Battle of Mandali (1822)

The Battle of Mandali took place on November 22, 1822. In this battle, the Qajar forces were forced to retreat due to their failed military operation and the impact of the cholera epidemic.
Background
The Battle of Mandali (1822) was one of the power struggles between the Ottoman Empire and Iran over control of strategic regions. The Mandali region was a contested area between the two empires. Fath Ali Shah sought to expand his control in this region and launched a military campaign to capture Mandali.
During this period, the Ottoman Empire was dealing with the Greek War of Independence and internal uprisings. The resistance of the Kurdish tribes in the region was also a significant obstacle. Under the leadership of Ali Pasha, the governor of DiyarbakÄ±r, and Mahmud Süleymaniye, the Ottomans mobilized forces to counter the Iranian invasion and protect Ottoman interests.
The battle
In 1822, Iranian forces, under the command of Muhammad Ali Mirza, moved to capture Mandali. However, the Ottoman forces and local tribal groups, particularly the Shammar tribe, led by the Ottoman governor, mounted a strong resistance. The Iranian forces faced significant difficulties, not only due to military resistance but also due to a cholera outbreak that spread throughout the region, further weakening Iran's military and civilian capabilities.
The conflict resulted in defeat for Iran, and Iranian forces were forced to retreat due to both military resistance and the cholera epidemic. However, the political status of the region remained unclear after the battle, as both the Ottoman Empire and Iran continued to assert control over Mandali.

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