks and Arabs by defeating the Sultan of Gujarat thus establishing control over Indian ocean for spice route.
1512 AD - Copernicus writes the Commentariolus which states that the Sun is the centre of our known universe and earth rotates around it. This sparked a mild controversy but wasn’t refuted strongly by the Church for contradicting the Holy Scriptures.
1513 AD - Portuguese mariner Jorge Alvares lands at the coast of Macau in China during the Ming Dynasty via the South China Sea which is on the other side of Burma. Vasco Nunez De Balboa from Spain arrives at the Pacific Ocean across the Isthmus of Panama.
1519-22 AD - Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan under Spain circumnavigates the globe for the first time by crossing the Pacific Ocean. He dies at Philippines and Elcano the navigator takes the crew back to Spain through west. The exploration discovers new plants, spices like clove, and animals like camels without humps.
1521 AD - Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes conquers modern day Mexico by eliminating the Aztec empire of Tenochtitlan of Emperor Moctezuma II.
1525 AD - Spain sends an expedition led by Garcia Jofre De Loaisa with Spanish navigator Elcano to occupy Indonesian Islands. This time the expedition is precisely measured and customized for circumnavigation. It first time practically provided the measurement of full extent of the earth. International Date line was established as a need by now. The crew lost a day even though they maintained proper log of the no of days and time spent but realized that it happened so because they travelled west ward. Both countries of Spain and Portugal try to find exact location of antemeridian of east to divide the world in 2 hemispheres as treaty of Tordesillas avoids Spain from conquering east.
1526 AD - Gerolamo Cardano writes the Games of chance introducing the theory of probability.
1529 AD - Treaty of Zaragoza results in division of east from west for the Portuguese and Spanish controls. The Portuguese control area from Brazil to west Indonesia and Spain from New world to east Indonesia.
1531 AD - Church of England breaks away from Roman Catholic Church and recognizes King Henry VIII as head of the church.
1532 AD - Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquers the Inca Empire of South America by the conquest of Peru.
1539 AD - Hernando De Soto explores inland North America.
1545 AD - Theory of Complex Numbers are invented by Gerolamo Cardamo of Italy.
1550 AD - Mongols led by Altan Khan invade China and siege Beijing.
1556 AD - Shaanxi earthquake occurs causing the death of 60% population of China and becoming the deadliest earthquake in history.
1550 AD - King Akbar of India for the first time tries to unite Hindus and Muslims by marrying a Rajput Princess.
1572 AD - Spanish Conquistadors execute the last of Inca leaders at Peru.
1573 AD - Tycho Brahe refutes theory of celestial spheres by showing that comets and supernovas are not atmospheric phenomenon and happen beyond the atmosphere and moon disapproving that the universe is perfect and unchanging. He made the highest number of most accurate observations of astronomical motions. Data was later used by Kepler to derive laws of planetary motion.
1590 AD - Zacharias Janssen Invents the Compound Microscope and Telescope.
1601-03 AD - Famine kills one-third of Russia.
1609 AD - Kepler invents Kepler’s laws of planetary motion in his book Astronomia Nova. Galileo Galilei improved telescope by 3x and discovered the Moons of Jupiter, Rings of Saturn, Sunspots of the Sun, pointed out that more stars exist invisible to the eye.
1614 AD - John Napier popularizes The Logarithm Method.
1628 AD - William Harvey discovers circulatory system.
1637 AD - Naval Mines invented in China. Pierre De Fermat invented Fermat’s Last Theorem which lacked proof till 1995.
1638 AD - Galileo proposed inertia and that velocity falling bodies do not depend on mass.
1642 AD - Blaise Pascal invents the first mechanical calculator called pascal’s calculator. He studied Hydrodynamics and invented the Hydraulic Press and Pascal’s law.
1643 AD - Evangelista Torricelli of Italy invents mercury barometer.
1650 AD - Enlightenment Age begins. It is an elite cultural movement with open thinking and reasoning by intellectuals in order to reform society and advance knowledge. Age of Piracy begins with rise of pirates like Blackbeard, Anne Bonny and Calico Jack who looted shipments of European countries near the Caribbean’s.
1655 AD - Christiaan Huygens invented the Magic Lantern an image projection device.
1659 AD - Christiaan Huygens becomes the first person to observe a planet closely by examining the surface of Mars.
1663 AD - Robert Hooke discovers cells.
1673 AD - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek improved the microscope and was the first to discover single celled organisms and bacteria.
1678 AD - Christian Huygens invents the wave theory of light.
1679 AD - Gottfried Leibnitz develops the Binary system.
1684 AD - Newton and Leibniz develop Calculus independently marking first development of modern mathematics.
1687 AD - Principia published by Newton which is the first most influential work in Physics. It states Laws of Motion on the basis of Galileo’s inertia, Law of Gravitation and derives Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and thus makes laws of gravitation universal laws.
1688 AD - Glorious revolution occurs in England where the Parliament overthrows the Crown and assumes primary control.
1689 AD - John Locke advocates the theory of social contract where the people should be placed before the government as the government would be made only by the consent of the people thus advocating individual natural rights.
1698 AD - Thomas Savery invents Steam engine which uses water pressure and is applied in mines and pumping station.
1707 AD - Act of Union passed merging Scottish and English parliaments forming Great Britain.
1708-09 AD - Famine kills one third population in Prussia.
1712 AD - Thomas Newcomen invents improved version of steam engine and receives commercial success paving way for the Industrial Revolution.
1714 AD - Mercury thermometer invented by Daniel Fahrenheit.
1717 AD - Diving bell invented which lowers divers into lower depths of the ocean supplying fresh air and adjusting pressures.
1733 AD - Flying shuttle is invented by John Kay which fuelled Industrial revolution as only one weaver could do the job of two or three with a higher consistency, speed and quality.
1736 AD - The French discover rubber on the expedition of South America headed by Charles-Marie de la Condamine.
1740 AD - Modern Steel developed by Benjamin Huntsman using Blast furnace combining Iron and Coke.
1741 AD - Vitus Bering discovers Alaska and the Bering Strait.
1745 AD - Leyden jar is the first capacitor invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist.
1752 AD - Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin.
1757 AD - Indian kingdoms revolt against East India Company and a war breaks out. The British rule over India begins with the Battle of Plassey and power is transferred to the crown from the East India Company after years of commercial activity.
1763 AD - Great Britain becomes a major worldwide power with the defeat of France in Americas at the end of the Seven year’s war after the 1763 Treaty of Paris which gave Canada to British while France got a few territories of North America and the Caribbean islands.
1764 AD - The Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves which triggered the Industrial Revolution. It was a Multi-spool spinning machine with which worker could spin 8-10 spools at a time which advanced to 120 as technology improved.
1765 AD - James Watt improvises Newcomen’s steam engine allowing new steel technologies.
1770 AD - James Cook explores and claims Australia and New Zealand for the Great Britain.
1774 AD - American Revolution occurs where 13 North American colonies come together and reject authority of Great Britain, overthrow royal officials and form a Provincial Congress equivalent to a government on the ideals of liberalism and democracy actively helped by the French.
This becomes an example for a number of countries demanding freedom in the future.
1775 AD - American war of Independence begins as the states battle British.
1776 AD - Illuminati was found by Adam Weishupt. They claim to have started the French revolution.
1777 AD - Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller, a machine replacing the axe to cut trees, hardwood, etc. mechanically.
1778-85 AD - Benjamin Franklin becomes United States Minister to France and is highly admired by the French introducing new enlightenment ideals.
1779 AD - Photosynthesis discovered by Jan Ingenhousz.
1780 AD - Outbreak of Indigenous rebellion under Tupac Amaru II in Peru.
1783 AD - Treaty of Paris ends the American war of independence.
1784 AD - Bifocals are invented by Benjamin Franklin.
1785 AD - Benjamin Franklin becomes one of the founding fathers of American liberalism by campaigning for democratic and practical values of education, selfgoverning institutions and community spirit, opposing both political and religious authoritarianism with tolerant and scientific values of Enlightenment Age. He paved way for rise of the middle class or the working class. Automatic Flour mill, Power loom, and Threshing machine are invented thus requiring lesser labour and more machine work.
1788 AD - First European settlement established in Australia.
1789 AD - French Revolution begins. Old ideas about Monarchy, Aristocracy and Religious ideas were overthrown by new Enlightenment principles like Equality, Citizenship, and Inalienable rights. The revolution gave birth to growth of republics and liberal democracy, spread of secularism, development of modern ideologies and invention of total war. Antoine Lavoisier discovers law of conservation of mass and thus produces the basis for modern chemistry.
1794 AD - Polish revolt to free from Russia.
1795 AD - George Barrington refers to the Ghost ship “Flying Dutchman” in his novel “A Voyage to New South Wales”.
1798 AD - Irish rebellion fails to overthrow British Rule. Edward Jenner publishes treaty on smallpox vaccination which pioneers the invention of vaccines saving numerous lives.
1799 AD - Napoleon Bonaparte stages a coup d’ etat and becomes the first Consul of France. Dutch East India Company dissolves.
1800 AD - Alessandro Volta invents the chemical battery.
1801 AD - Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland formed United Kingdom.
1803 AD - William Symington demonstrates his first practical steam boat improvising the steam engine of James Watt.
1804 AD - Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of France reinstating absolute monarchy ending results of French revolutions.
World population reaches 1 Billion.
Richard Trevithick invents railway steam powered locomotive and demonstrates it by transporting goods from one place to another within the town.
Morphine compound isolated to form an important anaesthetic thus improving surgeries.
1805 AD - British Navy defeats French and Spanish fleets together at the Battle of Trafalgar establishing dominance over sea routes thus affecting foreign colonies.
Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt which becomes the first Muslim state to go through reforms.
1807 AD - Britain abolishes slave trade.
1810 AD - University of Berlin is formed which proves to be a successful model of reformed education with research by including students which is copied around the world.
1814 AD - Elisha Haydon Collier invents the flintlock revolver for use of the army for the first time.
1815 AD - Napoleon is defeated at the battle of waterloo ending the Napoleonic wars of Europe and marks the beginning of Pax Britannica giving Britain Dominance over sea routes.
1815-24 AD - Dinosaur fossils identified properly for the first time and described in a scientific journal by William Buckland.
1820 AD - Antarctica is discovered by Russian expedition.
1821 AD - Michael Faraday demonstrates conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy by an electromagnetic experiment.
1821-25 AD - Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Greece and Brazil gain independence from their respective kingdoms through civil wars.
1823 AD - Monroe Doctrine declared by US stating that any European intervention with North as well as South American continents would be seen as an act of war.
1825 AD - George Stephenson built the first public steam engine train called the Locomotion soon developed into intercity transport systems by 1830 adopted soon by USA.
Christian Oersted discovers aluminium.
Stockton and Darlington railway is the first public railway in the world.
1827 AD - First practical motor is invented by Anyos Jedlik applying three main components- rotor, commutator and stator.
1832 AD - William Sturgeon built first commercially applicable commutator.
1836 AD - Samuel Colt popularizes the revolver and sets up a firearms company to manufacture his invention of the Colt Patterson revolver a six bullets firearm shot one by one without reloading manually.
1842 AD - Anaesthesia used for the first time.
Paleontologists become interested in the study of Dinosaur fossils and the word ‘’Dinosaur’’ is first coined by Richard Owen.
1845 AD - First telegraph line message demonstrated by sending a message from Baltimore-Washington.
1848 AD - European revolution of 1848 occurs where the working class revolts all over Europe starting from France. Factors involved demands of more participation of public in democracy, demands of working class and ad hoc coalitions of reformers, royalists, peasants, army and working class.

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