Henry Gobus

Henry Hubert Gobus (born 8 August 1954), B(Psych) P.G. Dip Psych, is an Australian psychologist and author, and the only person who besides Charles Darwin has provided a complete and extensive process of evolution through his book Human Ascent. Therefore, there are only two explained processes of evolution. One presented by Darwin 150 years ago, that of Natural Selection or the Survival of the Fittest. The other presented by Henry Gobus in 2009 that of a process of increasing emotional attachment and decreasing instinct. Intelligence increases over the course of evolution. (Flinn, M.V.,Geary, D.C. & Ward, C.V.(2005). Ecological dominance, social competition, and coalitionary arms races: Why humans evolved extraordinary intelligence. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 26, 10-46.). Gobus asserts that the increase of emotional attachment delivers higher intelligence and self-awareness. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.)
Early life and education
Henry Gobus was born in Hollandia, Indonesia, on the 8th of August 1954. He was the youngest of six. His father, Alexander Gobus, was in the military, and Mary Eugene Gobus was his mother (née Merkelbach). His mother, Mary, was raised in an orphanage in Malang, Indonesia. Neither parents enjoyed higher education, and Henry was the first and only child among his siblings that attained a University Degree in Psychology.
Gobus' early education was in a technical school in the Netherlands, where he studied Architecture. Gobus was an immigrant to the Netherlands from Indonesia. During his early childhood, he experienced strong discrimination. In 1972 Gobus was accepted as an aspirant to the Municipality Police of Zoetermeer, which is a satellite city to The Hague. Having lived in Indonesia and South America, Gobus always desired to return to a tropical climate.
Emigration to Australia
In February 1977, Gobus emigrated to Australia and moved to Cairns, Queensland. In 1980, Gobus joined the Queensland Police Service. During his police career, Gobus worked in General duties, Criminal Bureau of Intelligence, Drug Squad, and police prosecutions. In 1990 the Fitzgerald inquiry investigated police corruption. Gobus became disillusioned with the Police Force and left the Police Service. Gobus purchased a Taxi license which he kept for a couple of years. After Gobus sold the Taxi license, he leased a license and enjoyed his life with minimal responsibilities. Gobus' second wife, Erin Gobus (née Downing), was a nurse and was career and education oriented. When Gobus worked on the Taxi, Erin suggested that he should do something serious with his life. Erin Suggested that Gobus should attain a university degree. Gobus accepted the idea and enrolled as a mature age student in a Psychology Degree at James Cook University.
University and psychology
After his first lecture in Psychology, Gobus told Erin that they must all be mad. Gobus commented on the lecture and specific issues the lecturer had addressed and stated that the lecturer saw all those issues from an entirely erroneous perspective. Erin always tried to encourage Gobus to follow whatever the lecturers were saying. Gobus has always been an independent thinker and had difficulty just following because others proclaimed it. His police career had ingrained in Gobus to be an independent thinker and that his focus should always be on the truth.
During his entire psychology degree, Gobus struggled with psychological concepts because most of them did not make any sense. It was not until his third year that Gobus started to enjoy his studies inspired by Professor Prescott's lectures on Sensation and Perception. In his fourth year, Gobus entered his postgraduate diploma under the supervision of Professor Prescott. Professor Prescott was a specialist in perceptions of taste.
To attain an Honours Degree in psychology, Gobus needed to attain a distinction average for all his third-year subjects. Gobus was on track with three subjects and faced his final exam in sensation and perception.
During his third year, Gobus had purchased an investment home in the street he lived in. The house needed some minor renovations, which Gobus attended to. Air conditioners fitted, painting and so on. As a result of these tasks, Gobus neglected his studies. When his exam date came around, Gobus discussed with Erin to get a Doctor's sick certificate to sit the exam at another time. Erin queried Gobus, and he told her that he would probably pass the subject but would not be able to get a distinction. They together decided for Gobus to sit the exam and get on with his degree. Gobus had to return to the workforce as soon as possible to support the household. Gobus sat the exam and scraped through with a pass.
As a result, Gobus was only able to enter a postgraduate diploma rather than an Honours Degree. The difference is that Honour degree students do their fourth-year thesis by themselves, while postgraduate diploma students do their thesis in a group of either three or four students. Gobus selected a thesis in sensation and perception and entered a group supervised by Professor Prescott. At the time, a Dutch Professor Koster (who was called Ab) with two Master in Psychology assistants attended JCU to complete a research study. This Dutch Professor had in the past worked closely with Professor Prescott. Professor Prescott wanted Gobus' thesis to further the research conducted by Professor Ab.
The study Professor Ab had conducted was about detecting changing perspectives in individuals by scoring Just Noticeable Differences (JND) in tastes. Austrian researchers replicated Professor Ab's study and confirmed his findings. All four students received copies of the Professor's previous work and the Austrian study. After reading the material, the students met again in the laboratory. Gobus then had a discussion with Professor Ab and informed him gently, that in his opinion, the Professor's research study was flawed and that the Professor could not draw the conclusions he had reached. The discussion became a little heated with the Professor defending his study and Gobus pointing to the anomalies in the study.
Professor John Prescott jumped in and intervened, with no clear decision on Gobus concerns. Gobus discussed the matter with Erin, and she told Gobus to put up and get his diploma and get a job. Gobus pointed out to Erin that this is his thesis and that he needed to work on it for a whole year. They agreed that Gobus would write an email to his supervising Professor John Prescott and detail his concerns; if Professor Prescott dismissed the concerns, Gobus would continue his studies without raising it again.
The following day Gobus was in a lecture conducted by Professor Prescott, and Gobus asked the Professor if he had received his email. Professor Prescott turned around and said:" Yes, and you are wrong." Gobus replied, "you want to bet?" Professor Prescott smiled and said: "I have already called a meeting, and you can address us after the lecture." After the lecture, Gobus returned to the laboratory where Professor Ab and his two assistants were waiting. Professor Prescott told the group that Gobus had concerns about Professor Ab's research study and invited Gobus to address the group. After Gobus explained in detail the anomalies, Professor Ab stated, "Yes, I didn't control for that."
The thesis was then reconsidered, and it was decided on challenging the research study conducted by professor Ab and the Austrian researchers. During Gobus' work in the fourth-year, issues arose which were unexplained. But just as in previous occasions, after some time- insights would come to Gobus, and Professor Prescott was impressed, or at least pleased with the clarifications.
Writing career
Professor Prescott had his personal collection of journal articles which were all numbered. The students had access to them but were not allowed to take them off-campus. While Gobus was working on the experiment to support the thesis, Professor Prescott walked into the laboratory and started a conversation with him. Professor Prescott said," You know Henry, there is a phenomenon called "neophobia." Gobus asked the Professor what neophobia was, as he was not familiar with it. Professor Prescott explained that neophobia is behaviour in 2.5 to3-year-old children, during which they reject unfamiliar food. Gobus asked why young children did that. Prescott answered, "No one knows." Gobus expressed his interest and asked if the Professor had any journal articles on the subject. Professor Prescott then produced a bundle of his private journal articles which he had held behind his back. Gobus asked if he could take the journal articles home to read. Professor Prescott permitted him to do so.
When Gobus arrived home that afternoon, he withdrew in his study room and read the journal articles on neophobia. Gobus described his experiences as being inundated with insights. It was as if everything was re-organised many connections changed - the order and the relationships between studies were different than how he had learnt them. From reading the material on neophobia Gobus' perceptions changed significantly.
After Gobus had read the journal articles and his perspectives had changed, he walked out of his study room into the hallway towards the living room. Erin was sitting in a lounge chair at the end of the hallway, and as Gobus walked towards her, he proclaimed, "everything is wrong - intelligence is wrong - social psychology is wrong- evolution is wrong, it's all wrong." Erin didn't answer him but stared at him dumbfounded.
Gobus realised that the experiments and results he had studied were correct, but their interpretation was incorrect. The picture of what life is and how it presents is opposite to how we believed it to be. Gobus emailed Professor Prescott that evening and said that he was able to explain neophobia. Professor Prescott replied and said, "good, I'll see you tomorrow." The next morning, Gobus had a superficial discussion with Professor Prescott. Gobus was very guarded of his insights because he realised the incredible significance of these. In short, Gobus told Professor Prescott that everything was wrong. It was all upside down and back to front. Gobus said that intelligence was wrong, social psychology and the natural selection evolution model were also wrong. Gobus also told him that the reward and punishment principles which dominate behaviourism are flawed. Professor Prescott responded by saying something like," Do you know what Darwin did before he came up with his theory?" Gobus replied something like: "I do not need to visit the Galapagos Islands, I have a university library at my fingertips, I know what he did, and his model is wrong."
Gobus asked Professor Prescott to pull him out of the group thesis, and he offered him a thesis of 10.000 words on intelligence, social behaviour, and evolution. Professor Prescott declined and said that JCU is a research university and needed to do an experimental thesis.
Gobus lost interest in his thesis and spent most of his time in the library researching his new insights. Most afternoons, Gobus spend in the library reading or selected books and journal articles to research. Erin criticised Gobus for spending so much time on his new visions. Erin was crude and told him that I was delusional. Erin said, "How is it, Henry, that no one else can see these new concepts but you?" Gobus replied, "I don't know". Erin made other unpleasant remarks, but in essence, she made it clear that she didn't believe that Gobus could see new concepts while so many others did not come up with these ideas.
Gobus kept making notes and a draft plan for the book Human Ascent. Gobus started to work on the book until the early hours of every morning. Gobus had many discussions with Professor Prescott on many topics in psychology without revealing to him key concepts. One of the issues they discussed was reward and punishment in the behaviourist model. Behaviourists view animal and human behaviour as equal. Gobus expressed his disagreement with those principles. One day Gobus attended a tutorial when Professor Prescott took him on in front of the other students. Professor Prescott was lecturing on punishment and reward, and Gobus remained silent. Professor Prescott knew Gobus' opposition to this, and Gobus did not need a public discussion. When the Professor had finished lecturing, he turned to the students and said:" And Henry does not believe in this."
Gobus replied, "No, I don't." Prescott then said: Alright, I'll give you 100 dollars if you pick up that chair and place it in the hallway. Will you do it?" Gobus answered. "Yes, I will." Professor Prescott said: "See, reward it works." Gobus then replied: "Offer me five cents and see if I will do it." Professor Prescott didn't answer but just looked at Gobus. Gobus went on to say: "Reward, it doesn't work - but the question is this: "What is the difference?". Why does one reward work for me and not the other?" Gobus went on to say: "Now place a large or small piece of cheese on a rat trap - will the rat come - yes it will. Gobus posed the question: "why is it that the size difference in reward is not an issue for the rat?" The Professor did not answer Gobus. Gobus became painstakingly aware that he could see an entirely different world.
When Gobus and Professor Prescott were walking to the laboratory, Professor Prescott said, "Why don't you apply for your Ph.D.?" Gobus replied, "I can't because I am only a graduate diploma student; I can only apply for my Masters. Professor Prescott said: "You apply for your masters, and I will approve that. You have six months to draft your research thesis. After three months, your request that your application is upgraded to a Ph.D., and I will approve that". Gobus thanked him for the offer and told him that he needed to discuss this with his wife, Erin. A Ph.D. would mean that Gobus had another three years of study ahead of him. Erin was pregnant, and Gobus had to return to employment as soon as possible to support his family. Gobus declining Professor Prescott's offer.
Writing Human Ascent
Gobus completed his post graduate diploma thesis for which he received a distinction and entered the work force initially in child safety and later on in Queensland Health. Gobus worked on his book - most days writing until 3-4 am and went to work in the morning. It would be no exaggeration to say that Gobus did this for five years until December 2009. Gobus shopped for an editor and felt blessed that he stumbled across Graham Warden. Graham is an ex CSIRO scientist, but his work at CSIRO was to translate research findings in to lay man terms. Gobus thought that Graham was particularly well suited to the task. Gobus found Graham on the internet and we met one day over a coffee. Graham is a person who struck him as a no-nonsense person- with immutable moral and ethical standards. According to Gobus Graham speaks as a person who would hold up their pinkie when drinking their cup of tea, and behaves as the perfect butler. Gobus described Graham as a kind, deep thinking and considered person.
Graham accepted the editing task and they agreed on a fee per chapter. Gobus handed Graham a draft copy of Human Ascent and after reading it Graham returned it with a note - “no one can read this and neither can I”. Gobus had written the book in university slang, which was drummed into him while studying. Gobus acknowledged that is not a writer and he had great difficulty expressing him self. But as the years ticket by - the easier it got. Graham was unbeknown to Gobus a staunch Darwinist. Gobus has issues with attitudes solidly for something or against something else. Gobus’ attitude is, let the chips fall where they may, and stay focussed on the truth - no matter the outcome.
Graham returned chapters to Gobus with very harsh words and criticisms. Sometimes blatantly crude - with notes stating that some paragraphs were just utter rubbish. Usually these paragraphs were those that undermined Darwin's model of evolution. Graham's remarks were helpful to Gobus, because they identified areas where he was not clear. After Gobus elaborated and explained him self better the re-edited chapters were without sharp remarks. Gobus realised that because some things are self explanatory to him - they are not for other people. After only a couple chapters in the first six months- Graham did not make any more harsh remarks - he also failed to charge for his work. Gobus urged him all the time to send me an invoice, which he simply ignored. Graham became Gobus’ rock and confidant and remained the book's editor for five years until its completion. Graham has an uncanny skill to remain on track. Sometimes Gobus strayed in the book - and Graham would pull him back and made him refocus on the issues of intelligence and evolution. Gobus said that owes Graham immensely - Graham never accepted any payments after the first couple chapters and said that he enjoyed the work. Gobus acknowledged that he could not have completed the work without Graham.
Erin would never enter into discussions with Gobus about the book. Erin ignored Gobus or would change the subject if Gobus wanted to discuss a part or issue of the book. Friends told Gobus that Erin pulled faces behind his back whenever they asked Gobus how the book was going. No one knew the content of the book - besides Graham. Gobus always looked forward to the return chapters - at least some communication. Gobus has five sons - four of them adults. Although they supported Gobus - they often questioned me why Gobus was the only person who could see the new concepts - and why no one else has thought of this before. Gobus of course was unable to answer those questions. One night when Gobus got an insight and related this to Erin, she said to him” Don't think that I will ever read your book”.
Gobus acknowledged that he had similar experiences as Darwin had in his time. When Darwin had the idea of environmental adaptation and the best adapted organisms survived and passed on their characteristics, he was also very guarded and only shared it with a few confidants. Darwin sat on his model of evolution for such a long time, which provided the opportunity for Wallace to come up with the same idea. Gobus did not want to fall into Darwin's trap and self-published.
It is a commonly mistaken belief that Darwin suggested a process of evolution. This is not true - evolution was considered by many people. For instance, Lamarck suggested a process of acquired traits. Therefore, evolution was not Darwin's idea. Darwin's idea is the process of evolution - through natural selection. Darwin's obstacle in his time was that he needed to convince the predominantly religious society that we actually evolved from the primates. This was a major and difficult task. Ironically - Darwinism is now so ingrained in our philosophies and view of life that his natural selection model is much like a religion. Because of this Gobus’ challenge to dispel Darwin's natural selection theory is as formidable now as it was in Darwin's days to convince the population that humans evolved from the natural world.
Gobus published Human Ascent in 2009.
Differences between Darwin and Gobus theories
The differences between these two offered processes of evolution are stark. According to Gobus, Darwin never explained how organisms change other than it happened over millions of years through small increments. Gobus explained that the Y chromosome, which males carry, represents instinct. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.) Instinct Gobus asserts is innate survival knowledge. Instinct is expressed through self-centeredness. Animals with high levels of instinct have no or little concern for others. Animals with a high level of instinct know how to survive. As instinct reduces, innate knowledge reduces. When instinct reduces, animals acquire the ability to survive through learning. Following the insects and the reptiles, learning becomes the dominant feature as youngers copy and model their parents and learn how to find food or hunt. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.)
Gobus explains that the X chromosomes represent affection. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.) Gobus explained that as instinct reduces, the features of emotional attachment increase over time. That emotional attachment increases over time is unobtrusively observed over the entire course of evolution. Gobus explains the process of evolution by describing emotional attachment and instinct in each animal phase. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Gobus. H.)
Insects are the first animals in evolution. Insects have the highest level of instinct and the least emotional attachment of any animal. That insects have a high level of instinct is evident because, for example, a young spider knows how to weave a web even though he has never seen one before. Insects have the least emotional attachment of any animal because they abandon their eggs or offspring. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.) Because insects have the highest level of instinct of any animal, Gobus named their intelligence Instinctual Intelligence.
Reptiles are the animals that follow the insects. Instinct is still very high in reptiles. This is observed because reptiles are independent from birth. Emotional attachment has increased in the reptiles as these animals build nests and they protect their nests. For instance, the crocodile builds a nest and protects the nest vigorously. The crocodile mother will even help her offspring to water by taking them in her mouth. The crocodile mother will also protect her offspring for a short period. Animals changed from offspring and egg abandonment in the insects to nest-building and protecting their offspring in the reptiles. Thus, emotional attachment increased in the reptiles. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.)
Birds are the animals following the reptiles. In birds, instinct has further reduced. The offspring of birds are not independent at birth like reptiles or insects. The offspring of birds are dependent on their parents to survive. That the offspring of birds are helpless at birth means that the innate knowledge to survive or instinct has further reduced. Because instinct has reduced in the birds, the parents must teach their offspring how to find food. The offspring of birds copy and model the parents as they teach them to find food or hunt. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.). That emotional attachment increased in the birds compared to the reptiles is observed because birds' physical expression has changed to express the new level of an increased emotional attachment. Birds, unlike reptiles, do not have to bury their eggs to keep them warm. The bodies of birds have changed to warm-blooded. The birds use their bodies to keep their eggs warm. The behaviour of the birds has also changed in comparison to the reptiles as they feed their offspring. Birds have a greater emotional attachment to their young than reptiles because birds find food for their offspring and feed them. Birds deprive themselves of nourishment by feeding their offspring. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.) Instinct has reduced in the birds because their offspring are entirely dependent on the parents for survival. Birds follow the parents and learn through copying and modelling of the parents to find food or hunt. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.)
The monotremes follow the birds in evolution. The monotremes are also egg layers. The monotremes' bodies have changed to express a further increase in emotional attachment. Unlike the birds, the monotreme mother does not have to find food for her offspring. The monotremes' body has changed to express the new increased emotional attachment because her body produces milk for her offspring. The milk that the monotremes' mother produces oozes through her belly skin and is all the nourishment her youngster requires. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.)
The marsupials follow the monotremes in evolution. The marsupials illustrate a further increase in emotional attachment as they no longer lay eggs. Egg layers lay eggs, not because it is beneficial or advantageous. Egg layers lay eggs because instinct or self-preservation so prominent in the insects is still a dominant feature in them. Laying eggs means that the weight of an internally developing embryo does not burden the parent. This means that in times of danger, the parent can flee the nest, abandon her eggs and save herself. Marsupials bear live young. That the marsupial is still concerned about their safety is because the young of a marsupial is born underdeveloped. For instance, the Joey of a kangaroo only weighs a few grams. The marsupial mother will not abandon her young. But in times of danger, she can flee with her offspring. Because her offspring only weighs a few grams, she is not burdened by the weight of an offspring born at an advanced stage of development. The marsupials' body has also changed further to express the higher level of emotional attachment. The milk that she produces does not ooze through her belly skin like in the monotremes. The marsupial developed a nipple onto which her offspring latches. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.)
The mammals are the final animal phase in evolution. Gobus said that although monotremes and marsupials are also classified as mammals, they differ from the final animal mammalian phase in evolution. In the final mammalian phase, the offspring develop in utero to an advanced level of development. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.) The mammalians are severely burdened by an internally developing embryo's weight to an advanced stage and the active mammary glands. Mammals do not desert their young, and their emotional attachment has increased to the point that they will protect their offspring with their lives. In mammals, instinct has reduced to such a low level that mammals' offspring remain with their mother for a year or longer, even to 7 years. The longer rearing time means that offspring learn from their parents' behaviour and learn how to find food or hunt. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.) Mammals have the least instinct of any animal and have the strongest emotional attachment to their offspring of any animal. Mammals' primary focus is on safety, routine, and food. For mammals, safety includes the welfare of their offspring. Because mammals are focused on safety and food, Gobus named their intelligence Biological Intelligence. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.)
The final phase of evolution is the arrival of humans. Humans evolved from primates. Primates set themselves apart from all other mammals because only they developed arms and hands. Unlike any other physiological acquisition among the vast diversity of life forms in the world, the arms and the hands are the only acquisitions that permit an organism to hold its offspring in a way unparalleled by any other animal. What is more, with the arms and the hands delivered to the primates' affection is a two-way street; for the first time in the evolution of life, a youngster can embrace its parent as well. Besides this amazing feature of holding their offspring, the hand allows the organism to intricately explore every part of their progeny's body and stroke and touch them. The hands enable the primates to explore another's body in ways foreign to any other organism. Delicately exploring another's body is also called caressing, which is affectionate behaviour. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.)
The arms and hands did not herald a survival advantage, neither an extra benefit for genetic continuity, neither added nutritional value, or improved defensive mechanism. From a perspective where survival is the key, the sensation of touch in the primates is an insignificant development. However, from a continuously increasing emotional attachment perspective, the sensation of touch is a tremendously significant acquisition. For the first time in evolution, organisms were able to convey, in the absence of a biological benefit and without the use of language, their affection for one another, simply through touch. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.) Humans took emotional attachment to the next level, which provided them what Gobus calls Psychological Intelligence. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.)
Instinct reduced over time, not by accident. Male animals carry the Y chromosome. Male animals duel not to show who is the strongest or the fittest. Gobus explained that male animals duel to demonstrate that they have the least self-regard. Through duelling, the male induces the Y chromosomes to shed its genes. Over the entire course of evolution, the Y chromosome has shed its genes until humans' arrival. (Aitken, R.J. & Marshall Graves, J.A. (2002). The future of sex. Nature 415, 963) Male birds don't want to look beautiful for the female. Male birds parade their outrageous feathers to show the female that he has the least self-regard. This male bird will self-sacrifice while she remains safe on the nest. As instinct reduces, emotional attachment or affection increases. It is this process that causes physical bodies to change. Physical bodies change to give expression to the changed levels of instinct and emotional attachment. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.) (Figure 5 Human Ascent see right).
Gobus asserts that evolution is a predictable and organised process during which emotional attachment continuously increases and instinct decreases. This process has, as a consequence, the development of increased intelligence and self-awareness. (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.)
According to Gobus, there are no processes of Natural Selection or Sexual Selection as described by Darwin. Because Natural Selection asserts that "..any variation in the least degree injurious will be rigidly destroyed.." (Darwin, C. (1859) On the Origin of Species. Appleton D. and Company). Darwin ran into insurmountable obstacles with the presentation of colourful feathers of the birds and feathers that are often also a hindrance to flight. Furthermore, male birds make loud noises and behave in ways that cannot be described as survival-oriented. To explain away that birds were not rigidly destroyed through Natural Selection even though they possess seriously injurious features from a survival perspective. Gobus asserts that Darwin conjured up or fabricated his second idea of Sexual Selection to explain away the way birds look and behave. Darwin's two ideas of selection contradict each other. In Natural Selection, Darwin argued that a survival advantage is the feature for selection. In Sexual Selection, Darwin argued that beauty is the feature of selection. (Darwin, C. (1859). The Origin of Species. London: John Murray).
Gobus described that in each organism, there are two distinct processes. One process is instinct. The other is emotional attachment. (Timeline of evolution Figure 12 Human Ascent page 116). (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.) (MacLean, P. D. (1990). The triune brain in evolution: role in paleocerebral functions. New York: Plenum Press).
Instinct is the innate knowledge to survive. The other process is emotional attachment. Emotional attachment is caring for others and affection. Over the entire course of evolution, emotional attachment continuously increases, and instinct continuously decreases. (fig 10 Human Ascent page 103) (Gobus. H.H. (2009) Human Ascent. Cairns: Gobus. H.) (Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preference, need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.). (Zajonc, R.B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117-123.)
Bibliography
* Human Ascent (with Henry Gobus): SE Publishers Pty Ltd, Australia, 2009
* It's Always the Love: SE Publishers Pty Ltd, Australia, 2014

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