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Computer Basics
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Question 1) What are the various Ports of the Computer? Answer:- 1) Power Port is the port which provides 220 Volts AC from th emain wall socket through a power cable. 2) PS/2 Ports fr connecting Key Board & Mouse. 3) Serial Port for connecting external Modems. 4) Parallel Port for connecting printers & scanners.Also known as Printer port. 5) VGA (Video Graphics Array) for connecting Monitor. 6) USB (Universal Serial Bus) port for connecting Pen Drive,USB Key Board,USB Mouse etc. 7) Ethernet Port for connecting High Speed Broadband Internet. 8) Modem Port for connecting Dial Up internet. 9) Audio Port for connecting Speakers,Mike & Head Phone. ************************************************************************************** Question 2) What is Cache Memory:-Cache Memory is RANDOM ACCESS MEMEORY.It is Faster & expensive memory.It is volatile memeory which means the data content is lost once the power goes off.Examples DDR1,DDR2,DDR3. ************************************************************************************** Question 3) MOdem;- Is a contraction of the word MODULATOR & DEMODULATOR.It is a harware which is used for connecting to the internet.Modem converts the Analog signals to Digital signals which is known as Modulation and converts the digital signal back to analog signal which is known as Demodulation. ************************************************************************************* Question 4) SMPS:-It stands for SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY.It is a hard ware.The function of this device is to convert the 22 Volts AC supplied from the main wall socket through a power cord and power port into DIGITAL Voltage.The converted digital voltage is furthered transmitted to mother board and other devices connected with the cabinet. ************************************************************************************* Question 5) Heat Sink:- Is device which is used for absorbing and dissipating the heat from the processor.There is a fan on top of the Heat Sink which throws air on the CPU Chip to prevent the chip from overheating.Overheating can burn the Chip.Heat sink is Metal.It is a hard ware. ************************************************************************************* Question No 6) BIOS:-It stands for BASIC INPUT-OUTPUT system.It is a software loaded in a chip named ROM (Read only Memory).The functions of BIOS include to perform a routine check of all the hardwares connected to the system and if any error/problem found in any hard ware then the error is indicated in 2 forms.One is error message dispalyed on the screen and the second is beeps are heared from the system. The other main function of BIOS is to load the operating system. The combination of BIOS (Software) and ROM (Hard ware) is known as firmware. ************************************************************************************** Question No 7) Cache Memory:-It is a RAM (Random Access Memory) and is volatile which means the data contained in this memory is lost once the power goes off.It is a temporary memory.It is faster and expensive Memory than the normal RAM.It is a high speed temporary storage device.Examples are DDR1,DDR2 and DDR3 Memory.It is a hardware. ************************************************************************************** Question No 8) Opearting System:- It is a software.It is platform/interface between user and computer.It also enable us to share resources like printers and scanners.Examples are Windows 95,Windows 98,Windows 2000,Windows XP and latest Windows VIsta. ************************************************************************************** Question No 9) Maximum Hard drive which can be purchased is 1 TeraByte (1 TB) and 1TB is more than 1000Giga Bytes (More then 1000GB). ************************************************************************************** Question No 10) Safe Mode:- Is a troubleshooting mode.It is used mostly when ever there is some driver (device Driver) issue/problem.In safe mode only the basic drivers are loaded and icons appears big.The main reason we use safe mode is when the noraml desktop does not appears.It happens because incompatible software installed in the pc or hardware attached with the pc.Also due to virus in the system. Path for safe mode in Windows XP:- Turn on the PC and keep tapping the F8 key on the key board.After this "Windows Advanced Options Menu" appears on the screen.Here the mouse will not work.Under this options list the first option is "Safe Mode".Once you select the safe mode and hit enter on the key baord a list of Drivers are loaded and after that the normal desktop appears but the icons are larger. Then go to start----control panel----add/remove programs-----select the software which needs to be removed/deleted.....delete/remove..... The reason y v do the above step is that say for example if v we have attached any hard ware to the system and also installed the drivers of that printer.Now some times due to driver issue the operating system cannot properly boot and hence we cannot reach the normal desktop...... Also remove the attached hard ware.... then try to turn the pc on..... ************************************************************************************** Question No 11) Ports of the computer:- Power Port:-This port provides the 220 Volts AC reuired by the pc.The power is supplied though a power cable. PS/2 Ports:-For connecting Key Board (Purple) and Mouse (Green). VGA Port:- The monter is attached here.The Date cable from the monitor is attached here. Serial Port:- For Connecting OLd Modems. Parallel Port:- For connecting Printers and sacnners.It is also known as printer port. USB Port:It stands for Universal Serial Bus.Here we can attach Pen drive,USB key board and USB Mouse.Also External Hard drive. Audio Ports:- for connecting mike,head phone and speakers. Ethernet Port:-For Coonecting High Speed Broad band internet connection.The jack is larger telephonic jack. Modem ort:- For Connecting Dial up Internet connections.It is a small telephone jack,The size is the same as that of our home telepohone jack. ************************************************************************************** Question No 12) SMPS:- It stands for Switched Mode Power Supply.This Device converts the 220 Voltage AC to DC (Direct Current) Voltage and passes the same to the motherboard,As the mother board is a Digital Circuit Board and works on DC.DC Voltage is less then AC Voltage.If we open the system tower (Remove the power cable and other periphrals before opening the system tower as there is a possibilty to get shock),Then there is a bunch of small wires (25 small wires) that go from the SMPS to the Motherboard.These snall wires are connected to the mother board with help of a connector and are seated on the motherboard connector. ************************************************************************************** Question No 12) MotherBoard:- Is a printed circuit board on which the components like CPU,Heat sink,ROM Chip,PCI Slots,RAM Slots,All the ports are present.The normal mother board voltage requirement is 12 Volts DC. ************************************************************************************** Question No 13) PCI Slots:It stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect.These are extra functionality slots which are used for connecting Network card (NIC Card),Sound Card and Video card. The Peripheral Component Interconnect, or PCI Standard (commonly PCI), specifies a computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a computer motherboard. Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra,TV tuner cards. ************************************************************************************** Question No 14) Plug n Play Devices:-A Device without requiring reconfiguration or manual installation of device drivers. Eg;-Pen Drive,Webcam ************************************************************************************** Question No 15) Difference Between Desktop and Laptop:-A laptop computer is essentially a portable computer that can travel with you as opposed to a desktop because a desktop is stationary. Laptop portable computer that pretty much looks like a notepad with keyboard and a monitor.Desktop keyboard, mouse, pc case and a monitor all connected together, usually takes up lots of space on the desk (DESKtop) Desktop memory is much larger than notebook memory.Desktop memory is about 4.5 inches long, while notebook is only about 2.5 inches. Like destop have UPS for power bsck up .The laptops have internal battery. Normally Laptops are expensive than desktops. ************************************************************************************** Question No 16) If System is not powering on then what will u do? The following are points of failures:- 1) Proper Voltage avaialble as per the country standards in india it is 220 Volts AC. 2) Check the wall socket..try to plug the pc power cable in a different wall socket. 3)The power cable might be faulty.Swap the power cable of the monitor. 4) If every thing is fine externally then open the syatem tower and check the wire connection from the SMPS to the motherboard..Some times it is unseated..Reseat the Bunch of wires (25 samall Wires) from the SMPS to the mother board.Please make sure that before u open the system tower u unplu all the periperals and power cord.We might get shock.. If every thing is fine then take the system to the computer vendor... Might be some major fault which needs replace ment.. ************************************************************************************** Question No 17) If you have to suggest any computrt configuration then what wud u suggest:- This depends on few factors and they are purpose,cost and space. For a general user:- Processor----INTEL PENTIUM CORE 2 DUO. HARD DRIVE----160 GB SATA. RAM---2GB. OPERATING SYSTEM----MICROSOFTWINDOWS VISTA. DVD WRITER STANDARD KEY BOARD AND MOUSE ************************************************************************************** Question No 18) System Requirments for XP and Vista:- System requirements for Windows XP operating systems:- he minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP Home Edition are: • Pentium 233-megahertz (MHz) processor or faster (300 MHz is recommended) • At least 64 megabytes (MB) of RAM (128 MB is recommended) • At least 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk • CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive • Keyboard and a Microsoft Mouse or some other compatible pointing device • Video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 x 600)or higher resolution • Sound card • Speakers or headphones System requirements for Windows VISTA operating systems:- Windows Vista Home Basic • 800-megahertz (MHz) 32-bit (x86) processor or 800-MHz 64-bit (x64) processor • 512 megabytes (MB) of system memory • DirectX 9-class graphics card • 32 MB of graphics memory • 20-gigabyte (GB) hard disk that has 15 GB of free hard disk space • Internal or external DVD drive • Audio output capability ************************************************************************************** Question No 19) Differnces Between Windows XP and Windows Vista:- Windows Vista drops the “My” that used to be part of many folder names. For example, the My Documents folder in Windows XP is now named simply Documents in Windows Vista. Similarly, My Pictures and My Music are now named Pictures and Music.You can find all of these folders and more in your personal folder. Instead of hunting for Pictures, Music, Documents, Videos, and other key folders, just open your personal folder and you'll see them all. The personal folder appears on the Start menu and displays the name that you use to log on to the computer In Xp it is Outlook Express and in vista Windows Mail has the tools you need to exchange e-mail with colleagues and friends, while replacing Outlook Express with a host of improvements, including better junk e-mail filtering and easier setup. In XP it is Fax Console and in Vista With Windows Fax and Scan, you can use your computer to fax and scan documents and pictures, create fax cover pages, and send scanned documents and pictures as fax or e-mail attachments, all from within a single, easy-to-use interface. In Xp it is Windows Address Book and in vista it is Windows Contacts has all the features of the old Windows Address Book, as well as new features such as the ability to add pictures to your contacts. Under Windows XP you know that everything hinges on the Start button at the bottom left corner of the screen. You will not be able to find the Start button under Vista as it has been replaced by the Windows orb logo(without any text on it). ************************************************************************************** Question No 20) The Last Known Good Configuration:- feature is a recovery option that you can use to start your computer by using the most recent settings that worked. The Last Known Good Configuration feature restores registry information and driver settings that were in effect the last time the computer started successfully. Use the Last Known Good Configuration feature when you cannot start Windows XP after you make a change to your computer, or when you suspect that a change that you just made may cause a problem. How to start your computer by using the Last Known Good Configuration feature To start your computer by using the Last Known Good Configuration feature, follow these steps: 1. Start your computer. 2. When you see the "Please select the operating system to start" message, press the F8 key. 3. When the Windows Advanced Options menu appears, use the ARROW keys to select Last Known Good Configuration (your most recent settings that worked), and then press ENTER. 4. If you are running other operating systems on your computer, use the ARROW keys to select Microsoft Windows XP, and then press ENTER. ************************************************************************************** Question No 21) SYSTEM RESTORE:- We use system restore to remove any system changes that were made since the llast time you remember your computer working correctly.System Restore does not affect your personal data files ( MS WORD,Browsing History, emails etc) so you won't loose cahnges made to these files.Windows XP creates restore points every day.System restore is used to take the system back to a previous state when it was working fine. Start>>>>All Progarms>>>.Accessories>>>>System Tools>>>>System Restore ************************************************************************************** Question No 22) If your System is running slow;- Steps you will do:- 1) Check the stsyem RAM..If Less Then upgrade it. 2) Run Disk Clean up. 3) Run Disk Defragmentation. 4) Run MSCONFIG. 5) Run Antivirus. ************************************************************************************** Question No 23) Install Windows XP:- 1.Insert the Windows XP CD into your computer and restart your computer. 2.If prompted to start from the CD, press SPACEBAR. If you miss the prompt (it only appears for a few seconds), restart your computer to try again 3.Windows XP Setup begins. During this portion of setup, your mouse will not work, so you must use the keyboard. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER. 4.On the Windows XP Licensing Agreement page, read the licensing agreement. Press the PAGE DOWN key to scroll to the bottom of the agreement. Then press F8. 5.This page enables you to select the hard disk drive on which Windows XP will be installed. Once you complete this step, all data on your hard disk drive will be removed and cannot be recovered. It is extremely important that you have a recent backup copy of your files before continuing. When you have a backup copy, press D, and then press L when prompted. This deletes your existing data. 6.Press ENTER to select Unpartitioned space, which appears by default. 7.Press ENTER again to select Format the partition using the NTFS file system, which appears by default. 8.Windows XP erases your hard disk drive using a process called formatting and then copies the setup files. You can leave your computer and return in 20 to 30 minutes. 9) Windows XP restarts and then continues with the installation process. ************************************************************************************** Question No 24) Types of Internet connection:- Dial-up connections:-Dial-up connections are the most common type of internet connection available from ISPs, they are also the slowest and (usually) the most inexpensive. A dial-up connection allows you to connect to the internet via a local server using a standard 56k modem, your PC literally dials (hence the name) a phone number (provided by your ISP) and connects to the server and therefore the internet.Dial-up connections are very slow compared to other connection types. When connected to the internet the same phone line cannot be used for phone calls so if anyone phones you when you are connected they will get the busy signal. Bradband Connections:- ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line):--The connections work by splitting your phone line into two separate channels, one for data (internet) and one for voice (phone calls) which means you can talk on the phone and be connected to the internet at the same time. Fster Than Dial Up DSL (Digital Subscribers Line):-In This type of Internet Connection we can use either the phone or internet.. But the brod band internet are faster .. Wireless Internet Connections:-Here the means of communication are Radio Signals..Wires are replaced by Radio signals. ************************************************************************************** Question No 25) PowerDVD:-CyberLink PowerDVD is a commercial video player and audio player for Microsoft Windows.It enables the viewing of High-definition video and DVD-Video movies on the user's PC. It is used to play many files like (.VOB) and many other Video and Audio Files. ************************************************************************************** Question No 26) What do you know by Blu Ray Disc:-Blu-ray Disc (also known as Blu-ray or BD) is an optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are high-definition video and data storage. The disc has the same dimensions as a standard DVD or CD. Developed by ;-Blu-ray Disc Association. Blu-ray Disc uses a "blue" (technically violet) laser operating at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and write data. Conventional DVDs and CDs use red and near infrared lasers at 650 nm and 780 nm respectively. ************************************************************************************** Question No.27) Serial ATA:-The Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) computer bus has the primary function of transferring data between the motherboard and mass storage devices (such as hard disk drives and optical drives) inside a computer. SATA offers advantages over the older parallel ATA interface: primarily faster data transfer, the ability to remove or add devices while operating (hot swapping) (only when the operating system supports it), thinner cables that let air-cooling work more efficiently, and more reliable operation.The current SATA specification can support data transfer rates as high as 3.0 Gbit/s per device. SATA uses only 4 signal lines; cables are more compact and cheaper than for PATA. SATA supports hot-swapping.Compared with the 5 V driving voltage in PATA ribbon cables, the 0.5 V in SATA cables in theory make the SATA system much more power-efficient. ************************************************************************************** Question No.28) Nonvolatile BIOS memory:-Non-volatile BIOS memory refers to the memory on a personal computer motherboard containing BIOS settings and sometimes the code used to initialize the computer and load the operating system. The non-volatile memory was historically called CMOS RAM or just CMOS because it traditionally used a low-power CMOS memory chip which was powered by a small battery when the system power was off.The NVRAM normally has a storage capacity of 512 Bytes, which is enough for all BIOS-settings. CMOS battery:-The memory and real-time clock are generally powered by a CR2032 lithium coin cell. These cells last two to ten years, depending on the type of motherboard, ambient temperature and the time that the system is powered off, while other common cell types can last significantly longer or shorter periods, such as the CR2016 which will generally last about 40% as long. Higher temperatures and longer power-off time will shorten cell life. When replacing the cell, the system time and CMOS BIOS settings may revert to default values. This may be avoided by replacing the cell with the power supply master switch on. On ATX motherboards, this will supply 5V standby power to the motherboard even if it is apparently "switched off", and keep the CMOS memory energized. ************************************************************************************** Question No.29) Blu-ray Disc (also known as Blu-ray or BD) is an optical disc storage medium. Its main uses are high-definition video and data storage. The disc has the same physical dimensions as standard DVDs and CDs. The name Blu-ray Disc is derived from the blue laser (violet-colored) used to read and write this type of disc. Because of the beam's shorter wavelength (405 nanometres), substantially more data can be stored on a Blu-ray Disc than on the DVD format, which uses a red (650 nm) laser. A two-layer Blu-ray Disc can store 50 gigabytes, almost six times the capacity of a two-layer DVD, or ten and a half times that of a single-layer DVD. ************************************************************************************** Question No.30) Windows Vista is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops.Windows Vista was known by its codename Longhorn. ************************************************************************************* Question No 31) Web Browser:- Is a paltform or a software which is used for viewing or visiting websites.Examples are:-Internet Explorer,Mozilla Firefox,Google Chrome. ************************************************************************************* Question No.32) Working Principle of DDR (Double Data Rate):-The basic working principle of DDR RAM CHIPS is that the bits are transmitted both at the rising & falling edges of the digital pulse (Clock Signal).This is also known as double pumped, dual-pumped, and double transition.DDR1 SDRAM,DDR2 SDRAM & DDR 3 SDRAM fall in the category of SDRAM. ************************************************************************************** Question No.33) Examples of 5 Anti-viruses:-Norton AntiVirus 2009McAfee VirusScan Plus,Kaspersky Anti-Virus,AVG Anti Virus,Panda Internet security,Avira Antivirus. ************************************************************************************** Question No.34) Cookie Basics:-A cookie is a piece of text that a Web server can store on a user's hard disk. Cookies allow a Web site to store information on a user's machine and later retrieve it.f you use Microsoft's Internet Explorer to browse the Web, you can see all of the cookies that are stored on your machine. The most common place for them to reside is in a directory called c:\windows\cookies. ************************************************************************************** Question No. 35) Volatility Memory can be split into two main categories: volatile and nonvolatile. Volatile memory loses any data as soon as the system is turned off; it requires constant power to remain viable. Most types of RAM fall into this category. Nonvolatile memory does not lose its data when the system or device is turned off. A number of types of memory fall into this category. The most familiar is ROM, but Flash memory storage devices such as CompactFlash or SmartMedia cards are also forms of nonvolatile memory. ************************************************************************************** Question No.36 ) What is the difference between DDR1,DDR2,DDR3 types of RAM???? The basic working principle of DDR is that bits are transmitted both at the rising & falling edge of the clock pulse.This is also known as double pumped,dual-pumped, and double transition. The Difference between DDR1 ,DDR2 & DDR3 is that in DDR1 the number of Bits transmitted per pulse are 2.In DDR2 The numbers bits transmitted per pulse are 4 & in DDR3 the number bits transmitted per pulse are 8. The other difference is that if your system is shipped with DDR1 Slot you can only attach or insert the DDR1 RaAM.No DDR2 or DDR3 Chips can me inserted in the DDR1 Slots..Hard ware incompatability...It is same as for DDR2 & DDR3... The third difference is that in voltage required by DDR1 is 2.5 Volts DC,For DDR2 it is 1.8 Volts DC & for DDR3 it is 1.5 Volts DC. ************************************************************************************** Question No.37) Types Of Printers:- Common types of printers;-Ink jet and bubble jet , Laser,Dot-matrix (impact),Dye diffusion thermal transfer. ************************************************************************************** Question No.38) What are the different Types of Ports avaialble for connectiong Mouse:-PS/2 Port,USB Port & Wireless Mouse. ************************************************************************************** Question No.39) If the system tray is seen on top portion of the screen or on left portion or on right portion of the screen,Then how will you bring it Down:--Just drag it Down.... ************************************************************************************** Question No.40) Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP Port) is used for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard.Since 2004, AGP is being progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express.Versions of AGP are AGP 1x, AGP 2x,AGP 4x,AGP 8x. ************************************************************************************** Question No.41) PCI Express :-PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCI-E or PCIe, is a computer expansion card standard introduced by Intel in 2004, and currently is the most recent and high-performance standard for expansion cards that is generally available on modern personal computers. PCIe was designed to replace PCI, PCI-X, and AGP. *********************************************************************************QuestQuestion No.42) Safe mode usually refers to a diagnostic mode used by a computer operating system (OS).Is a troubleshooting mode.It is used mostly when ever there is some driver (device Driver) issue/problem.In safe mode only the basic drivers are loaded and icons appears big.The main reason we use safe mode is when the noraml desktop does not appears.It happens because incompatible software installed in the pc or hardware attached with the pc.Also due to virus in the system. Path for safe mode in Windows XP:- Turn on the PC and keep tapping the F8 key on the key board.After this "Windows Advanced Options Menu" appears on the screen.Here the mouse will not work.Under this options list the first option is "Safe Mode".Once you select the safe mode and hit enter on the key baord a list of Drivers are loaded and after that the normal desktop appears but the icons are larger. Then go to start----control panel----add/remove programs-----select the software which needs to be removed/deleted.....delete/remove..... The reason y v do the above step is that say for example if v we have attached any hard ware to the system and also installed the drivers of that printer.Now some times due to driver issue the operating system cannot properly boot and hence we cannot reach the normal desktop...... Also remove the attached hard ware.... then try to turn the pc on..... **************************************************************************************Question No.43) Disk Cleanup Tool in Windows XP:- The Disk Cleanup tool helps you free up space on your hard disk by searching your disk for files that you can safely delete. You can choose to delete some or all of the files. Use Disk Cleanup to perform any of the following tasks to free up space on your hard disk: • Remove temporary Internet files. • Remove downloaded program files. For example, ActiveX controls and Java applets that are downloaded from the Internet. • Empty the Recycle Bin. • Remove Windows temporary files. • Remove optional Windows components that you are not using. • Remove installed programs that you no longer use. You can start Disk Cleanup, by doing any of the following:- • Click Start, and then click Run. In the Open box, type cleanmgr, and then click OK. -or- • Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Disk Cleanup. -or- • In Windows Explorer or My Computer, right-click the disk in which you want to free up space, click Properties, click the General tab, and then click Disk Cleanup. ************************************************************************************** Question No.44) Defragmentation:-Disk Defragmenter (Windows):- Windows Disk Defragmenter is a computer program included in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed (and sometimes increase the amount of usable space) by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, or defragmenting. The purpose is to optimize the time it takes to read and write files to/from the disk by minimizing head travel time and maximizing the transfer rate. ************************************************************************************** Question No.45) Application software:-Typical examples of software applications are word processors, spreadsheets, and media players, database applications. ************************************************************************************** Question No.46) 5) Windows Device Manager :- The Device Manager is a Control Panel applet included with Microsoft Windows operating systems that allows the user to display and control the hardware attached to the computer. When a piece of hardware is not working, the offending hardware is highlighted where the user can deal with it. The list of hardware can be sorted by various criteria. For each device in the list, users can: * Supply device drivers to the hardware * Enable or disable devices Device Manager Basics Device manager is used to help the user locate hardware problems. These are identified by an exclamation mark, a blue "i", a red X, or an "Other" device. 1. yellow Exclamation Mark - When a device has a yellow explanation mark this is an indication that the device is not configured correctly. 2. Red X - This is an indication that the device has been disabled by the user, removed or that Windows is unable to locate the device. 3. Other Devices - Windows was unable to locate the drivers for the device and cannot determine the type of device being installed. Windows XP: * Right-click My Computer then select Properties * Select the Hardware tab * Click the Device Manager button * Alternative solution 1: Start -> Run -> devmgmt.msc -> OK * Alternative solution 3: Press and hold down the Windows key and press the Pause/Break key. Windows Vista: * Easiest Way - Click Start -> in the "Start Search" box type "Dev" (DO NOT HIT ENTER) and wait for list to show up then click Device Manager * Open the Start menu, right-click on Computer, select Manage * Click on "Device Manager" in the left-hand tree * Alternative solution 1: run devmgmt.msc ************************************************************************************** Question No:-47) Power On Self Test * The BIOS determines if the video card or onboard video is working. * The BIOS verifies RAM. * It checks for a keyboard and mouse. * It looks for a PCI bus and then checks the cards that are installed. * The system information is then displayed on the screen. POST is determined by the computer's BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). User settings are made in CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor). ************************************************************************************** Question No:-48) Maximum Hard drive which can be purchased is 1 TeraByte (1 TB) and 1TB is more than 1000Giga Bytes (More then 1000GB). ************************************************************************************** Question No:-49) Difference between Serilal & Parallel Port Transmission:- In serial ports, there will be two data lines: One transmission and one receive line. To send a data in serial port, it has to be sent one bit after another with some extra bits like start bit, stop bit and parity bit to detect errors. But in parallel port, all the 8 bits of a byte will be sent to the port at a time and a indication will be sent in another line. ************************************************************************************** Question No:-50) A Network is simply the infrastructure that connects a number of electronic devices so that data can be transferred between them. By devices I could mean computers (PC's, Apple Mac's, PDA's) or printers, scanners, modems, etc. ************************************************************************************** Question No:-51) What types of Networks are there :- LAN Local Area Network Used to connect computers in a building. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Used to connect computers in a town/city WAN Wide Area Network Used to connect computers whatever their location. Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries. ************************************************************************************** Q.1: What is Trouble Shooting? To isolate the source of a problem and fix it, typically through a process of elimination whereby possible sources of the problem are investigated and eliminated beginning with the most obvious or easiest problem to fix. Usage Note: In the case of computer systems, the term troubleshoot is usually used when the problem is suspected to be hardware-related. If the problem is known to be in software, the term debug is more commonly used. Q.2: What is BSOD? (Blue Screen of Death) The blue screen of death (BSOD), is the informal name given by users to the Windows general protection fault (GPF) error. Named in honor of the error's dreaded display image of white text on a blue background, the BSOD is generated by the operating system when it has suddenly terminated with an error. The system locks up and must be rebooted. The blue screen may include some hexadecimal values from a core dump that can potentially be used to determine what caused the crash. Q.3: What is IDE? (Intergrated Drive Electronic) Meaning of IDE - "Integrated Drive Electronics". A standard electronic interface used to attach hard drives and other components to a computer’s motherboard using electronics that are integrated with the drive or built into the motherboard instead of on a separate PC card. Q.4: What is BIOS? (Basic Input Output System) BIOS (BASIC INPUT AND OUTPUT SYSTEM) is an electronic set of instructions that a computer uses to successfully start operating. The BIOS is located on a chip inside of the computer and is designed in a way that protects it from disk failure. A main function of the BIOS is to give instructions for the power-on self test (POST). This self test ensures that the computer has all of the necessary parts and functionality needed to successfully start itself, such as use of memory, a keyboard and other parts. If errors are detected during the test, the BIOS instructs the computer to give a code that reveals the problem. Error codes are typically a series of beeps heard shortly after startup. The BIOS also works to give the computer basic information about how to interact with some critical components, such as drives and memory, that it will need to load the operating system. Q.5: What is POST? (Power On Self Test) The computer POST (Power On Self Test) tests the computer, insuring that it meets the necessary system requirements and that all hardware is working properly before starting the remainder of the boot process. If the computer passes the POST the computer will have a single beep (with some computer BIOS manufacturers it may beep twice) as the computer starts and the computer will continue to start normally. However, if the computer fails the POST, the computer will either not beep at all or will generate a beep code, which tells the user the source of the problem. Q.6: What is SMPS? ( Switched Mode Power Supply) Power Supply (SMPS) Switch mode power supply This is a power supply for all the CPU components like Motherboard, CD drive, Floppy Drive, Hard drive Etc. A switched-mode power supply, switching-mode power supply or SMPS, is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator. While a linear regulator maintains the desired output voltage by dissipating excess power in a "pass" power transistor, the SMPS rapidly switches a power transistor between saturation (full on) and cutoff (completely off) with a variable duty cycle whose average is the desired output voltage. Q.7: What is Disk Cleanup? Disk Cleanup is a computer program tool included in Microsoft Windows designed to help free up space on computer users' hard drive. It searches and analyzes the hard drive, and then it determines which files on a hard drive may no longer be needed and deletes those files. There are a number of different types of file categories that Disk Cleanup targets when it performs the initial disk analysis: • Compress old files • Temporary internet files • Temporary Windows files • Downloaded program files • Recycle Bin • Optional Windows components that users are not using • Installed programs files that users are not using • Setup log files • Offline files Aside from removing unnecessary files, users also have the option of compressing files that have not been used over a set time interval. This way, the unused files can be systematically compressed without the user needing to delete the files. This procedure does not significantly affect the read/write performance of frequently used, uncompressed files, while still freeing up space. However, the access time of the newly compressed files may vary from system to system. The user may choose which files to select for cleaning up. It is always recommended not to delete the hibernation files, because then you may not be able to use the hibernation option anymore. Q.8: What is Disk Defragmentation? Defragmentation is a process that reduces the amount of fragmentation in file systems. It does this by physically reorganizing the contents of the disk to store the pieces of each file close together and contiguously. It also attempts to create larger regions of free space using compaction to impede the return of fragmentation. Some defragmenters also try to keep smaller files within a single directory together, as they are often accessed in sequence. Q.9: What are different ports of computer? Different Types of ports on the computers: Here's a guide to those weird ports you will probably encounter on the back of your Windows-based computer. Serial port - for external modems and old computer mice A serial port is used to connect external modems or an older computer mouse to the computer. It comes in two versions a 9-pin version (on the left) or a 25-pin model. The 9-pin is found on most newer computers. Data travels over a serial port at 115 kilobits per second. Parallel port - connector for scanners and printers A parallel port is used to connect external devices such as scanners and printers. The 25-pin port is sometimes it is called a printer port port. Universal Serial Bus (USB) port - a new universal connector . It's used to connect all kinds of external devices ch as external hard drives, printers, mice, scanners and more. There USB ports on the back of computers built since 1998. PS/2 port - keyboard and mouse interface A PS/2 port, sometimes called a mouse port, was developed by IBM. It is used to to connect a computer mouse or keyboard. Most computers come with two PS/2 ports. Sometimes it is not necessary to use a mouse port, as some keyboards and mice can be used with a USB port. Video card port - a video port for your monitor This connector is used to attach a computer display monitor to a computer's video card. . It sort of looks like a serial port connector, however that port has pins not holes in it. Sometimes it is called a VGA connector. Power port - for your power plug This three-pronged plug looks like a recessed power plug. It connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket. Modem port - connect by phone to the Internet A modem port looks like a standard North American telephone jack. This connects an internal modem to a telephone line. A modem ( for those who are new to the computer world), is used to connected a computer to the Internet by making a data call to an Internet service. Normally there are two modem ports side by side. The one marked "line" (or with a phone jack symbol) is connected to the wall jack. The one marked "phone" (or that has a phone symbol) can optionally be connected to phone handset in case you only have one jack near your computer that would otherwise have a handset plugged into it. If you computer doesn't have an internal modem installed in your PC then will not see these ports. Ethernet network port - connect to a network and high speed Inter Above, an Ethernet port with network cable not plugged in. Below is an Ethernet port with plug inserted. For faster Internet connections and for networking, an Ethernet or network port is used. Q.10: What is the Configuration of a COMPUTER? My PC consists of 17 inches Monitor CRT (LG Maker), Standard Mouse and Key board, UPS and Speakers. Operating System:-Windows XP Professional Service Pack-2 In CPU (Central Processing Unit) Processor is Intel Pentium-4 Dual Core with speed 2.66 GHz , Mother board is Intel Original 945, Hard Disk is 120 GB SATA, RAM is of 1 GB, Floppy Drive and CD-DVD ROM. Q.11: What are RAM and ROM? RAM:- Random Access Memory. More the RAM more is the speed. Different sizes of RAM are:- 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1GB( 1GB 1024MB), 2GB( 2GB 2048MB). ROM:- Read Only Memory. This is a chip on which you find the BIOS software. Q.12: What is UPS? Uninterruptible power supply. A battery backup is a device which maintains a continuous supply of electric power to connected equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available. There are two distinct types of UPS: off-line and line-interactive (also called on-line). Q.13:- What are different sizes of Hard Disk? Hard Disks are available in different sizes: - 20GB, 40GB, 60GB, 80GB, 120GB, and 160GB. Q.14:- What is SATA? Serial ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment or SATA) is a new standard for connecting hard drives into computer systems. As its name implies, SATA is based on serial signaling technology, unlike current IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) hard drives that use parallel signaling. Q.15:- What is difference between SATA and PATA? SATA has several practical advantages over the parallel signaling (also called Parallel ATA or PATA) that has been used in hard drives since the 1980s. SATA cables are more flexible, thinner, and less massive than the ribbon cables required for conventional PATA hard drives. SATA cables can be considerably longer than PATA ribbon cables, allowing the designer more latitude in the physical layout of a system. Because there are fewer conductors (only 7 in SATA as compared with 40 in PATA), crosstalk and electromagnetic interference (EMI) are less likely to be troublesome. The signal voltage is much lower as well (250 mV for SATA as compared with 5 V for PATA). Q.16:- What is difference between Windows XP and Windows VISTA? Windows VISTA Windows XP 1 Windows VISTA require minimum RAM of 512MB. Windows````` XP can be operated with 128 Mb of RAM. 2 In Windows VISTA, it is WINDOWS MAIL. In Windows XP, it is OUTLOOK EXPRESS. 3 In Windows VISTA, ICONS are big. In Windows XP, ICONS are small. 4 In Windows VISTA, it is WINDOWS CONTACT. In Windows XP, it is ADDRESS BOOK. 5 In Windows VISTA, it is FAX or SCAN. In Windows XP, it is FAX CONSOLE. Q.17:- What is the OPERATING SYSTEM and which is the latest OPERATING SYSTEM? It is an interface between the computer and the user. In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI). For e.g: Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows VISTA. • The latest Operating System (OS) is Windows VISTA and it requires minimum RAM of 512MB. The parts of your computer Computers are made up of many parts. These different parts perform one or more functions including input, output, processing, or storage. OUTPUT DEVICES Output devices send information from your computer to you. This information is usually in the form of sound and sight, but some devices can send information as touch and even as smell! Some common output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers. INPUT DEVICES Input devices are the parts that let you enter and manipulate information on a computer. These devices range from the standard keyboard and mouse, to scanners, microphones, joysticks, and light pens. There are some devices that can input and output. Some examples would touch screen monitors (input by touch, output by sight) and force feedback joysticks. ON THE INSIDE The inside of your computer has many parts that all work together. These parts are generally found within your computer case - this is usually the big "box" that probably sits under your desk or below your monitor. If you're using an iMac, many of the computer parts are built into the monitor case. The motherboard , or mainboard, is the backbone of the computer. All the individual pieces connect to the motherboard in some way. The motherboard is home the processor chip, pci slots, and memory. Processor - This is the chip that does the "thinking" of the computer. These are the "Pentium" and "AMD" chips you hear about. Processor speed is measured in MegaHertz (Mhz) and GigaHertz(Ghz). 1 Ghz = 1000 Mhz . The recent processors are Pentium 4 2.66Ghz. Memory - This is where information is temporarily stored for the processor to use and manipulate before storing on the HARD DRIVE. Also known as RAM (Random access memory). Information is stored in memory only when the computer is turned on. Ram is measured in Megabytes(Mb), which is storage capacity, not to be confused with MegaHertz, which is speed. PCI Slot - These are outlets in the motherboard that allow you to install extra components like sound cards, modems, video cards, and other devices. The images below show different PCI card components. Hard Drive - This is the part of your computer where information is stored for later retrieval. All the information you access on your computer, all your documents, pictures, email messages, and programs are here. Unlike memory, the hard drive stores information even after the power is turned off. The image to the right shows the inside of a hard drive. Floppy Drive - This is the slot in the front of your computer where you insert a disk to store data and move it to another computer. If your computer is an iMac, you will not have a Floppy Drive. Floppy disks are 3¼ inches in size, and hold 1.44Mb of data. The images below show a floppy drive, and some floppy disks. CD ROM or DVD ROM Drives - This plays your music and data cd's, or if you have a DVD drive, it will also play DVD movies. Data CD's hold up to 700Mb of information. If you have a CD-R or CD-RW drive, you can store your own information on CDs. Ports at the back of PC Internal Modem Cookie Basics:-A cookie is a piece of text that a Web server can store on a user's hard disk. Cookies allow a Web site to store information on a user's machine and later retrieve it.f you use Microsoft's Internet Explorer to browse the Web, you can see all of the cookies that are stored on your machine. The most common place for them to reside is in a directory called c:\windows\cookies. Volatility Memory can be split into two main categories: volatile and nonvolatile. Volatile memory loses any data as soon as the system is turned off; it requires constant power to remain viable. Most types of RAM fall into this category. Nonvolatile memory does not lose its data when the system or device is turned off. A number of types of memory fall into this category. The most familiar is ROM, but Flash memory storage devices such as CompactFlash or SmartMedia cards are also forms of nonvolatile memory. Hard reboot A hard reboot (also known as a cold reboot, cold boot or cold start) is when power to a computer is cycled (turned off and then on) or a special reset signal to the processor is triggered (from a front panel switch of some sort). This restarts the computer without first performing any shut-down procedure. (With many operating systems, especially those using disk caches, after a hard reboot the filesystem may be in an "unclean" state, and an automatic scan of on-disk filesystem structures will be done before normal operation can begin.) It may be caused by power failure, be done by accident, or be done deliberately as a last resort to forcibly retrieve the system from instances such as a critical error or virus-inflicted DoS attack. Soft reboot A soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot) is restarting a computer under software control, without removing power or (directly) triggering a reset line. It usually, though not always, refers to an orderly shutdown and restarting of the machine. 
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